Special Substances Research Articles

The Road to Discovery of the Pulmonary Gas Exchange - From the "Phlogiston-" to the "Oxygen Theory"

The discovery of oxygen and pulmonary gas exchange was a major advancement in our understanding of breathing. For centuries it was believed that the lungs were primarily necessary to cool the heart or to "refine" the blood. Richard Lower (1631-1691) observed that the blood had a different colour before and after passage through the lung. His assumption was that breathing must have been added a special substance to the blood. Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734) formulated a fire substance "phlogiston" (phlox = flame) with his phlogiston theory. He postulated that phlogiston is contained in all combustible substances and escapes when burned. John Mayow (1641-1679) recognised that about one fifth of the breathing gas is important for the breathing process. He called the gas "spiritus nitro aerius". Oxygen was first discovered in the early 1770 s by the Swedish-German pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) and the English chemist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) - independently of each other. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) recognised oxygen as element and for the first time described the oxidation process accurately.

Epithelial Complications in Various Corneal Collagen Crosslinking Protocols

This literature review describes epithelial complications that occur after corneal collagen crosslinking. Currently, the standard, different variants of the transepithelial and accelerated protocols, as well as their combination, are used. Moreover, in most cases, there are problems and complications associated with de-epithelialization or with impact to the preserved epithelium, both with special substances that destroy tight connections between epithelial cells, and with UV radiation, which supplied with increased illumination intensity and in a shorter time. At the same time, the development of many new options for various modifications and protocols for the corneal collagen crosslinking in order to preserve the epithelium and, thereby, provide the comfort and safety for the patient, can lead to a vicious circle in the form of epithelial complications and a decrease in the effect of the procedure. Therefore, it is important to conduct more complete, standardized studies aimed at a comprehensive assessment of all aspects and parameters of the corneal crosslinking procedure.

Current progress and prospect of crop quality research

The industrialization of high-quality crops can help to increase the affordability of healthy diets for residents, and it is crucial to ensure food security and a better life. Quality traits are complex agronomic traits influenced by environment and regulated by multiple genes, whose basis is metabolism. Crops directly or indirectly provide energy and diversified nutrients for human beings through coordinated and orderly primary and/or secondary metabolism of photosynthates. Currently, several major genes responsible for nutrition, taste and other qualities have been cloned, and remarkable progress has been made in the analysis of metabolic pathways of vitamins and some special functional substances such as anthocyanins, and in the molecular design breeding of high-quality crops. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of quality traits is limited, and the knowledge of environmental variation of quality traits is still lacking. Here, we summarized the present quality research on rice, wheat, corn and soybean at home and abroad, discussed the future development trend and bottleneck of quality research in China, and put forward some thoughts for crop quality research in China toward 2035.

Enzyme-based targeted disintegration of biofilms formed by food-borne pathogens: a review

Food-borne pathogens pose great risks to human health and public safety, and the formation of biofilm exacerbates their pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. Enzymes can target special substances in the biofilm to disintegrate the biofilm of food-borne pathogens, which has great potential for applications. This review summarized the progress of using enzymes to disintegrate the biofilms of food-borne pathogens, highlighting quorum-quenching enzymes, C-di-GMP metabolic enzymes, as well as extracellular matrix hydrolases. Finally, challenges and perspectives on developing enzymes into effective products for disintegrating the biofilms of food-borne pathogens were discussed.

Study of danazol active agent
 effect on Mcf10a breast cells redox
 phosphorylation

Relevance: Fibrocystic mastopathy is one of the
 most complex breast pathologies, occurring in about
 60% of women. The causes and molecular mechanisms of cyst formation in fibrocystic mastopathy are
 not fully understood, and effective treatment methods are not widely implemented. However, there is
 evidence of the fibrocystic mastopathy malignization
 risk. We studied the molecular effect of the active agent
 danazol on the respiratory complex in mitochondria,
 which occur in various concentrations and are considered the cell energy center.
 A method of permeation with special substances
 was developed to improve the cell membrane permeability in the intracellular proteins and nucleic acids
 analysis. The scientists aimed to study the Mcf10a cell
 line mitochondrial respiratory complex using the permeabilization method.
 Purpose: To study the effect of different danazol
 concentrations on Mcf10a breast cells redox phosphorylation in women with fibrocystic mastopathy.
 Results: Monitoring the redox phosphorylation
 process using the respiratory complex substrates
 affecting the Msf10A breast cells respiratory chain
 showed the danazol 30 μM effect on the respiratory
 complex I.
 Conclusions: According to oxygraphic records, 10
 minutes’ exposure to danazol 30 μM after permeabilization with digitonin increased the Msf10A cells’ oxidative phosphorylation compared with the control. The
 respiratory rate decreased by 45% ten minutes after
 treatment with digitonin.

