Special Responsibility Research Articles

Дагестанские русские в эпоху социокультурных трансформаций (конец XX – начало XXI в.): последствия и пути преодоления негативных тенденций

The article examines the demographic situation and social well-being of Russians in Dagestan and the North Caucasus during the era of sociocultural changes and transformations in the second half of the 1980s using literary sources and population census materials, as well as chronological, dia-chronic, structural-system, and actualization methods. XX – the start of the twenty-first century. This includes "perestroika," the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation with the establishment of a new paradigm of state and social structure, globalization, modernization, and urbanization processes, economic reforms, the rise of religious extremism, the Russian-Chechen armed conflict of 1994-1996 and 1999-2009, and so on. In general, these activities and events harmed the well-being and social well-being of Dage-stan Russians, resulting in a large exodus from Dagestan. The adopted state program to assist Rus-sians living in and returning to the Republic of Dagestan was inadequate and did not halt this bad trend. According to the author, the Russians have recently lost their high status position in the re-gion, which was established in the North Caucasus ethno-social hierarchy throughout the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. To regain this status, a comprehensive program to create safe and comfortable living circumstances for them in the region must be developed. The relevance of the study is due to the complex socio-economic and socio-political situation in the country and the world, the global challenges of our time, the special mission and responsibility of Russians for the fate of the multinational Russian state in a world order that is transforming from a monopolar (USA) to a multipolar (USA, Russia, China) world order.

Strategi Koping Guru dalam Penanganan Siswa di Kelas Rendah Sekolah Luar Biasa

Teaching children with special needs in lower grades presents unique challenges that often lead to stress among educators. These children's behaviors frequently deviate from typical classroom conduct, and teachers may perceive them as inappropriate or disruptive. For instance, some students may shout for attention, which can be demanding for teachers already juggling the needs of multiple students. Special education teachers shoulder heavier responsibilities compared to their counterparts in regular schools. Notably, not all teachers possess the self-control required to manage negative behaviors during the teaching process. To navigate these stressful situations, educators employ coping strategies that depend on their individual coping resources. This study aimed to explore the coping strategies employed by lower-grade teachers in Special Schools, using qualitative methods. Nine teachers from Special Schools served as informants, and data were collected through interviews and observations, validated through triangulation, and analyzed following Miles and Huberman's interactive data analysis model. The research findings identified various stressors for Special School teachers in Surakarta, including challenging student behavior, difficulty understanding children with special needs, non-verbal and non-reading students, those not yet toilet-trained, parental demands, suboptimal classrooms, and inconsistent treatment. Teachers' coping strategies varied, encompassing positive thinking to address stress stemming from students' behavior and special needs comprehension, self-control for managing challenging behavior and parental demands, taking responsibility for addressing these stressors, planned problem-solving for behavioral and parental challenges, concrete problem-solving for specific issues, and seeking social support from family and colleagues to cope with overall stressors. In conclusion, teaching children with special needs in lower grades is a demanding task that can lead to stress for educators. However, this research sheds light on the coping strategies employed by these teachers, emphasizing the importance of a diverse toolkit to effectively manage the multifaceted challenges they face in Special Schools.

Countering online hate speech: How does human rights due diligence impact terms of service?

The Internet is a global forum largely governed by private actors driven by profit concerns, often disregarding the human rights of historically marginalised communities. Increased attention is being paid to the corporate human rights due diligence (HRDD) responsibilities applicable to online platforms countering illegal online content, such as hate speech. At the European Union (EU) level, cross-sector initiatives regulate the rights of marginalised groups and establish HRDD responsibilities for online platforms to expeditiously identify, prevent, mitigate, remedy and remove online hate speech. These initiatives include the Digital Services Act, the Audiovisual Media Services Directive, the proposed Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence, the proposed Artificial Intelligence Act and the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online. Nevertheless, the HRDD framework applicable to online hate speech has focused mostly on the platforms’ responsibilities throughout the course of their operations - guidance regarding HRDD requirements concerning the regulation of hate speech in the platforms’ Terms of Service (ToS) is missing. This paper employs a conceptualisation of criminal hate speech as explained in the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)16, Paragraph 11, to develop specific HRDD responsibilities. We argue that online platforms should, as part of emerging preventive HRDD responsibilities within Europe, respect the rights of historically oppressed communities by aligning their ToS with the conceptualisation of criminal hate speech in European human rights standards.

