Specific Color Research Articles

Generation of Personalized Urban Public Space Color Design Scheme Assisted by Artificial Intelligence

This research focuses on the generation of urban public space color design schemes using Artificial Intelligence (AI). The designed AI-based system predicts colors for the environment, culture, and users and designs a color palette for smart cities. Neural networks and clustering algorithms are used to determine the best hues and shades, depending on the input parameters like climate, architectural style, and general looks in a specific region. It evokes sophisticated colors in varied urban contexts, URBAN FABRICS proposes a specific color answer to the aesthetic and performative beautification of the public realm. In addition to adopting elements of AI binding into the design principles, the system enables dynamic colors to adapt to the changing needs and external conditions. Testing the model in multiple cities demonstrated its ability to generate unique, context-sensitive designs, improving both aesthetic value and user satisfaction. This research highlights the role of AI in modern urban planning, presenting an innovative approach to color design that balances artistic creativity with data-driven insights. The findings offer practical implications for architects, urban planners, and designers seeking to enhance urban public spaces through personalized, AI-assisted color schemes.

Commonality vs. Cultural Specificity of Anger Metaphors and Metonymies in Chinese and Russian Idioms

Based on the conceptual metaphor theory, this study explores the conceptualization structure and actual use of anger metaphors and metonymies in the cultural context of the two countries. The research materials come from Russian and Chinese idiom dictionaries and practical investigations on anger idioms. The study found that the conceptualization of anger between the two nations has similarities and differences. The similarities are reflected in the fact that Chinese and Russians conceptualize anger based on personal experience and cultural patterns. The main differences are concentrated in Chinese idioms influenced by traditional Chinese medicine and the theory of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements. Anger is metaphorically represented as "qi" (gas) rather than liquid, and visceral metaphors are often used. The Chinese Peking Opera mask culture also influences it.In contrast, anger is regarded as two liquid forms in Russian idioms, represented by blood elements as containers and water elements that boil after heating, accompanied by the appearance of animal nouns, and have a specific religious color. The practical investigation found that although dozens of idioms express anger for daily selection, cultural background, and cultural preferences limit the tendency to use metaphors and metonymies. The results of this study can provide a reference for cognitive linguistics research, language teaching, and actual communication.

Enhancement of Dough Processing and Steamed Bread Quality with Modified Soybean Residue Dietary Fiber

The effects of different modified soybean residues’ dietary fiber on the physicochemical properties of wheat dough and the quality of steamed bread were systematically analyzed in this study. The physical and chemical parameters of dough, such as texture characteristics, water distribution, secondary structure, and the specific volume, color, and sensory evaluation results of steamed bread products were analyzed in detail. The results showed that adding 6% modified soybean residue dietary fiber enhanced the gluten network, increasing the S–S bond content and improving gluten stability. Notably, the inclusion of 6% residue modified by the ultrasound combined with enzyme method (UEDF) led to a 2.55% increase in the β-fold content of gluten proteins and a 3.60% rise in disulfide bond content. These changes resulted in a reduction in dough relaxation time, promoting a more uniform and compact pore structure in the dough. Additionally, steamed bread made with 6% UEDF showed a 0.3 mL/g increase in specific volume, a 4.69 point rise in L* value, and improved sensory attributes such as taste, odor, and appearance. These research results provide valuable insights and guidance for the development of soybean residue dietary fiber foods.

Colorimetric analysis of intraoral scans: A novel approach for detecting gingival inflammation.

Gingivitis, a widely prevalent oral health condition, affects up to 80% of the population. Traditional assessment methods for gingivitis rely heavily on subjective clinical evaluation. This study seeks to explore the efficacy of interpreting the color metrics from intraoral scans to objectively differentiate between healthy and inflamed gingiva. This study used the percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP%) as the clinical reference standard. Intraoral scans, obtained before and after gingivitis treatment using a scanner, were analyzed through a custom MATLAB script to quantify HSV (hue, saturation, value) and CIELAB (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b*) color coordinates. The region of interest was a 2-mm-wide gingival strip along the buccal margin of the maxillary anterior teeth. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between photometric outcomes and continuous, dichotomous, and categorical BOP data. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), as well as sensitivity and specificity measures. The analysis included clinical and digital color data from 110 scans, adhering to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. The multilevel linear regression analysis underscored a significant correlation between the BOP% and digital color metrics, specifically the CIELAB a* (red-green chroma), CIELAB b* (yellow-blue chroma), and color saturation, with AUC performances of 70%, 79.5%, and 80.8%, respectively. Digital color analysis of intraoral scans has demonstrated a range of performance from acceptable to excellent in distinguishing sites with BOP. This innovative approach presents a promising tool for dentists and researchers in the accurate diagnosis, screening, and management of gingivitis. Our study focuses on finding a better way to detect gingivitis, a common gum disease affecting many people. Traditional methods rely on the dentist's visual inspection, which can be subjective. We explored the use of color measurements from digital intraoral scans to objectively identify healthy versus inflamed gums. We analyzed 110 scans from 55 participants, examining the color differences in the gums before and after treatment. By measuring specific color values, we achieved up to 80.8% accuracy in distinguishing between healthy and inflamed gums. This method could offer a more reliable tool for dentists and researchers to diagnose and manage gingivitis, leading to better oral health outcomes.