Experimental and Theoretical Study of CO2 Solubility in Liquid CH4/H2 Mixtures at Cryogenic Temperatures

Methane-rich industrial byproducts, such as coke oven gas (COG) and synthetic ammonia exhaust tail gas, are often regarded as promising sources of unconventional natural gas. The design spec for liquefaction of these kinds of unconventional natural gas is quite different from that of conventional natural gas due to the presence of some special substances, such as hydrogen. In this work, CO2 solubility in liquid CH4/H2 mixtures is measured utilizing a static solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) experimental apparatus. The experiments are carried out at cryogenic temperatures between 90 and 150 K in the pressure range of about 1.7–5.4 MPa. The results are compared with calculations based on the GERG-2008 and Peng–Robinson (PR) equations of state. It is found that, compared with the solubility of CO2 in pure methane, the existence of hydrogen makes CO2 solubility increase significantly between −160 and −145 °C and decrease significantly at temperatures above −140 °C. The results provide the basis for the CO2 purification system of the coke oven gas and synthetic natural gas liquefaction plant.

Nanomaterials for cascade promoted catalytic cancer therapy

AbstractCatalytic therapy utilizing special substances (e.g., hydrogen peroxide and glucose) in tumor sites has attracted wide interest to achieve tumor‐specific therapy or improve the efficacy of other treatments. Benefiting from the selectivity and high activity of catalytic chemistry, efficient cancer therapy is available with negligible side effects. Numerous works, which are focused on further augmenting catalytic therapy with cascade strategies, have been reported with biocompatible nanomaterials composed of natural enzymes and/or nanozymes. Herein, we summarized catalytic reactions and nanomaterials in cascade strategy‐involved cancer therapy. With rapid advances in chemistry and nanomaterials, developing more selective and efficient cascade catalytic strategies will continue to be promising and challenging for cancer therapy.

My Theory of the Oxidative‐deoxidative Imbalance in life value

My Theory about the oxidative-deoxidative Imbalance in life value has the projects since 1996 till now, which includes the part about the study in nitric oxidativeNO, reactive nitric speciesRNS, Reactive oxygen speciesROS, antioxidant enzymes SOD, NADPH, PRDX and GPX，and smaller molecular as GSH, Vitamin C or E; My study had the clinical observation and research part. Current I summarize the whole pathway as the figure presented here. The main theme about the Theory is that the imbalance of the oxidative-deoxidative state of a special substance happen at it is original prefect balance; the imbalance for RNS/ROS production has the result in interrupt DNA construct, cell, lipids, proteins and other macromolecules function; In biological state, ROS or RNS are generate in natural to take some important roles at cell signaling and homoestasis functional; under oxidative interruption, over products from endogenous and exogeneous pathway which break through the deoxidative defend state to maintain balance of the two sides. Considering of oxidative and antioxidative states imbalance to medical biology in my Theory, currently more important results have published in my articles and books at academic Journals in nations. As usual knowledge, oxidative stress is one of the main reasons to result in degradation to human life span, studying in antioxidant defense system has activated goal to increase life value and qualify. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes biology pathway.

Vitiligo — skin depigmentation syndrome

Vitiligo is a variant of hypochromia — a skin pigmentation disorder. In this condition, there is a disorder in the synthesis of a special substance of melanin, which is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin, by melanocyte cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes are evenly distributed throughout the body, with the exception of the soles and palms. Vitiligo is a so-called partial hypochromia and manifests itself as areas of the body that are devoid of pigmentation. More rarely, there is a total pigmentation disorder called albinism. It should be noted that in both hypochromia and albinism, the number of melanocytes is not changed, but for some reason they stop producing melanin from its precursor tyrosine.

Chemical, microbial, and metabolic analysis of Taisui cultured in honey solution.