MEDICAL, LEGAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICAL PREREQUISITES OF DECREASE OF THE FERTILITY RATE IN EUROPE

During less than a century number of our population halved. Fertility rate in Europe as well as in the whole World decreases constantly. There are numerous prerequisites because of which we can observe an aforementioned tendency. We are emphasizing here namely medical, legal, moral, philosophical and socio-economical ones. Not to underestimate remain postulates that separate a vision that we deserve to reach as a society i.e. equity, equality, personal freedom, zero discrimination etc., and tendencies, biases and prejudices that slow us down every single day and make those goals impossible to reach with our current state of mind. On one hand, there is number of reasons which explain an actual decrease of fertility rate clearly enough. Among them we are emphasizing high level of domestic violence, violence against women, weak abortion legislation which enslaves human rights of women in most of European countries, and, therefore, voluntary or forced sterilization, child-free tendencies, moral traumas, victim syndromes because of personal weakness and inability to do as we/or particularly woman pleases to. Additionally, rich black market of illegal abortions which consequences are often lethal or acutely dangerous for a female reproductive system, alongside with female organs mutilations committed by perpetrators of domestic violence etc, all these prerequisites lead to a visible decrease of the statistics that were mentioned before. However, at the same time, the modernly promoted desire to “live one’s life in full”, to “enjoy life without special responsibilities being husband/wife/parent”, lack of desire to create a family “until the studies will be completed, house will be bought, financial stability will be reached, all dreams will come true and so on, also keeps the idea of family life and parenthood on distance, as individuals want to maximize their happiness and pleasure with minimizing worries and “pains” at the same time. In addition, because of child-free tendency lovers and children’s haters, along with childfree hotels, restaurants, flights and other services make parents actually into outcasts from the other “proper society, that knows how to live this life without worries”. Parents of small children cannot obtain some services, are limited from visiting some places (and most of the times not because of rational reason, but rather in the aim of protecting other people’s tranquillity), experience a high level of moral pain and feeling “non-normal” when their life is different from of those, who “properly knows what and how to do”. At the same time, we shall claim that as long as the parenthood become popular and societally accepted again, and will not be associated with becoming outcasts anymore, and as long as the abortion legislation will not be optimized and become pro-feminine, along with anti-violence practical tools of fighting with perpetrators, we will not be able to talk about successful overcoming of the fertility crisis in Europe.

The Role of Spain in Ibero-American Cooperation

This article examines one of the most actual issues of Spanish foreign policy: the role of Spain in Ibero-American cooperation. The historical background and claims of Spain and Morocco to these disputed territories, which are used by it to substantiate its claims, are presented. The problem is far from being resolved: the migrant crisis in Ceuta in May 2021 and Morocco’s claims to the cities of Ceuta and Melilla confirm the difficult situation in the Strait region for Spanish foreign policy. The article deals with territorial issues in the Strait, in which Spain has jurisdiction, powers and special responsibility, using cooperation with the EU as a short- and long-term strategy.

A reinforcement double deep Q-network with prioritised experience replay for rolling bearing fault diagnosis

