Suaeda Species Research Articles

Species Suaeda Forssk. of the Aral-Balkhash region flora in the collections of the Herbarium (AA)

In the article a complete list of specimens of species of the genus Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel. of the Aral-Balkhash region, stored in the herbarium fund of the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (Almaty, Kazakhstan) was provided. Suaeda species are divided into 5 sections (Schanginia C.A. Mey, Lachnostigma Iljin, Conosperma Iljin, Physophora Iljin, Heterosperma Iljin). The aim of the research was to critically study the specimens of species of the genus Suaeda of the Aral-Balkhash region, available in the Herbarium (AA) for further revision of the genus. This territory includes 5 floristic regions (14 — Aral Sea, 15 — Kyzylorda, 16 — Betpakdala, 17 — Muyunkum (Moiynkum) and 18 — Balkhash-Alakul.). During the screening of species of the genus within the study region, 240 herbarium specimens were reviewed, belonging to 15 species. A comparison of the representation of species in the collection fund of the Herbarium with the data of literary sources was carried out. Floristic areas have been identified in which, despite the availability of information about the presence of the studied species on their territory, there is no herbarium material. At the same time, floristic areas are noted in which the presence of certain species of Suaeda was not previously cited in literary sources, but they are present in the collections of the Herbarium. The degree of study of each region was determined for the further compilation of the current expedition route in order to replenish the herbarium fund. The paper presents a synopsis of the studied group of species with an information block of herbarium labels for each taxon. The features of the distribution of Suaeda species of the Aral-Balkhash region in 5 floristic regions with an indication of the number of specimens for each taxon are revealed.

The complete chloroplast genome of the halophyte flowering plant Suaeda monoica from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The complete chloroplast genome (plastome) of the annual flowering halophyte herb Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J. F. Gmel. family (Amaranthaceae) that grows in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was identified for the first time in this study. Suaeda monoica is a medicinal plant species whose taxonomic classification remains controversial. Further, studying the species is useful for current conservation and management efforts. In the current study, the full chloroplast genome S. monoica was reassembled using whole-genome next-generation sequencing and compared with the previously published chloroplast genomes of Suaeda species. The chloroplast genome size of Suaeda monoica was 151,789bp, with a single large copy of 83,404bp, a small single copy of 18,007bp and two inverted repeats regions of 25,189bp. GC content in the whole genome was 36.4%. The cp genome included 87 genes that coded for proteins, 37 genes coding for tRNA, 8 genes coding for rRNA and one non-coding pseudogene. Five chloroplast genome features were compared between S. monoica and S. japonica, S. glauca, S. salsa, S. malacosperma and S. physophora. Among Suaeda genus and equal to most angiosperms chloroplast genomes, the RSCU values were conservative. Two pseudogenes (accD and ycf1), rpl16 intron and ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer, were highlighted as suitable DNA barcodes for different Suaeda species. Phylogenetic analyses show Suaeda cluster into three main groups; one in which S. monoica was closer to S. salsa. The obtained result provided valuable information on the characteristics of the S. monoica chloroplast genome and the phylogenetic relationships.

Insight into bacterial and archaeal community structure of Suaeda altissima and Suaeda dendroides rhizosphere in response to different salinity level.

Suaeda play an important ecological role in reclamation and improvement of agricultural saline soil due to strong salt tolerance. At present, research on Suaeda salt tolerance mainly focuses on the physiological and molecular regulation. However, the important role played by microbial communities in the high-salinity tolerance of Suaeda is poorly studied. Our findings have important implications for understanding the distribution patterns and the driving mechanisms of different Suaeda species and soil salinity levels. In addition, we explored the key microorganisms that played an important ecological role in Suaeda rhizosphere. We provide a basis for biological improvement and ecological restoration of salinity-affected areas.

Features of the morphology of seeds of species of the genus Suaeda flora of the Aral-Balkhash region