The influence of red and blue font color on intertemporal choice: the mediating roles of time perception and dimensional difference comparison

BackgroundIntertemporal choices are the process by which people make choices about losses or gains at different points in time (near or far). To explore the relationship between font color and intertemporal choice and to examine the serial mediation of time perception and intradimensional difference comparison on the association between font color and intertemporal choice on the basis of attribute-based choice models.MethodsWe randomly assigned subjects to the intertemporal choices questionnaire in a specific font color (blue vs. red) condition. The Intertemporal Choice Task, the Subjective Duration Judgment Task and the Intradimensional Difference Comparison Task were administered to a sample comprising 210 college students (103 males accounting for 49.05%). Multivariate analysis and latent variable analysis were used to explore the separate mediating roles of time perception and intradimensional difference comparison in the association between font color and intertemporal choice, and their serial mediation was also investigated. The bootstrap method was employed to test the significance of these mediating effects.ResultsCompared with red font, blue font can encourage students to choose more-farsighted intertemporal choices (i.e., LL). Students who use the blue font are more likely to have shorter durations and can choose the more farsighted intertemporal choice (i.e., LL) than those who use the red font. Students using blue fonts are more likely to perceive the difference between the two options chosen across time (∆payoff A, B) to be greater than the difference between the two options in the payoff dimension (∆time A, B), leading to farsighted choices compared with those using red fonts. Serial mediation was also found.ConclusionThe findings revealed why font color influences intertemporal choice. This study revealed the mediating role that time perception and intradimensional difference comparison play in the association between font color and intertemporal choice.

Evaluating the role of generative AI and color patterns in the dissemination of war imagery and disinformation on social media.

This study explores the evolving role of social media in the spread of misinformation during the Ukraine-Russia conflict, with a focus on how artificial intelligence (AI) contributes to the creation of deceptive war imagery. Specifically, the research examines the relationship between color patterns (LUTs) in war-related visuals and their perceived authenticity, highlighting the economic, political, and social ramifications of such manipulative practices. AI technologies have significantly advanced the production of highly convincing, yet artificial, war imagery, blurring the line between fact and fiction. An experimental project is proposed to train a generative AI model capable of creating war imagery that mimics real-life footage. By analyzing the success of this experiment, the study aims to establish a link between specific color patterns and the likelihood of images being perceived as authentic. This could shed light on the mechanics of visual misinformation and manipulation. Additionally, the research investigates the potential of a serverless AI framework to advance both the generation and detection of fake news, marking a pivotal step in the fight against digital misinformation. Ultimately, the study seeks to contribute to ongoing debates on the ethical implications of AI in information manipulation and to propose strategies to combat these challenges in the digital era.

Three new species of Atkinsoniella (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae) from southwestern China.

Three new species of the genus Atkinsoniella (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae), A.chongqingana Jiang & Yang, A.likuni Jiang & Yang and A.biostiolum Jiang & Yang, sp. nov., collected from southwestern China, are described and illustrated. The two new species, A.chongqingana Jiang & Yang, sp. nov. and A.likuni Jiang & Yang, sp. nov., are similar to A.nigrominiatula (Jacobi, 1944), A.latior Young, 1986, A.limba Kuoh, 1991, A.dormana Li, 1992, A.divaricata Yang, Meng & Li, 2017, A.peaka Yang, Meng & Li, 2017, and A.zizhongi Jiang & Yang, 2022 in appearances, but can be distinguished from these species by the characteristic of aedeagus, paraphysis, and pygofer. Atkinsonellabiostiolum Jiang & Yang, sp. nov. can be distinguished from all the known Atkinsoniella species by its special color and markings, as well as males having one ostiole in the center of the base of each subgenital plate. A key to Atkinsoniella species from China is provided.

