Species Of Anthurium Research Articles

Anthurium capixaba (Araceae): a new species with cordate leaves from Brazil

A remarkable new species of Anthurium, named A. capixaba, is here described and compared to its closest relatives. We also present an amended description of A. marcusianum based on the recently fruiting specimens collected.

Flowering phenology patterns promotes pollination facilitation in coexisting Anthurium species from a mountain forest in Colombia

AbstractCo-flowering congeneric plant species may either experience competition for the services of shared pollinators or facilitation when together, they attract a higher number and diversity of pollinators. In this study, we evaluate whether temporal segregation in flowering time and temporal partition of shared pollinators operate among sympatric Anthurium species as mechanisms to reduce competition to attract potential pollinators. We investigated flowering phenology, the intra-e interspecific synchrony, and the composition of the flower visitor community of seven coexisting Anthurium species biweekly for a whole year in Native and Pine forests. We also analyzed the structure of Anthurium -flower visitor networks and the functional role of species. Flowering was continuous thorough the year for most Anthurium species, but their flowering peaks were segregated significantly in time. Although the flowering periods of these species overlapped, flower visitor communities were very dissimilar among Anthurium species, sharing only a tiny fraction of insects that function as connectors among species in the network. The partition of potential pollinators in a fine temporal scale occurred through the rewiring of shared flower visitors to the most abundant flowering Anthurium species. On the other hand, a high number of inflorescences attracted larger abundance and richness of insect visitors. Facilitation occurred almost throughout the year, while competition occurred during the flowering peak, where a particular species was the best competitor increasing the constancy of pollinators. This study highlights the role of facilitation and competition as mechanisms that together shape the use of potential pollinator resources between sympatric congeneric plant species.

A new Anthurium (Araceae) species with silver leaves from Bahia Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Anthurium argyrophyllum, a new species from the Atlantic Forest is described, illustrated and its morphological affinities with other species are discussed. This species is only known from cocoa agroforests in Southern Bahia State, Brazil.

Morphological diversity of the velamen radicum in the genus Anthurium (Araceae).

Epiphytes develop anatomical features to improve efficiency of the uptake of water and nutrients, such as absorptive foliar scales or a velamen radicum. Despite substantial studies on the occurrence, morphology, development and phylogeny of the velamen, most of the available literature is focused on Orchidaceae, making current knowledge on velamen clearly biased. A recent publication firmly established that velamina are common in Anthurium species. Thus, this study provides further insights by describing velamen morphological characteristics of Anthurium species and classifying them into different velamen types. Furthermore, we investigate if the different velamen morphological traits are clade-specific and phylogenetically conserved within the genus. Using SEM, we performed a morphological study on 89 Anthurium species, describing six micromorphological traits of velamen and exodermis, following traits used to classify Orchidaceae velamen by Porembski & Barthlott (1988). We distinguished nine velamen types, including two that are unique to Anthurium and not similar to any type found in Orchidaceae. Comparing velamen morphology within the phylogenetic tree of Anthurium revealed clear phylogenetic signals. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions among 89 species of Anthurium from the Araceae, and substantially broadens our knowledge of this tissue. However, velamen function has been even less studied, with hardly anything known about functional significance of having secondary cell wall thickening and perforations on velamen cell walls. Therefore, a logical next step would be to connect these anatomical features to their functions.

A new species of broad-leafed Anthurium (Araceae) from the central region of Veracruz, Mexico

We describe and illustrate Anthurium tiswatl, a new species of Anthurium sect. Andiphilum from Veracruz, Mexico. It is morphologically similar to A. macdougallii, but differs from that species in having long cataphylls, blades and spadix, collective veins arising from the first or fifth pairs of basal veins, and yellowish to whitish berries when ripe.

The Velamen Radicum Is Common in the Genus Anthurium, Both in the Epiphytic and Terrestrial Species

The velamen radicum, a rhizodermis that consists of dead cells at maturity, is often described as typical for epiphytic aroids. Such claims are surprising on two grounds: (1) there are hardly any data on this trait for aroids and (2) the link between a velamen and epiphytic growth has recently been challenged in general. We performed an anatomical and histological study with 82 Anthurium species and analyzed the occurrence of a velamen in regard to habit (epiphytic vs. terrestrial) and phylogenetic relatedness. Almost 90% of both epiphytic and terrestrial species had a velamen. The number of cell layers comprising this tissue were also very similar in both groups. The most likely interpretation of the phylogenetic tree suggests that a velamen is not ancestral in Anthurium. It was gained once and has been lost several times during diversification of the genus. Our results are an important contribution to the current discussion on the possible function of the velamen. While there is some experimental evidence for its importance for epiphytic plants, its role in terrestrial plants is completely unresolved.

