Species Of Clerodendrum Research Articles

Begonia dimorpha (Begoniaceae) and Clerodendrum pygmaeum (Lamiaceae), new records for the Philippines from Tawi-Tawi Island

Field work in Panglima Sugala, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, resulted in new country records of Begonia dimorpha S.Julia (sect. Petermannia, Begoniaceae) and Clerodendrum pygmaeum Merr. (sect. Clerodendrum, Lamiaceae), both previously recorded only from Borneo. There are now 162 species of Begonia L. and 18 species of Clerodendrum L. known from the Philippines. Field observations and taxonomic notes on each species are presented and the presence of Bornean plant elements in the Sulu archipelago is discussed.

Comparative phytochemical screening through high-performance thin layer chromatography technique and free radical scavenging ability of five species of genus Clerodendrum

Comparative phytochemical screening through high-performance thin layer chromatography technique and free radical scavenging ability of five species of genus Clerodendrum

Biologically Active Diterpenoids in the Clerodendrum Genus-A Review.

One of the key areas of interest in pharmacognosy is that of the diterpenoids; many studies have been performed to identify new sources, their optimal isolation and biological properties. An important source of abietane-, pimarane-, clerodane-type diterpenoids and their derivatives are the members of the genus Clerodendrum, of the Lamiaceae. Due to their diverse chemical nature, and the type of plant material, a range of extraction techniques are needed with various temperatures, solvent types and extraction times, as well as the use of an ultrasound bath. The diterpenoids isolated from Clerodendrum demonstrate a range of cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the various biological activities of the diterpenoids isolated so far from species of Clerodendrum with the indication of the most active ones, as well as those from other plant sources, taking into account their structure in terms of their activity, and summarises the methods for their extraction.

Antioxidant properties of Clerodendrum species found in north east India: A review

The popularity of herbal medicine is increasing very rapidly among the people due to awareness of harmful side effects and adverse reactions caused by synthetic compounds. There are about 580 species of Clerodendrum which belongs to the family Verbenaceae. Its widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world mostly in the south east Asia. Clerodenrum is an important locally used medicinal plant. It is one of the essential herbs. The leaves Clerodendrum species found in North eastern part of India forms an important source of diet. Various plant parts such as root and leaf extracts of C. phlomidis, C. petasites, C. serratum, C. trichotomum, C. chinense and C. indicum have been used for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism, asthma, coughs, skin diseases, vermifuge, febrifuge, malaria, inflammatory diseases etc. Clerodendrum genus has also been widely explored for various biological activities to know its potential effect towards pharmaceutics one of which is anti-oxidant property. In the present review the antioxidant property of Clerodendrum at different concentrations in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, is studied.

The antioxidant rich active principles of Clerodendrum sp. controls haloalkane xenobiotic induced hepatic damage in murine model.

Clerodendrum is a plant with potent antioxidant activity and has been frequently employed as a traditional remedy against bronchitis, asthma, liver and stomach disorders. Three species of genus Clerodendrum namely Clerodendrum indicum, C. colebrookianum and C. inerme (Syn. Volkameria inermis) were investigated for their possible activity against oxidative stress induced liver injury. Apart from generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the WRL-68 cell line (human hepatic cell line), in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant assays were also assessed. Features of immune cell proliferation (MTT) were analyzed thoroughly. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses have been performed to identify the active biological compounds. These active biological compounds were further subjected to molecular docking. The antioxidant activity of three Clerodendrum sp. was significantly high in DPPH, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide etc. Biochemical parameters like catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were generated in excess due to CCl4 administration, which was ameliorated by treating with Clerodendrum extract. The phytochemical 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D shows excellent binding affinity in Autodock Vina. The present study provided convincing evidences that C. indicum and C. inerme showed good result but C. colebrookianum performed better by almost all means.