Genus Suaeda Forssk. ex J. F. Gmel. is one of the largest in the family Chenopodiaceae Vent. (Amaranthaceae Juss.). Its representatives are distributed throughout Central Asia and are found, as a rule, in coastal halophyte communities. Out of 40 Central Asian species, there are 18 species in the flora of Kazakhstan, 15 (83 %) of which are found in the Aral-Balkhash region. Suaeda species are distributed in 5 sections (Schanginia C. A. Mey., Lachnostigma Iljin, Conosperma Iljin, Physophora Iljin, Heterosperma Iljin). The aim of the research was to analyze the features of the morphology of seeds of species of the genus Suaeda of the flora of the Aral-Balkhash region, which includes 5 floristic districts (14 - Aral, 15 -Kyzylorda, 16 - Betpakdala, 17 - Muyunkum (Moyinkum) and 18 - Balkhash-Alakul). Of the 15 species found within the Aral-Balkhash region, seeds of 11 species were taken for comparative analysis of morphological features (Suaeda linifolia Pall., S. paradoxa Bunge, S. altissima (L.) Pall., S. dendroides (С. A. Mey.) Moq., S. arcuata Bunge, S. acuminata (С. А. Меу.) Moq., S. corniculata (С. А. Меу.) Bunge, S. heterophylla (Kar. et Kir.) Bunge, S. salsa (L.) Pall., S. prostrata Pall., S. crassifolia Pall.). A detailed study reveals sectional differences. In this respect, the seeds of Suaeda acuminata differ most clearly from the species of other sections. from the Conosperma section. The species of the Schanginia section have a generally similar granular structure of the seed surface, and the representatives of the Heterosperma section have a point-grid surface of seeds with a flattened edge.

Comparison of genetic characteristics among species of Suaeda spp. (Amaranthaceae) in the western Anbar plateau - Iraq

Background: Comparison of genetic characteristics among species of Suaeda spp.
 Objective: identifying the genetic characteristics among species Suaeda (Amaranthaceae) in Anbar Governorate. (From August 2020 to September 2021 fresh plant samples were collected in the flowering stage for the studied species).
 Materials and methods: The genetic diversity of the Suaeda species was studied after DNA extraction and using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats Reaction method to recorded in the genetic aspects. DNA was extracted from young leaves of the studied species. The concentration and purity of the DNA were determined, and the detection of genetic relationships between the studied plant species as well as finding this genetic fingerprint by ISSR Reaction.
 Results: The results showed that the plant samples collected during study belong to species of the genus Suaeda, and these species were: S. aegyptiaca, S. altissima, S. carnosissma, S. fruticosa, S. monoica, S. vera and S. vermiculata symbolized by (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7) respectively for the purpose of brevity. The results showed that there was the highest close between S. aegyptiaca and S. vera which amounted to 0.6319, and the results showed that there was the least closeness between S. aegyptiaca and S. carnosissma which amounted to 0.4231.
 Conclusion: Genetic traits are among the stable traits that can be adopted in separating the studied species. The genetic study, especially at the DNA level, is one of the most important modern taxonomic studies that rely on PCR technology for the accuracy of its results and the speed of obtaining results.There are at least seven species of the genus Suaeda in the western province of Anbar Governorate - Iraq.

Potential of Suaeda nudiflora and Suaeda fruticosa to Adapt to High Salinity Conditions

The deposition of salts in soil seems likely to become a significant barrier for plant development and growth. Halophytes that flourish in naturally saline habitats may sustain extreme salt levels by adopting different acclimatory traits. Insight into such acclimatory features can be useful for devising salt-resilient crops and the reclamation of saline soil. Therefore, salinity-induced responses were studied in two halophytes, i.e., Suaeda nudiflora and Suaeda fruticosa, at a high soil salinity level (ECe 65) to explore their possible tolerance mechanisms in their natural habitat. Samples of different tissues were collected from both Suaeda species for the determination of physio-biochemical attributes, i.e., ionic (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−) content, osmo-protective compounds (proline, soluble sugars, soluble proteins), total phenolic content, and antioxidant components. Heavy metal composition and accumulation in soil and plant samples were also assessed, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was conducted to explore cellular metabolite pools with respect to high salinity. The results showed that both species considerably adjusted the above-mentioned physio-biochemical attributes to resist high salinity, demonstrated by quantitative differences in their above-ground tissues. The FTIR profiles confirmed the plants’ differential responses in terms of variability in lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cell wall constituents. The high capacity for Na+ and Cl− accumulation and considerable bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values for metals, mainly Fe and Zn, validate the importance of both Suaeda species as phytodesalination plants and their potential use in the phytoremediation of salt- and metal-polluted soils.

Research Advances on Molecular Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Suaeda.

Simple SummaryThis review comprehensively analyzes the molecular mechanism of Suaeda species under salt stress from aspects of physiology, biochemistry, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the salt tolerance of Suaeda. The unique genetic and physiological characteristics of Suaeda support their high potential for utilization as promising biological resources to improve agriculture under saline conditions.Plant growth and development are inevitably affected by various environmental factors. High salinity is the main factor leading to the reduction of cultivated land area, which seriously affects the growth and yield of plants. The genus Suaeda is a kind of euhalophyte herb, with seedlings that grow rapidly in moderately saline environments and can even survive in conditions of extreme salinity. Its fresh branches can be used as vegetables and the seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which has important economic value and usually grows in a saline environment. This paper reviews the progress of research in recent years into the salt tolerance of several Suaeda species (for example, S. salsa, S. japonica, S. glauca, S. corniculata), focusing on ion regulation and compartmentation, osmotic regulation of organic solutes, antioxidant regulation, plant hormones, photosynthetic systems, and omics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics). It helps us to understand the salt tolerance mechanism of the genus Suaeda, and provides a theoretical foundation for effectively improving crop resistance to salt stress environments.