A new Species of Anthurium section Calomystrium, subsection Rupicola (Araceae) from Peru

Anthurium is a highly diverse neotropical genus, in which many species remain undescribed. Here, we describe a new species of Anthurium (sect. Calomystrium, subsect. Rupicola) from Central Peru, which we name Anthurium huaytae. The species is also the first record for subsect. Rupicola for Peru. Anthurium huaytae resembles A. amnicola but differs by its epiphytic habit (vs. epipetric habit), white or light lavender spathe (vs. purple spathe), persistent cataphylls (vs. promptly deciduous cataphylls) and slimmer flowers in relation to its length (ratio 1:1.1) (vs. flowers with a length-width ratio of 2:3). We provide a description, photographs and the floral scent composition of the new species. In addition, an updated identification key including all the known species of Anthurium subsect. Rupicola is also provided.

A New Species of Anthurium (Araceae) From the Amazon Domain

Abstract— During a collection expedition on the banks of the Inauiní River, in Terra Firme Forest, near the town of Boca do Acre, Amazonas State, an unknown species of Anthurium with the shortest known spadix was found. It is described and illustrated here as a new species, Anthurium bovinii. Additional information on phenology, ecology, distribution, and comparison with closely related taxa are presented.

Anthurium caldasii: a new species of Araceae from Colombia and its phylogenetic relationships with other black-spathed Anthurium species

Anthurium caldasii: a new species of Araceae from Colombia and its phylogenetic relationships with other black-spathed Anthurium species

Fertilization for potted foliage anthurium

Anthurium maricense Nadruz & Mayo is one of the anthurium species with potential for commercialization as a foliage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the NPK rates and the frequency of nitrogen foliar fertilization for pot cultivation of Anthurium maricense. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a split-plot scheme, with 04-14-08 NPK rates applied in the substrate (0; 3; 6; 9 and 12 kg m−3) as the main treatments and the frequency of nitrogen foliar fertilizer (no foliar fertilizer; once and twice a month at urea concentration of 20 g L−1) in subplots, with ten replicates. Ten months after planting the seedlings in the pots, the following evaluations were made: height, average plant diameter, number of leaves and inflorescences, leaf area and dry mass (leaves, inflorescence, shoots, roots and total). In the absence of nitrogen foliar fertilizer, maximum leaf area and leaf, shoot and total dry masses were obtained with NPK rates varying from 4.7 to 5.4 kg m−3. With application of nitrogen foliar fertilizer as urea, twice a month, there is no need for NPK application in the commercial substrate used in the cultivation of foliage anthurium in pots.

New Species of Anthurium (Araceae) from Venezuela

A total of nine species of Anthurium Schott sect. Calomystrium Schott (Araceae) from Venezuela are treated. Most of the species have been confused with A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth; a dichotomous key to distinguish them is provided. All but one of these species are endemic to the Cordillera de la Costa in northern Venezuela. Seven species are described as new: A. alfcardozoi Croat, A. coltovarense Croat, A. galipanense Croat, A. georgetatei Croat, A. guaicaipurense Croat & M. Hanson, A. hansonianum Croat, and A. ronliesneri Croat. One additional species, Anthurium species #1, is included in the key and is fully described but is not being formally published owing to inadequate material. In addition, A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth is redescribed, and a more complete description is provided since it is a close relative to several of the species treated here.

<p><strong>Araceae from Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil</strong></p>

In Brazil, the family Araceae has 47 genera, approximately 519 species, 276 of which are endemic, it is characterized by the presence of the spadix associated with a bract, the spathe, and its one of the families with the highest species richness for the Atlantic Forest. This survey aims to inventory the Araceae of the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB), providing identification keys, descriptions, photos, and illustrations of diagnostic characters of the species, contributing to the Araceae Flora for Minas Gerais. To collect data, field trips were carried out in November 2018, July 2019, and February 2020, and the collected materials were deposited in the UNOP and RB herbaria. A total of 13 species, belonging to three genera, were documented. The genus Anthurium was the most diverse with eight species, followed by Philodendron with four species and Asterostigma with only one species. Through this survey, two species of Anthurium were found (A. atrovinosum and A. brigadeiroense) and recently described. Also, A. comtum, A. gladiifolium, and P. edmundoi are new for this area, and A. fontellanum was collected for the first time since 2004, reinforcing the importance of floristic studies and the conservation of Atlantic Forest remnants, such as the PESB.

True nectar or stigmatic secretion? Structural evidence elucidates an old controversy regarding nectaries in Anthurium.