In recent years, deep learning has been increasingly applied to fault diagnosis and has attracted significant attention and research interest. Deep reinforcement learning (RL), with its capabilities in feature extraction and interactive learning, is highly suitable for fault diagnosis problems because it can acquire knowledge solely via system feedback. Despite its advantages, this method also has limitations, such as low training efficiency and unstable performance. Therefore, this study presents a novel diagnostic approach based on system feedback for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. This approach builds upon the original deep Q-network (DQN) approach, which incorporates an interactive dual network structure and experience replay optimisation for RL intelligence. This method introduces two major improvements. First, a dual network cyclic update scheme is implemented, assigning each dual network specific responsibilities to ensure training stability. Second, a novel experience playback system is introduced, which improves the efficiency of experience utilisation while circumventing the risk of overfitting. Compared with the original DQN method, the proposed approach and its two enhancement strategies provide significant advances in training efficiency, stability and diagnostic accuracy. Our experimental results indicate that this novel methodology has the potential to make valuable contributions in the area of rotating machinery fault diagnosis.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ МОРАЛЬНЫХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ МОЛОДЕЖИ В ПОЛЕ ЦИФРОВОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of digital technologies by young people to achieve their goals, in violation of generally accepted norms of morality. The digital environment, due to its specifics of building relationships between people, can reduce the limitations of moral behavior when using digital tools. Young people often resort to one or another type of cyber aggression, which causes significant moral and psychological damage to the person it is directed at. It is obvious that teenagers and young people do not always know how to resort to self-regulation in the digital space, which differs significantly in stereotypes of building relationships from real life. Digital culture as a task of digital socialization includes the education of behavioral stereotypes based on special social responsibility in the digital environment. As a research methodology, the concepts of social education and social development of a person in a digital society, as well as the concepts of life strategies of a person focused on basic values - deontological, consequentialist, contractarian and existentialist - were used in the work...

Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in oil companies


 Corporate Social Responsibility is a strategy used by companies that generate impact on society to achieve a link between the company and stakeholders, creating value and contributing to improving the quality of life. This study analyzed the social responsibility of foreign oil companies operating in Ecuador. The descriptive type, quantitative approach, and non-experimental design methodology were used. The survey was applied as an instrument to a sample of 15 companies, applying the CERES Ethos indicators. The results showed that one company needs to carry out an appropriate social responsibility. Nine companies develop specific corporate social responsibility actions, and five companies have good knowledge of corporate social responsibility. It is concluded that companies have an average of 1.15 indicators, which shows that most perform specific corporate social responsibility actions. 

Ensuring Gender Equality in Labour Relations with Employees of Ukraine’s Customs Authorities

The article elucidates the specifics of ensuring gender equality in labour relations with customs employees (officials). The author formulates the definition of the concept of “the principle of gender equality in the field of labour and employment,” in the context of which they highlight the general social and legal significance of ensuring the principle of gender equality in labour relations involving customs employees. It is established that gender equality is vital for creating effective and fair conditions for the performance of labour (official) duties in the customs authorities. Concurrently, the social and legal significance of gender equality correlates with the importance of effective labour activity for customs employees, given that their successful work is impossible under gender-hostile or gender-stereotypical conditions for the performance of labour (official) duties. Ensuring gender equality in labour relations with the participation of employees of Ukraine’s customs authorities is objectified as a result of the implementation of the principle of gender equality in the labour field.The implementation of this principle presupposes, firstly, the satisfaction of the right to work and promotion for women and men with special family responsibilities, which cannot be limited to gender warning (while positive discrimination measures must be applied). Secondly, the implementation of the principle of gender equality is expressed by taking into account the specifics of ensuring social security (in labour relations) for women and men with special family responsibilities. Thirdly, implementing this principle involves forming and promoting an organisational culture of intolerance towards gender stereotypes. In conclusion, the article summarises the study results.

A subsidized reverse supply chain in the Chinese electronics industry

We study a special environmental producer responsibility policy for the Chinese electronics industry that is based on awarding a per unit subsidy to qualified returned electronic products and ensuring a minimum producer collection volume while allowing larger collection volumes. Based on a real application from a Chinese electronics company that produces LCD TVs, our paper studies the optimal design of the product’s reverse supply chain when there is flexibility in settling the inspection locations of the returned products and flexibility in the volume of returned products collected. The problem is modeled as a nonlinear mixed-integer program and an efficient outer approximation-based solution approach is proposed. Analytical results and extensive numerical experiments based on this real application are conducted. Observations novel to the reverse logistics literature are related to the testing location decisions (upstream or downstream) and the optimal collection volumes of returned products. Particularly, we show how the government can stimulate the collection amount of returned products by increasing the unit subsidy and we also find that the company’s marginal benefit from improving the subsidy increases in a superlinear fashion. Furthermore, the highest collection volumes may not occur at the highest quality level of returned products for capacitated remanufacturers. The company can also be incentivized to increase the collection of returned products by permitting flexible testing locations. We also observe how the optimal testing locations vary for different levels of unit subsidy and different ratios of qualified and non-qualified returned products. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are provided.