A remarkable new species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar

Abstract Phillipson, P.B. & L. Allorge (2016). A remarkable new species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar. Candollea 71 : 117–126. In English, English and French abstracts. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2016v711a14 A species new to science is formally described and named as Clerodendrum kamhyoae Phillipson & Allorge. It is the third species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) to be described from Madagascar that combines a long slender corolla tube with cauliflory, attributes that are uncommon in the genus. The prolific production of flowers along the trunk of the new species is quite extraordinary. Its possible relationships with other species of the genus are discussed and certain aspects of its reproductive biology are described. We provide line drawings, photographs and a distribution map for the new species, as well as an assessment of its conservation status using IUCN Categories and Criteria.

Antioxidant and pharmaceutical potential of Clerodendrum L.: An overview

Clerodendrum, with about 580 species, belongs to the family Verbenaceae and is widely distributed in the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The leaves of some species of Clerodendrum form an important source of diet in North eastern part of India. Various plant parts such as leaf and root extracts of C. indicum, C. phlomidis, C. serratum, C. trichotomum, C. chinense and C. petasites have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, asthma, inflammatory diseases, coughs, skin diseases, vermifuge, febrifuge, malaria etc. Isolation and identification of different chemical compounds and biological activities of the genus Clerodendrum have been studied by few researchers. The major chemical components reported from the genus are phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, terpenes,volatile oils, etc., This paper presents a comprehensive review on the various aspects of Clerodendrum species with respect to their traditional usage or use as alternative medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Key words: Antioxidant, Clerodendrum, flavonoids, pharmaceutical, phenolics, steroids, terpenoids

English

Clerodendrum is widely distributed plant in India and its medicinal use has been mentioned in traditional Indian systems. In the present study six species of Clerodendrum (C. inerme, C. peniculatum, C. philippinum, C. phlomidis, C. serratum and C. villosum) were screened for the presence of phytochemicals and were found positive for Glycosides, Terpeniods, Anthraquinones, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Lignin, Phenol and Alkaloids. All the species showed Antioxidant potential for all the Antioxidant Assays tested (DPPH Assay, Reducing Power Assay and Total Antioxidant Activity). For DPPH assay maximum antioxidant activity was seen for C. inerme, and C. serratum showed maximum activity in Reducing Power Assay and Total Antioxidant Activity. The plant species were also analyzed to check for their Antibacterial Activity. Among the solvents (Chloroform, Ethanol, Methanol, Iso-amyl Alcohol and Propanol) used for extrac- tion, the Iso-amyl Alcohol extract was found to be most active compared to other solvent extracts. B. subtilis and S. aureus were most sensitive among the tested pathogens. Proteus sp exhibited sensitivity towards most of the plant sp and for almost all solvent extracts. These findings can be used as prerequisite for Clerodendrum plant screening for bioactive compound for medicinal purposes. Genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh leaves of selected cultivars and PCR was performed by using RAPD primers to check the genetic di- versity among these species. From the PCR generated fingerprint, dendrogram was plotted by cluster analysis of similarity matrix. Den- drogram constructed by cluster analysis of RAPD markers showed that C. inerme and C. serratum are closely related. As very little work has been done on molecular characterization of Clerodendrum sp. by RAPD technique, our finding can be used as prerequisite for plant breeding activities as well as for conservation of genetic resources.

Development of nuclear SSRs for the insular shrub Clerodendrum izuinsulare (Verbenaceae) and the widespread C. trichotomum

Nuclear microsatellite primers were developed in the insular shrub Clerodendrum izuinsulare and the closely related widespread C. trichotomum to provide molecular tools to undertake a comparative study of the reproductive systems and genetic structures of the two Clerodendrum species. Using an improved protocol for isolating codominant compound microsatellite markers, 19 primer sets were developed in C. izuinsulare and C. trichotomum. The primers amplified dinucleotide repeats with one to nine alleles per locus in C. izuinsulare and one to 15 alleles per locus in C. trichotomum. Tests of cross-amplification showed that four to 16 loci could be amplified using these markers in five other species of Clerodendrum that were studied. The microsatellite markers described here will be useful for comparative study of the reproductive systems and genetic structures of the narrow endemic C. izuinsulare and the widespread C. trichotomum.