Floral rewards are essential in understanding floral function and evolution of the relationships between flowers and pollinators. Whether sugars are present in stigmatic exudates in Anthurium and whether it has floral nectaries have remained controversial because of the scarcity of structural studies. To solve these questions, we investigated the floral anatomy of A. andraeanum to elucidate whether (1) tepals are secretory organs, (2) tepals possess a structurally recognizable nectary, and (3) tepalar secretion differs from stigmatic secretion. Floral structure was assessed through light and electron microscopy of samples of immature, pistillate, and staminate flowers. The dynamics of the starch reserve was investigated using histochemical tests, and the sugar content in the floral exudates was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. Sugar analysis did not detect sucrose, glucose, or fructose in stigmatic secretions, but confirmed their presence in tepalar secretions. Stigmatic secretion was produced by secretory stigmatic papillae; tepalar exudates were produced by nonvascularized nectaries in the apex of tepals. These nectaries were characterized by modified stomata and cells with cytoplasm rich in organelles, and a high content of calcium oxalate crystals. Our results showed for the first time nectaries on tepals and true nectar secretion for A. andraeanum. Stigmatic secretion appears to be a distinct substance, and its often-reported sugar content seems to be a result of sample contamination. Nectar and stigmatic secretions have been often mistaken in other Anthurium species and deserve a revision for this genus.

The bacterial and fungal communities associated with Anthurium ssp. leaves: Insights into plant endemism and microbe association

It is known that different plant species select specific microbes to live inside their tissues in a process determined by the host genotype, phenotype and geographic location, which can introduce discussion on plant endemism and the assembly of specific microbial communities. Herein, we report the results of an investigation relating the geographic distribution of plant species and the composition of microbial communities associated with plant hosts. The bacterial and fungal community associated with Anthurium plant leaves was mapped to assess the diversity and ecology of the endophytic community associated with Anthurium spp. collected on islands and on the Brazilian mainland. Twenty-six Anthurium specimens were surveyed, distributed throughout the São Paulo state coastline, including Alcatrazes Island, some coastal islands and distinct mainland environments. Bacterial and fungal endophytes were obtained from the leaves of A. alcatrazense, A. loefgrenii, A. penthaphyllum, A. urvellianum and A. intermedium and subjected to massive bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS sequencing. The results indicated that A. alcatrazense, endemic to Alcatrazes Island, hosted a specific bacterial community structure, while its fungal community was similar to that of Anthurium species from other locations. Betaproteobacteria showed a high differential occurrence in A. alcatrazense. Some groups of fungi were found mainly inhabiting A. loefgrenii plants. While Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Sordariomycetes, Dothiodeomycetes and Tremellomycetes composed the core microbial community among Anthurium plants. The results suggest crucial role for the bacterial communities to endemic plants, while endophytic fungal diversity is less specifically distributed among endemic and nonendemic plant species.

New species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) from the Kõkõi Eujã Natural Traditional Reserve of the Pacific coast, Cauca Department, Colombia.

The Kõkõi Eujã Natural Traditional Reserve was created in 2019 to protect the golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis Myers, Daly & Malkin, 1978) in the Cauca Department of Colombia. As part of the biodiversity inventory of the reserve a new species of Anthurium with scandent habit was discovered. The new species is endemic to Colombia and it is more similar to A. caldodsonii Croat, A. boekei Croat, and A. scandens (Aubl.) Engl., but differs by having widely lanceolate leaves with acuminate apex, cuneate base, and acrodromous venation with three pairs of basal veins.

<p><strong>Promoting the study of plant taxonomy: a new species of <em>Anthurium</em> (Araceae) named by students from the University of Panama</strong></p>

Currently in Panama, as in other parts of the world, there is little interest in taxonomy, both at the educational and research levels. In order to increase awareness and research interest in plant taxonomy amongst botany majors, we involved a cohort of college-level students of the University of Panama’s Biology School in the process of naming a yet-to-be described species of Anthurium (Araceae), engaging them in all aspects of taxonomy including the process of proposing a new species to the scientific community. With their help, we hereby describe a new species we named Anthurium oistophyllum, with descriptions and illustrations based upon photographs of the vegetative and reproductive structures taken from live material.