Taisui, a special substance occasionally found in China, can now be artificially cultured. In order to evaluate the safety of an artificially cultured Taisui (acTS) and develop it into fermented, functional food or oral liquid, the macronutrients, trace elements, microbial community, and extracellular metabolites of Taisui have been investigated in this study. Results showed that the concentrations of total carbohydrates, protein, fat, total ash, and moisture of wet acTS were 2.13 g/100 g, 0.13 g/100 g, 0.07 g/100 g, 0.04 g/100 g, and 88.3%, respectively. The concentrations of top three trace elements of K, Ca, and P, are 1,424.92 mg/kg, 159.96 mg/kg, and 67.89 mg/kg, respectively. Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, respectively. Uncultured_bacterium_f_Anaerolineaceae, Alcaligenes, and Ochrobactrum were the three most abundant genera of bacteria; Methanosaeta, Methanosphaera, and Natronomonas, the most abundant genera of archaea; Zygosaccharomyces, Mortierella, and Fusarium, the most abundant genera of fungi. There were 311 metabolites increased in acTS. Most of the metabolites are beneficial to human. These metabolites can be contributed to microbes in acTS. In conclusion, acTS is not a good source of macronutrients and of trace elements, while the safeness of some microorganisms in acTS is also unknown. Nevertheless, it still provides some probiotics and beneficial metabolites for human. It is thus possible to develop acTS into foods when the safety of each microorganism is proved.

The Foundations of Civil Liability for Industrial Pollution

Abstract In European private law, operators of industrial facilities, power plants and other sites using special substances or procedures are made responsible for harm caused by pollution even where it is doubtful that such harmdoing is unreasonable or could have been foreseen. Analysing both fault-based and strict liability, the author discusses legal bases for this liability and its justification in European jurisdictions.

Comparative analysis of aroma substances of vanilla co-fermented black tea

Different tea-making processes are different, and the aroma substances and main components of the tea-like products are different. The types of aromas and tastes of tea after processing are different. Vanilla, like tea, needs to be fermented and processed before it presents an attractive milk flavor. Based on the co-fermentation process of vanilla and tea, this study developed co-fermented black tea, and compared the aroma and content analysis of ordinary black tea and co-fermented black tea. The results showed that the special aroma substances of co-fermented vanilla black tea contained 2,3-dihydro-2,2,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (0.42%); GermacreneD (1.54%); 3,7,11 -Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecantrien-3-ol acetate (0.28%). It is a new type of mixed black tea product with richer ingredients and unique aroma.

Information System As a Factor Determining the Development Vector of Modern Education

The information system is considered one of the paradigmatic coordinates of modern education. It is noted that education is one of the most important factors contributing to the successful solution of problems related to globalization, allowing us forming a citizen’s stable personal potential and self–defense skills of the latter as a carrier of certain cultural values in the information flow. The aim of the research is to study the information role in modern culture and in modern education. It should be noted that culture as a process of accumulation and translation of social experience determines the society progress and its intellectual and spiritual sphere. Education is the main socio-cultural mechanism that society uses to purposefully influence the course of its development. Education provides information and historical continuity of generations and security of continuity of this process. The research has revealed the importance of the information system in culture as a factor that is decisive in the modern education entire set of components formation. The information society is a civilization in the basis of the development and existence of which is a special non-material substance, conventionally referred to as “information”. This substance interacts with a person’s spiritual and material worlds. The latter is especially important for understanding the essence of the new social order. On the one hand, information forms the material side of a person’s life, as it acts as innovative technologies, computer programs, etc., on the other hand, it is one of the main means of interpersonal relationships and spiritual representations, which can be dynamically transformed and interpreted. Information begins to determine both the material existence and the socio–cultural reality of a person at the same time. The study has fixed that in the conditions of the information society, the most important task is to prepare a person for the perception and processing of large amounts of information, for mastering modern means, methods and technology of working with information.
 Keywords: culture, education, globalization, information society