Pollen Viability of Clerodendrum

The genus Clerodendrum belongs to the family Verbenaceae of which there are over 400 tree, shrub, and vine species. Species of Clerodendrum vary in leaf size, shape and texture; inflorescence shape; and flower shape, size and color. There is commercial interest in developing hybrids with desirable floricultural attributes. Interspecific hybridization could be used to increase variability in flower color, inflorescence shape, plant vigor, leaf color and shape for selection. Pollen viability among species is in question because of absence of seed set on many selected plants. The need for assessing viability of pollen used is important in determining the strategies to be used in hybridization. Clerodendrum floribundum, C. speciosissimum, C. splendens, C. × speciosum (C. thompsonia × C. splendens) and C. quadriloculare grown in a greenhouse under natural daylight were used as pollen sources. Pollen was collected from recently opened anther, placed in a scintillation vial on ice, and brought into the laboratory. A peroxidase test, dehydrogenase test, and the fluorescein diacetate procedure were used to determine percent viability of pollen before, during and after anthesis for each Clerodendrum species.

Aphis clerodendri Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), attendant ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and associates on Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Australia

Abstract Aphis clerodendri Matsumura is newly recorded from Australia and is known from the Northern Territory, on islands in Torres Strait, and in rainforest in northern Queensland and New South Wales. It induces the formation of leaf pseudogalls on native species of Clerodendrum and is commonly attended by ants, which penetrate and may polydomously nest in the galls. Previously known only from eastern Asia, A. clerodendri can now be classified as native to Australia and Australasian in natural distribution. The species is also newly recorded from Papua New Guinea and Vietnam.

Molecular systematics of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): ITS sequences and total evidence

Thirty-three species of Clerodendrum s.l. and five outgroup genera were included in a sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results of the cladistic analysis were compared to and combined with cpDNA restriction site data from a previous study. All molecular data identified four major clades within Clerodendrum s.l. and showed the genus to be polyphyletic. Clerodendrum s.s., minus Konocalyx and Cyclonema, is monophyletic and the genus should be restricted to this group. Cyclonema and Konocalyx form a clade distinct from Clerodendrum s.s., which has been recognized as Rotheca Raf.