Neural Evidence for Feature-based Distractor Inhibition.

Interference from a salient distractor is typically reduced when the appearance of the distractor follows either spatial or feature-based regularities. Although there is a growing body of literature on distractor location learning, the understanding of distractor feature learning remains limited. In the current study, we investigated distractor feature learning by using EEG measures. We assumed that learning benefits distractor handling, and we investigated the role of intertrial priming in distractor feature learning. Furthermore, we examined whether distractor feature learning influences later visual working memory (VWM) performance. Participants performed an adapted variant of the additional singleton task with a distractor that appeared more often in a specific color. The behavioral results provided additional evidence that observers can use distractor feature regularities to reduce distractor interference. At the neural level, we found a reduced PD with high-probability compared with low-probability distractors, suggesting that less suppression is required when the distractor appears in the more likely color. This reduced need for suppression was partly driven by intertrial priming. The PD elicited by repeated high-probability trials decreased over time, indicating that experience with the distractor reduced the need for suppression. In addition, the results showed that distractor feature learning did not affect VWM performance. Overall, our findings demonstrate that distractor feature learning decreases the interference of a salient distractor while also benefitting from intertrial priming processes, thereby improving attentional selection. In addition, it seems that learned distractor feature inhibition is not maintained in VWM when the task context is changed.

Recent Progress in Block Copolymer Self-Assembly for the Fabrication of Structural Color Pigments.

The self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) into photonic materials has garnered increasing interest due to the versatility and ease of fabrication offered by the synthesized building blocks. BCPs are highly tunable, with their self-assembled structures' size being adjustable by modifying the block lengths, molecular weight(Mw), and polymer composition. This review provides a concise summary of the use of BCPs as photonic pigments, which generate color through structural manipulation rather than relying on chemical pigmentation. These photonic crystal pigments manipulate light behavior, including interference, diffraction, and diffusion, to generate specific colors. BCPs are categorized into two types: linear block copolymers (LBCPs) and brush block copolymers (BBCPs), each involving different monomers that form photonic crystals(PCs). The structural evolution and advancements of BCPs in various practical applications are also explored. It concludes by suggesting that structural color(SC) pigments based on eco-friendly PCs may replace traditional chemical ones in fields such as printing ink, biosensing, chemical sensing, and adaptive photonic materials.

New concept on the transformation of the zone of oil product pollution of the geological environment near of the «Olexandria» Arboretum (Bila Tserkva city, Ukraine)

In Ukraine, numerous geological environment sites are contaminated with lost oil products. Among them, there are many that have a long history of pollution transformation and accumulation. Due to the lack of long-term monitoring, much of the pollution history remains unknown, resulting in inadequate conceptual models that have a negative impact on the design of remediation projects. This article examines a solution to this problem, focusing on studies of the territory of the former Bila Tserkva aircraft repair plant (BARP), bordering the State Arboretum «Olexandria». Since 1990, various organizations have assessed geological contamination and proposed remediation strategies for the factory site and surrounding areas. The article provides information on the main results of the performed research. Emphasis is placed on clarifying the reasons for the sharp difference in the data of hydrogeological investigations conducted in 1990 and 2007. Initially, in 1990, liquid petroleum products (aviation kerosene) were detected only at the site of natural groundwater discharge in the upper reaches of the Western Ravine within the arboretum. On the plant’s territory, where there were undoubtedly sources of pollution and migration pathways of petroleum products in the soil, the presence of pollution was recorded only by the specific smell and color of core samples. However, during prospecting and exploration work in 2007 in the same area, three clearly defined lenses of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) were discovered in sub-moraine sands. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the surface of groundwater, measured in 1990, dropped from a layer of moraine loams, where the mobility of light oil products is considered negligible, to sub-moraine sands, which are characterized by a much higher permeability.It should be noted that in the western part of the plant’s territory, where aviation fuel storage tanks were located, traces of contamination were found not only in sub-moraine sands and moraine loams, where the groundwater level fluctuates, but also in soils lying on the moraine. This supports the assumption that in the past, there were emergency releases (losses) of a large volume of fuel into the unsaturated soil layer and the subsequent relatively rapid lateral spread of the oil product in the aeration zone.