Efficiency of PDT in severe cervical dysplasia

One of the most promising and high-tech methods of treating severe dysplasia and cervical cancer today is photodynamic therapy (PDT), based on the principle of selective destruction of pathologically altered cells. This is achieved due to the effect of photo-radiation on cells, in which a special chemical substance accumulates. The essence of the method lies in the application or introduction of a certain chemical compound into the affected area and further exposure, for example, with a laser. Selectivity or selectivity is a necessary property of all drugs and substances, methods of exposure used to treat cancer and precancer. Selectivity assumes that the introduced substance or effect aimed at destroying cancer cells will not act on healthy tissues, otherwise all destructive methods of treatment will be harmful or fatal to the whole organism. Cervical cancer has the same signs of living tissue, therefore, the main difficulty in creating a selective effect is to study the properties and differences of malignant structures from normal ones. Initially, PDT in gynecology was used to treat early forms of malignant neoplasms, or was used in the complex treatment of severe widespread processes. At present, the technique, due to the achievement of high selectivity, can be prescribed for the treatment of background and precancerous diseases of the cervix, including severe dysplasias. To date, the experience of treating women with cervical pathology using the method of photodynamic therapy shows its high therapeutic activity, a minimum number of complications and side effects.

КОНСОЛИДАЦИЯ ПЕРЕЛОМОВ КОСТЕЙ СОБАК И КОШЕК

Fracture healing is an essential physiological process that determines quality of life as well as survival. Non-closure of the fracture determines significant limitations in the function of the musculoskeletal system. Deformities formed after fractures due to non-anatomical reposition of bone fragments, for example, reduction or curvature of a limb, determine pronounced limitations of biomechanical movements and capabilities. The ultimate goal is to consolidate the fracture with full return of bone strength as before the fracture. Quite a unique biological and physiological process, significantly long in time. The short phase of endochondral formation of superficial callus is replaced by a long phase of bone remodeling (remodeling). In the process of formation of endochondral callus, there is a possibility of non-fusion of bone fragments with the possibility of recurrence of the fracture. This review summarizes the available data on fracture consolidation in dogs and cats, looking at aspects related to classic, primary healing and what affects the rate of healing. Also aspects of delayed consolidation are: significant mobility due to unstable immobilization in case of bone fracture; the presence of a large diastasis between bone fragments; multifragmented fractures; decreased and impaired blood supply to the bones; possible infection in the fracture zone and concomitant systemic diseases in animals. As a result, the consolidation algorithm is quite complex and lengthy; it characterizes an increase in the number of cells capable of forming bone and connective tissue - osteoblasts and fibroblasts, respectively. Due to the formation of special substances by these cellular structures, all layers of the bone mature and its integrity is restored with the restoration of the musculoskeletal function.

Reduction of oxides formation at surfact depositsitson of wear-resistant alloys

The article deals with the issues of reducing the content of harmful substances when surfacing alloyed wear-resistant alloys. Studies have been carried out to determine the possibility of reducing the formation of oxides during surfacing of high-alloy wear-resistant alloys of the sormite type using a closed filter-ventilation system, which ensures minimal losses of alloying elements during the formation of the deposited layer. The loss of alloying elements during surfacing is influenced by a number of metallurgical and technological factors, including the share of the base metal in the deposited, surfacing modes, oxidation processes during melting of the electrode material and in the melt of the weld pool when interacting with the surrounding gas environment. To reduce the oxygen content in the gas-air mixture formed during the surfacing process, special absorbent substances are used in a closed filtering and ventilation system, which reduce the course of oxidative processes with the formation of oxides of alloying elements. At the same time, the gas-air mixture is taken from the zone of arc burning and the weld pool, filtered through a system of special filters, in which solid and gaseous components of the welding aerosol are removed, after which the purified gas mixture is used as gas protection during surfacing. We used powder tapes containing a mechanical mixture of powder components and a complex-alloyed alloy in the core. A complex-alloyed alloy, an alloy previously melted in an induction furnace, containing the necessary alloying elements. Particles of the required sizes were obtained by hydrogranulation, which were then introduced into the core of a flux-cored tape. The indicated flux-cored strips provided the same chemical composition of one alloying system in the deposited layer. After surfacing, the chemical composition of the deposited metal was determined for the content of carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel. The use of a closed filtering and ventilation system makes it possible to reduce the formation of oxides of alloying elements, which requires the determination of specific parameters for each surfacing process. Creation and use of closed fil'tro vent system (CFVS), serve of the filtered air in area of surfacing and providing safe labour in the workplace of welder. It corresponds the international standard of ISO and norms of European Union. Therefore, to execute a requirement to impermissibility of hit of harmful questions in an atmosphere concordantly Kiotskomuo and to Parisian protocols.