Morphological and phytochemical studies of Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort growing along the coastal belt of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India in search of the prospective variation

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort of the family Chenopodiaceae is an annual succulent mangrove herb. This annual salt marsh is quite regularly used by the local people for food and pharmaceutical. This species has been cursorily noted to have variation in some morphological characters. Earlier reports indicated the presence of triterpenoid e.g. alpha amyrin in some species of Suaeda. However, no report on the variation in the quantity of it in this species was presented. The present study has furnished an account of subtle variation in morphology of this herb growing on different sites in the area under study. It also shows a difference in the amount of alpha amyrin in the plant individuals of different places, revealed through the HPTLC study. Morphological variations have been noted mostly in respect of the characteristics of the stem and leaf of the species.

Differences between the effects of plant species and compartments on microbiome composition in two halophyte Suaeda species

ABSTRACT Root-related or endophytic microbes in halophytes play an important role in adaptation to extreme saline environments. However, there have been few comparisons of microbial distribution patterns in different tissues associated with halophytes. Here, we analyzed the bacterial communities and distribution patterns of the rhizospheres and tissue endosphere in two Suaeda species (S. salsa and S. corniculata Bunge) using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the bacterial abundance and diversity in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than that of endophytic, but lower than that of bulk soil. Microbial-diversity analysis showed that the dominant phyla of all samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes, among which Proteobacteria were extremely abundant in all the tissue endosphere. Heatmap and Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) results showed that there were notable differences in microbial community composition related to plant compartments. Different networks based on plant compartments exhibited distinct topological features. Additionally, the bulk soil and rhizosphere networks were more complex and showed higher centrality and connectedness than the three endosphere networks. These results strongly suggested that plant compartments, and not species, affect microbiome composition.

Intertidal insects associated with halophytic Suaeda (Amaranthaceae) in Japan: a case study in Saga, northern Kyushu.

In contrast to a great diversity in insects in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, few known species have adapted to inhabit marine environments. In this study, we surveyed insects associated with halophytic plants of Suaeda (Amaranthaceae) distributed in intertidal zones, in northern Kyushu, Japan. On four Japanese native species of Suaeda, we found insects belonging to five orders and 18 species. Amongst them, the genus Clanoneurum (Diptera: Ephydridae) and Coleophoradeviella (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) were newly reported from Japan; and Orthotylus (Melanotrichus) parvulus (Hemiptera: Miridae) was newly recorded from Kyushu. The seasonal occurrence of several insects on Suaeda is reported.

Physiological Adaptation of Three Wild Halophytic Suaeda Species: Salt Tolerance Strategies and Metal Accumulation Capacity.

Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes is critical for improving the world’s agriculture under climate change scenarios. Herein, the physiological and metabolic responses of Suaeda monoica, Suaeda vermiculata, and Suaeda schimperi against abiotic stress in their natural saline environment on the east coast of the Red Sea were investigated. The tested species are exposed to different levels of salinity along with elemental disorders, including deficiency in essential nutrients (N&P in particular) and/or elevated levels of potentially toxic elements. The tested species employed common and species-specific tolerance mechanisms that are driven by the level of salinity and the genetic constitution of Suaeda species. These mechanisms include: (i) utilization of inorganic elements as cheap osmotica (Na+ in particular), (ii) lowering C/N ratio (S. monoica and S. schimperi) that benefits growth priority, (iii) efficient utilization of low soil N (S. vermiculata) that ensures survival priority, (v) biosynthesis of betacyanin (S. schimperi and S. vermiculata) and (vi) downregulation of overall metabolism (S. vermiculata) to avoid oxidative stress. Based on their cellular metal accumulation, S. monoica is an efficient phytoextractor of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn, whereas S. vermiculata is a hyper-accumulator of Hg and Pb. S. schimperi is an effective phytoextractor of Fe, Hg, and Cr. These results highlight the significance of Suaeda species as a promising model halophyte and as phytoremediators of their hostile environments.

Hydro-Environmental Criteria for Introducing an Edible Halophyte from a Rainy Region to an Arid Zone: A Study Case of Suaeda spp. as a New Crop in NW México.