A New Species of Aegiphila (Verbenaceae) from Colombia

A new species, Aegiphila narinensis (Verbenaceae), from La Planada Reserve, Colombia, is described, and its affinities are discussed. The new species has mucronate calyx lobes, and the corolla is larger than in any other species in the genus and has a curved tube. This name is needed to complete the botanical list of plants collected at La Planada Reserve being compiled by Olga de Benavides and Alwyn Gentry. Aegiphila is a genus of about 160 species of shrubs and trees found from Cuba and Mexico through the West Indies and Central America to Peru and northern Argentina. About 40 species are found in Colombia (Moldenke, 1980), 10 of which are endemic, including this new one. Aegiphila narinensis Rueda, sp. nov. TYPE: Colombia. Nariiio: La Planada Reserve, near Ricaurte, 1,800 m, 01?05'N, 78?01'W, 21 Dec. 1987 (fl), Gentry, Benavides & Keating 59648 (holotype, MO; isotype, PSO not seen). Figure 1. Suffrutex 0.5-1 m altus, glabrus. Folia petiolata; laminis subtus punctatis, ellipticis, 14-18 cm longis x 8-10 cm latis, chartaceis, 6-8 venis secundariis. Inflorescentiae 3.5-6 cm longae x 3-5 cm latae; bracteis 2-4 mm longis; pedicellis 1.5-3 cm longis. Flos lobis calycinis 13 mm longis mucronatis; corolla hypocrateriformi alba, glabra, tubo arcuato, 2.5-3 cm longo, lobis 1.5-2 cm longis, inaequalibus. Subshrub 0.5-1 m tall; branches tetragonal or subterete, sparsely pilose, glabrescent. Leaves decussate-opposite; blade elliptic, acute to acuminate at apex, acute to cuneate at base, 14-18 x 8-10 cm, chartaceous, sparsely hirsute, both laminar surfaces glabrous, lower surface punctate; venation eucamptodromous to weakly brochidodromous, the midrib slightly elevated adaxially, prominently elevated abaxially, secondary veins 6-8 on each side of costa, at an angle of 45? with the costa, impressed adaxially and elevated abaxially, arcuate-ascending, with well-marked minor veins; margins entire to slightly sinuate; petioles 0.8-1 cm long. Inflorescences cymose, axillary, few-flowered, 3.5-6 x 35 cm; peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm long, bracts linear, 24 mm long; pedicels 1.5-3 mm long; peduncle, bracts, and pedicels glabrous. Calyx glabrous, the lobes triangular, mucronate, 1-3 mm long; corolla white, glabrous, salverform, the tube curved, 2.53 cm long, limb lobed, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, the lobes obovate, 1.5-2 cm long, unequal; stamens 4, attached to the throat of the corolla, equal, the filaments filiform, ca. 2 mm long, slightly surpassing the corolla mouth, the anthers oblong; ovary globose, the style filiform, reaching to 3-5 mm below stamen insertion, 1.5 cm long, stigma bifid, the branches 1 mm long. Fruit not seen. Aegiphila narinensis is distinguished from other species in the genus by having mucronate calyx lobes and a curved corolla tube about 3 cm long. The corolla is larger than in any of the other species, with unequal lobes 1.5-2 cm long. This species resembles the complex of closely related and largeflowered species formed by Aegiphila costaricensis Mold., from Central America, and A. haughtii Mold., Clerodendrum tessmanni Mold., and C. ulei Hayek from South America, as discussed by Nash & Nee (1984). However, elements of this group have straight corolla tubes of less than 25 mm long, with lobes more or less equal, whereas A. narinensis has a curved corolla tube of more than 25 mm in length, and unequal lobes. In addition, the species of Clerodendrum in this group have stamens that are long exserted, whereas A narensis has stamens that only slightly surpass the corolla mouth. The type was collected at 1,800 m elevation, in the cloud forest of the La Planada Reserve, in the state of Nariio, after which the species is named. This area is famous for its high biological endemism (Terborgh & Winter, 1982), to which this distinctive new species adds yet another example. Acknowledgments. I thank John Myers for the excellent illustration, and William G. D'Arcy, Alwyn NOVON 2: 167-168. 1992. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.64 on Sat, 03 Sep 2016 04:41:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Meiotic studies and taxonomic considerations in some taxa of Verbenaceae.

Phenotypic plasticity and variations in chromosome numbers within the genera of the family Verbenaceae are known (Sharma and Mukhepadhyay 1963, Fedorov 1974). Fruits and seeds are formed sparsely off and on in most of the species of the genus Clerodendrum L. C. speciosum D' Ombrain has been considered to be a hybrid (Bailey 1949), but no cytological data have been adduced to support this contention. Whether a taxon is fully cytologically stable species or variety, heterozygous/homozygous, natural hybrid or comprised of translocated or inverted segments etc. can be clearly brought out by meiotic analysis (Stebbins 1971). Therefore, meiotic studies in commonly distributed nine species covering four genera viz. Clerodendrum L; Holmskioldia Retz; Petrea Houst, ex. Linn. and Lantana L. of the family Verbenaceae were carried out to determine their pure/hybrid nature, chromosomal behaviour during microsporogenesis and phylogenetic relationship.Meiotic pairing in six species of the genus Clerodendrum L. revealed lower frequencies of rod bivalents than ring bivalents. All most equal frequencies of rod and ring bivalents per nucleus in H. sanguinea Retz. and L. camara Linn. have been observed. In P. volubilis Jacq. Queens Wreath; rod and ring bivalents frequencies are 6.4 and 10.8 respectively. Not more than two chiasmata per bivalent have been recorded in any of the taxa investigated. Higher chiasma frequencies were seen in all the six species of Clerodendrum investigated than that of H. sanguinea, L. camara and P. volubilis. The meiotic behaviour of chromosomes stressed that each species has come to possess its own genotypic behaviour and cytological performance. No cytological configurations to indicate the hybrid nature of C. speciosum were detected. However, cryptic structural hybridity might have led to the formation of abortive pollen grains and seeds in C. speciosum.