Methodological Approaches to Establishing the Component Profile of Dust Emissions from an Enterprise

Proposed methodological approaches to constructing a component profile of dust mixtures of an industrial enterprise based on quantitative chemical analysis of solid emissions and a description of the morphology of particles. Examples of stable in component composition and structure of dusts emitted by sources of different industries are given, the operations of which can be considered as emission “profile”. The experience of using the emission profile in assessing the share contribution of a source to air pollution at a control point is described. The updated data on the dust profile of the emission make it possible to establish the contribution of the economic entity itself to the level of atmospheric air pollution in the territory, to identify priority emission sources, to reliably form a program for monitoring and control over special polluting substances.

Склерозивний лишай вульви: сучасні уявлення про клінічні прояви, діагностику і методи лікування (Аналітичний огляд та власний досвід)

Sclerosing lichen is one of the most common pathophysiological conditions observed in the peri-and postmenopausal periods. This problem is relevant because the clinical symptoms of the disease associated with atrophy (dryness, itching in the vagina and vulva, dyspareunia, dysuria) occur in more than 40% of patients aged over 50 years old. Nowadays the problem of maintaining health and preventing diseases caused by aging has become a central one. An in-depth analysis and systematization of key issues related to the precancerous pathology of the vulva have been conducted in this article. The first part of the publication covers main issues of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis and modern classification of sclerotic lichen, the second part presents the main aspects of the clinical picture, differential diagnosis and methods of disease diagnosis. The most effective and relevant treatments are under consideration in the third part of the article. Particular emphasis is made on the use of destructive techniques based on the use of laser technology and other approaches based on the use of physical factors (laser therapy, laser coagulation, cryodestruction). An important role among them is played by such an option as photodynamic therapy – a method of treatment based on the combined use of special substances (photosensitizers) and laser radiation with a certain wavelength. The authors report that only a comprehensive approach in this pathology treatment is the key to success in combating the main symptoms of the disease, and such an approach is a solution to the issue of effective prevention of vulvar cancer. The detailed information presented in the article is relevant, it can be extremely important for gynecologists, as well as professionals involved in solving problems related to sclerotic lichen. Keywords: sclerosing lichen, vulva, low-frequency ultrasound cavitation, photodynamic therapy.

İMMUN SİSTEMİ VƏ QICSIN YARANMA SƏBƏBLƏRİ

Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism are encountered by the cells and mechanisms of the natural immune system. Congenital immunity is passed from parent to child. In other cases, immunity develops after a person has contracted an infectious disease. For example, if a person suffers from diseases such as measles, whooping cough, and chickenpox as a child, he or she will not be infected again, because a special substance is formed in his or her blood against the disease and neutralizes the poisonous elements. As the body grows, its immunological properties begin to take shape. The principle of vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against certain pathogens without causing the disease in this organism. Key words: immunity, immune system, AIDS, vaccination, organism

Зниження утворення оксидів при наплаленні зносостійких сплавів

The article deals with the issues of reducing the content of harmful substances when surfacing alloyed wear-resistant alloys. Studies have been carried out to determine the possibility of reducing the formation of oxides during surfacing of high-alloy wear-resistant alloys of the sormite type using a closed filter-ventilation system, which ensures minimal losses of alloying elements during the formation of the deposited layer. The loss of alloying elements during surfacing is influenced by a number of metallurgical and technological factors, including the share of the base metal in the deposited, surfacing modes, oxidation processes during melting of the electrode material and in the melt of the weld pool when interacting with the surrounding gas environment. To reduce the oxygen content in the gas-air mixture formed during the surfacing process, special absorbent substances are used in a closed filtering and ventilation system, which reduce the course of oxidative processes with the formation of oxides of alloying elements. At the same time, the gas-air mixture is taken from the zone of arc burning and the weld pool, filtered through a system of special filters, in which solid and gaseous components of the welding aerosol are removed, after which the purified gas mixture is used as gas protection during surfacing. We used powder tapes containing a mechanical mixture of powder components and a complex-alloyed alloy in the core. A complex-alloyed alloy, an alloy previously melted in an induction furnace, containing the necessary alloying elements. Particles of the required sizes were obtained by hydrogranulation, which were then introduced into the core of a flux-cored tape. The indicated flux-cored strips provided the same chemical composition of one alloying system in the deposited layer. After surfacing, the chemical composition of the deposited metal was determined for the content of carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel. The use of a closed filtering and ventilation system makes it possible to reduce the formation of oxides of alloying elements, which requires the determination of specific parameters for each surfacing process.