Halophytes are capable of growing in saline environments. However, this attribute results from a wide genetic variability, making it difficult to approximate halophytes’ agroecological management. We examined the hydro-climatological attributes associated with the distribution of species of the genus Suaeda in NW Mexico and SW USA, and for S. edulis in central México. The analysis focused on the introduction of the semi-domesticated species Suaeda edulis as a new crop, from central regions of México, reaching an average yield of 8 Mg ha−1 of biomass, to arid NW México. The list of Suaeda species was elaborated from the eHALOPH and Calflora databases, and the NW México Herbarium Network. According to the Hydro-Environmental Availability Index (HEAI), the central regions of Mexico reflect a greater water availability, suitable for S. edulis. In such a humid region, HEAI varied from 6 to 18, indicating sufficient moisture for crops. In contrast, other Suaeda species, including S. nigra, S. esteroa, and S. californica, spread in NW Mexico and SW United States, where the water availability is null during the year, with HEAI scoring from 0 to 4. Under such dryness, S. edulis in NW Mexico will require water through optimized irrigation and plant breeding strategies to ensure its viability as a new crop.

Interactive Effects of Abiotic Stress and Elevated CO2 on Physio-Chemical and Photosynthetic Responses in Suaeda Species

Interactive Effects of Abiotic Stress and Elevated CO2 on Physio-Chemical and Photosynthetic Responses in Suaeda Species

Differential Accumulation of Metabolites in Suaeda Species Provides New Insights into Abiotic Stress Tolerance in C4-Halophytic Species in Elevated CO2 Conditions

Halophytic plants can adapt to grow and thrive in highly saline conditions. Suaeda species are annual halophytes with high salt tolerance and are most suitable in the restoration of salinized or contaminated saline land and as food, forage, medicine, and bioenergy. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the different metabolic responses of Suaeda species under salt and drought stress at ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. Seedlings of Suaeda species were treated with 500 mM NaCl and 5% of polyethylene glycol under elevated CO2 stress conditions for 24 h. Then, widely untargeted metabolites were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Different metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, photorespiration, and tricarboxylic acid cycle were quantitatively determined after stress treatments. A total of 61 primary metabolites were annotated. Different treatments increased the contents of certain metabolites, such as amino acids, sugars, and organic acids, as well as some antioxidants, such as quininic acid, kaempferol, and melatonin. These substances may be correlated with osmotic tolerance, increased antioxidant activity, and medical and nutritional value in the species. This study suggests that various metabolites differentially accumulated in C4Suaeda species under varying stress conditions. Furthermore, this work provides new insights into the key secondary metabolite pathway involved in stress tolerance.

Insights into genomic structure and evolutionary processes of coastal Suaeda species in East Asia using cpDNA, nDNA, and genome-wide SNPs

Species in the genus Suaeda have few diagnostic characters and substantial morphological plasticity. Hence, regional floras do not provide clear taxonomic information for Suaeda spp. in East Asia. In order to assess the taxonomy of four species in the genus Suaeda (S. australis, S. maritima, S. japonica, and S. heteroptera), cpDNA (rpl32-trnL and trnH-psbA), nDNA (ITS), and MIG-seq analyses were carried out. Genome-wide SNP results indicated three lineages: (1) S. australis in Korea and S. maritima in Japan, (2) S. maritima in Korea and S. heteroptera in China, and (3) S. japionica. In phylogenetic trees and genotype analyses, cpDNA and nDNA results showed discrepancies, while S. japonica and S. maritima in Korea, and S. heteroptera in China shared the same haplotype and ribotype. We suggest that the shared haplotype may be due to chloroplast capture. Based on our results, we assume that S. japonica was formed by homoploid hybrid speciation between the two lineages.

Nutrients Have a Different Impact on the Salt Tolerance of Two Coexisting Suaeda Species in the Yellow River Delta

Suaeda species are widely distributed in the coastal areas and are commonly selected as candidates for coastal saline–alkaline soil restoration. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different nutrient levels and salt stresses on the growth and physiological characteristics of Suaeda salsa and Suaeda glauca, two coexisting species exhibiting a spatial segregation in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. Our results showed that both Suaeda species can adapt to a high salinity environment (21 g kg−1 NaCl) and display similar regulation strategies, including increased shoot–root ratio, maintaining leaf succulence, and relying on proline and metal ions as osmotic regulators. However, nutrients had a different impact on the salt tolerance of the two species. Under low soil salinity levels, nutrient addition was more beneficial for S. salsa, while under high soil salinity levels, nutrient addition was more beneficial for S. glauca. Our results reveal that the spatial segregation of the two Suaeda species was not driven by salinity. Both species can be used in coastal restoration projects for their high salt-tolerant abilities, but the nutrient addition management should be specific to the species and site soil levels.