FEATURES OF THE USE OF COLOR NAMES IN «BABURNAMA»

One of the most important historical and literary documents for the Turkic world and the world as a whole is the autobiographical work of Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad «Baburnama», written in the 16th century in the Chagatai language. This study focuses on the vocabulary of colors and shades of the work. As a result of lexical analysis, it was determined that 16 specific color names were recorded in the written monument, namely: aq, ala, qara, sarığ, yašıl, qızıl, kök, qonqar, mällä, kālā, zard, sabz, nīlā, sūsanī, banafš, ṭūṭī. The analysis delves into the functional aspects of these lexemes by examining their meanings. Semantic analysis revealed that Babur used colors not only in their basic meanings, but also with many shades and symbolic meanings. This approach not only expands our understanding of the author’s artistic techniques, but also illuminates their cultural and historical significance. The results highlight how the color vocabulary in «Baburnama» enriches its descriptive power, offering insight into the aesthetics and worldview of the time. This study makes a contribution to the study of the lexical and stylistic characteristics of the work.

Two new species of Luciogobius Gill (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Matsu Islands in Taiwan

Two new gobiid fishes of Luciogobius Gill, 1859 have recently been collected from the intertidal waters of the Matsu Islands in Taiwan. The first new species, Luciogobius matsuensis sp. nov., is characterized by the following unique combination of features: (1) second dorsal fin rays: I/12 and anal fin rays I/12; (2) pectoral fin rays modally 16 and with one upper, short free soft ray; (3) vertebral count modally 17+20–21=37–38; and (4) specific coloration: second dorsal fin translucent with tiny brown spots; caudal fin with many tiny brown spots; anal fins pale yellow and translucent, spotless, and darker in its rays; and pectoral fin creamy yellow with anterior 2/3 region with tiny brownish to black spots. The second new species, Luciogobius dongyinensis sp. nov., is characterized by the following unique combination of features: (1) second dorsal fin rays: I/16 and anal fin rays I/16; (2) pectoral fin rays modally 14 and with 2 upper, short free soft rays; (3) vertebral count modally 18+23=41; and (4) specific coloration: a long infraorbital deep brown stripe below eye; a long deep brown stripe above and along upper jaw; pectoral fin with many small patches of melanophores except posterior, distal 1/5 region; and caudal fin brown with many light rounded spots. A brief discussion of their own related species will also be addressed.

Two new species of Paratanakia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Taiwan and mainland China

Two new species of bitterling of Paratanakia were found and collected from Taiwan island and Fujian Province, mainland China recently. Paratanakia fuvlidorsalis n. sp. which is endemic in Taiwan island can be well distinguished from other congeners by the following unique combination of features: (1) fin ray counts: dorsal fin rays 3, 8; anal fin rays 3, 10; pectoral fin rays modally 1, 12; (2) squamtion: lateral-line scales modally 34; and (3) its own specific dorsal fin color pattern in male. Paratanakia julongjiangensis n. sp. which is endemic in Fujian Province, mainland China can be well distinguished from other congeners by the following unique combination of features: (1) fin ray counts: dorsal fin rays 3, 9; anal fin rays 3, 11; pectoral fin rays modally 1, 12; (2) lateral-line scales modally 34; and (3) its own specific dorsal fin color pattern in male. The brief morphological comparison with close related species would be also addressed.

A new species of Macropodus (Teleotsei: Osphronemidae) from Fujian Province, southern China

A new Macropodus species was collected from the river basins of southeastern China. The new species Macropodus minnanensis, from Fujian Province, China can be well distinguished from congeners by the following combination of features: (1) dorsal fin with 13 spines and 7 soft rays; (2) anal fin with 20 spines and modally 10 soft rays; (3) vertical insertion of dorsal fin origin at second to third soft rays of anal fin; (4) longitudinal scale rows in midline modally 28; (5) transverse scale rows 14; (6) vertebrae 27 and (7) specific coloration: body with posteriorly black margin on scale pockets; eye greyish; a large opecular, deep black ocellus spot in male. The brief discussions of its related species are also provided.

A new brackish goby of Drombus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Taiwan with short comments on related gobiid species

The brackish environments of Taiwan were relatively unexplored and therefore houses many cryptic fish species, some of which were still unknown to science till this day. After our repeated estuarine surveys and collections, it was encountered an undescribed species of genus Drombus, that can be clearly separated from its congeners by the following unique combinations of characters: (a) dorsal fin elements VI-I, 10; anal fin elements I, 9; pectoral fin elements modally 17; (b) longitudinal scale rows 32–34; transverse scale rows modally 13; predorsal scale rows 9–10; and (c) specific coloration: body brownish with dark red spots scattered; first dorsal fin dusky with a black blotch. The brief morphological comparisons of the new species with its congeners is also provided herein.