Contrasting population genetic structure of two sympatric species of Anthurium (Araceae) along elevation in an Andean mountain forest

AbstractThe topography of the tropical Andean forest is steep, resulting in physical conditions that change with the elevation, thus driving a high turnover of insect pollinator species over short distances, which may lead to localized gene dispersal, promoting genetic divergence between plant populations distributed along the elevation gradient. In this study, we characterized the population genetic structure of Anthurium caucanum and A. panduriforme, two closely related species that coexist along the elevation gradient in the Andean forest but differ in inflorescence size and abundance of flower visitors. The sampling of both species covered seven elevation bands, from 2,200 to 2,900 MASL. Five microsatellite loci were used to genotype the sampled individuals. Our results indicated that heterozygosity was high for both species. Genotypic richness was significantly lower for A. caucanum (G/N = 0.45) compared with A. panduriforme (G/N = 0.88), while population differentiation was strong for A. caucanum (Fst = 0.23) but low for A. panduriforme (Fst = 0.03). Assignment analysis suggested a low rate of immigration events for A. caucanum populations and a high gene flow between A. panduriforme populations. Based on the seed production of bagged inflorescences, A. caucanum demonstrated the ability to self‐pollinate, while A. panduriforme was considered self‐incompatible. In addition, genotypic richness decreased with elevation for A. caucanum. In summary, the contrasting population genetic structure of the two Anthurium species along the elevation gradient appear to be the result of different gene flow rates, mating systems, and life‐history traits, such as clonal growth, flowering phenology, and density.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.

Temperature dependence of germination and growth in Anthurium (Araceae).

By the year 2100, temperatures are predicted to increase by about 6°C at higher latitudes and about 3°C in the tropics. In spite of the smaller increase in the tropics, consequences may be more severe because the climatic niches of tropical species are generally assumed to be rather narrow due to a high degree of climate stability and higher niche specialisation. However, rigorous data to back up this notion are rare. We chose the megadiverse genus Anthurium (Araceae) for study. Considering that the regeneration niche of a species is crucial for overall niche breadth, we focused on the response of germination and early growth through a temperature range of 24°C of 15 Anthurium species, and compared the thermal niche breadth (TNB) with the temperature conditions in their current range, modelled from occurrence records. Surprisingly, an increase of 3°C would lead to a larger overlap of TNB of germination and modelled in situ temperature conditions, while the overlap of TNB of growth with in situ conditions under current and future conditions is statistically indistinguishable. We conclude that future temperatures tend to be closer to the thermal optima of most species. Whether this really leads to an increase in performance depends on other abiotic and biotic factors, most prominently potentially changing precipitation patterns.

Toxicological and anatomical study of vegetative organs of Anthurium maricense Nadruz and Mayo (Araceae)

Among other taxa of Araceae, the genus Anthurium is the largest of the family and one of themost important taxa. Some species of this genus have been used as a condiment, and its plantsas ornaments and medicines for over a century. Anthurium maricense is an endemic species from“restingas” of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and it is used as ornamental and medicinal plant. This paperaimed an anatomical and toxicological study of its vegetative organs. A. maricense has subterraneousrhizome, adventitious roots and complete leaves. The anatomical features of vegetative organs aresimilar to other species of Araceae and genus Anthurium, especially the velamen in roots and calciumoxalate crystals in all organs. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), longitudinal grooves wereobserved in the raphides. For toxicological analyses, whole (with crystals) and centrifuged (freefrom crystals) fractions of the juices of each organ were administered via mouthwash and plantarinoculation to groups of five mice. The formation of edema was observed at 1, 3, 6, 24 and 96hours and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The oral inoculations presented negative results for all groups,without edema. The plantar inoculations showed differing results: with centrifuged juices, mildedema formed but regressed; with whole juices, some animals presented severe edema. Our resultsindicated distribution and morphology of raphides and diverse chemical substances were related tothe edematogenic process. A. maricense may potentially induce more chronic edema if compared toother species of Araceae.Keywords: Anatomy. Crystals. Restinga. Toxicity.

Araceae of the Lita–San Lorenzo Region (Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador)—Part 1: Anthurium sect. Polyneurium

This paper is the first in an expected series of publications treating the Araceae of the Lita–San Lorenzo Region of northwestern Ecuador. An introduction to the physical and ecological characteristics of the area is given, and Anthurium Schott sect. Polyneurium Engl. is redefined and typified. Thirty-four species in section Polyneurium are fully described of which 13 are new species of Anthurium: A. bruxellense Croat, A. chuchubiense Croat, A. cornejoi Croat, A. decursivum Croat, A. hannoniae Croat, A. impolitoellipticum Croat, A. kinsingeriae Croat, A. longeinternodum Croat, A. mansellii Croat, A. pandurilaminum Croat, A. pseudotalamancae Croat, A. triangulohastatum Croat, and A. waramirezii Croat. In addition, six seemingly new but (sometimes) sterile species for the region are fully described but not formally named.