<p><strong>Going unnoticed for 40 years: about the presence of the exotic <em>Suaeda paradoxa</em> (Chenopodiaceae, Suaedoideae) in Argentina</strong></p>

As a part of ecologic studies conducted in wetlands of Patagonia, Argentina, and in the frame of taxonomic studies within Chenopodiaceae for South America, we collected specimens of Suaeda that did not match the features to any of the species currently known to the Flora of Argentina. The aim of this contribution is to report for the first time the presence of Suaeda paradoxa in Argentina, by the means of the study of living plants and herbarium material, original descriptions, type material, and complementing with a distribution map, photos, a diagnostic key, and a comparative table to the herbaceous species of Suaeda in Argentina. Also, some comments regarding ecological and distributional features are discussed. This is the first record of S. paradoxa outside its native distribution range.

The complete chloroplast genome of an annual halophyte herb, Suaeda glauca (Amaranthaceae)

The complete chloroplast genome (plastome) of Suaeda glauca, an annual halophytic herb, was determined in this study. The plastome was 149,807 bp in size, containing a large single-copy region (82,162 bp), a small single-copy region (18,191 bp), and two inverted repeats regions (24,727 bp). The overall GC content of this plastome was 36.5%. In total, 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 tRNAs and 4 rRNAs, were annotated. Phylogenomic analysis showed that S. glauca was sister to other Suaeda species.

Isolation and Identification of Some Genes for Drought Tolerance in Suaeda Sp Plant

In the present study, two species of the drought-tolerant genus Suaeda (Suaeda vera and Suaeda pruinosa) were investigated for detection of some genes responsible for drought resistance. Three genes (P5CS, BADH, and DREB) were chosen and detected using specific primers producing bands of different sizes 1500bp, 700bp and 430bp, respectively. The obtained fragments of the three genes were Sequenced, and phylogenetic tree constructed. The results revealed the efficiency of BADH to clarify the closest relatedness of Suaeda species with other species on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. In addition, one can conclude that BADH gene may be included in drought resistance mechanism of Suaeda species. This study can be used in the future for breeding and crop improvement programs..

Elevated CO2 leads to carbon sequestration by modulating C4 photosynthesis pathway enzyme (PPDK) in Suaeda monoica and S. fruticosa

The C4 halophytic species Suaeda monoica and S. fruticosa, possess the C4 photosynthesis pathway without Kranz anatomy were grown at ambient (470ppm CO2) and elevated (850ppm CO2) atmospheric CO2 under control containment facility to study the plant response under CO2 stress condition. The relative growth of both Suaeda species was enhanced with atmospheric CO2 enrichment compared to control (ambient) condition. The photosynthesis rate was found 2.5μmolCO2m−2s−1 in both species under stress condition compared to about 1.9μmolCO2m−2s−1 under control conditions. About 0.3molH2Om−2s−1 conductance was detected under an unstressed condition which decreased significantly to ~0.07molH2Om−2s−1 on the 6th day of stress treatment. Similarly, transpiration rate was also decreased significantly from 4.4–5.2mmolH2Om−2s−1 to 1.7–1.9 under stress condition. In contrast, VpdL increased significantly from 1.9kPa to 2.5kPa under stress condition. A higher total chlorophyll content observed in S. monoica (56.36mgg−1 tissue) compared to S. fruticosa (33.12mgg−1 tissue) under unstressed (control) condition. A significant increase was found in the total chlorophyll content of S. fruticosa (45.47mgg−1 tissue) with stress treatment compared to control (33.12mgg−1 tissue). In contrast, the total chlorophyll decreased in S. monoica (51.58mgg−1 tissue) under similar stress condition compared to control plants (56.36mgg−1 tissue). About 6–6.8mg total sugar per gram tissue found under control condition which enhanced further (7.5 to 11mgg−1 tissue) under stress condition. Similarly, total reducing sugar (~2mgg−1 tissue) and total starch content (6.5–11mgg−1 tissue) increased under stress condition. About 6.5- and 3- fold higher expression of PPDK gene was observed for S. monoica and S. fruticosa, respectively under CO2 stress condition. PPDK (1.2- and 1.5- fold) and antioxidant enzymes; APX (12.7- and two-fold), CAT (2.2- and 6.4- fold) and SOD (4.6- and 94- fold) enhanced significantly in S. fruticosa and S. monoica, respectively under high CO2 stress condition compared to control plants. Overall, it was observed that PPDK enzyme plays a key role in C4 photosynthesis pathway and S. monoica is a potential candidate to be explored further for the saline agricultural and CO2 capture.