Formorsaneleotris hualienensis, a new genus and species of inland water sleeper (Teleostei: Eleotridae) from eastern Taiwan

A very unusual sleeper gobioid fish was obtained from netting in the inland waters of the Hualien River basin in eastern Taiwan. This new genus and species of sleeper has only been collected from Taiwan. Formosaneleotris hualianensis n. gen. & n. sp. can be well distinguished from other sleepers by a unique combination of the following characters: (1) fins: no first dorsal fin; second dorsal fin I/8; anal fin I/8; pectoral fin 13–14; (2) squamation: entirely body naked; (3) vertebral count: 10 + 14 = 24; (4) branchiostegal rays 6; (5) head lacking any canal and pore with longitudinal-like infraorbital sensory papillae; and (6) specific coloration: body and head bloody red entirely; one thin deep red infraorbital stripe to upper lip.

Descriptions of a new species of Callogobius with a congeneric new record and comments on previous records of the genus from Taiwan

A new species of Callogobius from Taiwan, Callogobius aquilus sp. nov., is formally described herein. The new species can be characterized by the following unique combination of characters: D VI-I, 9; A I, 7; P1 16; P2; I, 5; LR 27–28 (modally 27); TR 9–10 (modally 9); D-P 5; Pred 11–12 (modally 12); V 10+16=26 and its own specific head lateral-line system and coloration pattern. Among the congeners, Callogobius aquilus sp. nov. can be clearly separated from its closely related species­—C. sheni—by very conspicuous differences in both cephalic sensory canal pore patterns and blotch patterns. A brief comparison of the new species with other congeners will also be provided. Descriptions of the new species are then followed by the new record of Callogobius clitellus, which is only known from southern Taiwanese waters. The valid taxonomic records of nominal Callogobius species from Taiwan are discussed.

Centennial city: the City of Auckland model

Auckland Council is lucky to care for the surviving portion of a city model made for the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition in 1940. The model represents a section of Auckland central, covering the area from Albert Park to Nelson Street, and Waitematā Harbour to what is now Aotea Square. The model was displayed in Dominion Court, one of a dozen models which represented New Zealand's main cities and towns. Fletchersʹ architects Ronald Muston and Lewis Walker were responsible for the design of Dominion Court and the interpretive models and dioramas within. Muston had a special interest in the models and even travelled to Hollywood to learn about current trends in movie model design and advertising techniques. The ingenuity of the model makers included ships that ʺsailedʺ on the harbours, faux glow worms in the papier mâché Waitomo Caves, and a model of Aoraki/Mount Cook which was over 7.5m high. Thousands of wooden model buildings were made and hand‐painted by artists and technical college students and were based on aerial and street‐level photographs and specific colour palettes for each city. The model came to Auckland City Council after the exhibition closed and has been displayed inside and outside of council. It was recently conserved and is once again on public display.

A new species of bagrid catfish genus Tachysurus (Teleostei: Bagridae) from Wu river basin in central Taiwan

A new species of freshwater bagrid catfishes, Tachysurus (Teleostei: Bagridae) were collected from Wu river basin in central Taiwan. The new species, Tachysurus flumendraco n. sp. is most similar to Taiwanese endemic, T. adiposalis (Oshima, 1919) than any other congeneric species in eastern Asia. It can be well distinguished by the following unique combination of features: (1) dorsal fin rays II + 8; (2) anal fin rays: modally 3 + 18 = 21; (3) spine of pectoral fin with posterior serrations modally 18; (4) vertebral count usually 5 + 43–44; and (5) specific coloration pattern: body and head entirely bright creamy yellow to golden yellow, dorsal half of head and trunk with light brown; all 4 pairs of barbels creamy white to snow white; adipose fin creamy yellow to brownish yellow; anal fin creamy yellow with lighter basal skin; and caudal fin creamy yellow with distal black margin. The brief morphological comparison with close related species would be also addressed.

Experimental study of hue cancellation and its mechanism exploration

To research the distinctions between dichoptic color vision and naked-eye color vision in the human vision system, this study carried out psychophysical experiments to explore hue cancellation phenomena in both dichoptic and naked-eye visual conditions. The experimental results show that dichoptic hue cancellation (DHC) not only occurs in the red and green (R-G), yellow and blue (Y-B), and yellow-green and purple (YG-P) color directions in CIELAB space but also requires color desaturation. In naked-eye vision, a specific color for each color is capable of inducing hue cancellation. The experimental results imply that hue cancellation in naked-eye vision may be a complementary phenomenon. The process of viewing two hues to produce a third hue should be completed in the retina.