Gendered Micropolitics in Academic Work Environments: Uncovering Microaggressions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought increased attention to the existing gender asymmetries in academia, which have been extensively studied in the literature. Using the analytical lens of “gendered academic citizenship”, this paper takes a micropolitical perspective to examine how the pandemic has impacted the dynamics of academic work, specifically focusing on the often-overlooked aspect of everyday interactions in the work environment. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of survey data collected from 1750 lecturers and researchers in Portuguese higher education and research institutions, the study uncovers that women, especially those who are younger, single, have specific caregiving responsibilities, and are in the early stages of their careers, were more vulnerable to experiencing “everyday” microaggressions such as silencing, exclusion, belittlement, being ignored, lack of validation, and invisibility compared to men during the pandemic. These findings suggest that, while the marginalization of women in academia is a longstanding issue, the virtual work model has created a platform for the expression of subtle forms of disempowerment and discrimination against women. These dynamics are perpetuated within the micropolitics of organizations, shaping subjective feelings of belonging and circulating differential levels of recognition within academic institutions.

Operationalizing the role of the nurse ethicist: More than a job

The idea of a role in nursing that includes expertise in ethics has been around for more than 30 years. Whether or not one subscribes to the idea that nursing ethics is separate and distinct from bioethics, nursing practice has much to contribute to the ethical practice of healthcare, and with the strong grounding in ethics and aspiration for social justice considerations in nursing, there is no wonder that the specific role of the nurse ethicist has emerged. Nurse ethicists, expert in nursing practice and the application of ethical theories and concepts, are well positioned to guide nurses through complex ethical challenges. However, there is limited discussion within the field regarding the specific job responsibilities that the nurse ethicist ought to have. The recent appearance of job postings with the title “nurse ethicist” suggest that some healthcare institutions have identified the value of a nurse in the practice of ethics and are actively recruiting. Discomfort about the possibility of others defining the role of the nurse ethicist inspired this paper (and special issue). If the nurse ethicist is to be seen as an integral part of addressing ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts that arise in healthcare, then nurse ethicists ought to be at the forefront of defining this role. In this paper, we draw upon our own experiences as nurse ethicists in large academic healthcare systems to describe the essential elements that ought to be addressed in a job description for a nurse ethicist practicing in a clinical setting linked to academic programs. Drawing upon our experience and the literature, we describe how we perceive the nurse ethicist adds value to healthcare organizations and teams of professional ethicists.

Libraries in the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes changes in state cultural policy over the last three decades and the role of libraries in its implementation. The basic constitutional norms that enshrine the powers of state authorities at different levels in the sphere of culture have been identified. Libraries are seen as both an object of cultural policy and a subject that plays a significant role in its implementation. Two main stages of the state cultural policy are distinguished: 1) from 1992 (adoption of the “Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture”) to 2014; 2) from 2014 (Presidential Decree “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy”) to the present. The relationship between legislation in the sphere of culture and legislation in the sphere of librarianship is presented. The refusal of value-oriented functions of libraries and understanding of the library as a service provider is highlighted as a characteristic feature of libraries in the time of the first stage. The limitations of this approach are demonstrated. An analysis has been made of the tasks of libraries in an environment where culture is defined as one of the national development priorities, contributing to consolidation and cultural continuity. It shows how the Strategy for Development of Librarianship in the Russian Federation until 2030 relates to the tasks of cultural policy. The relevance of librariesʼ educational work in the formation of a fully developed and socially responsible personality is emphasized. It justifies the need to develop a state programme for acquiring literature for public libraries, which will help consolidate the peoples of the Russian Federation on the basis of a unified system of values and continuity of cultural development. This direction is historically characteristic for the development of public libraries in Russia. Russia’s national libraries bear special responsibility for the development and implementation of the state cultural policy.

ONDCP calls for all‐government response to xylazine‐fentanyl

Last week the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) issued a plan for a “whole‐of‐government” response to the combination of xylazine and fentanyl. The plan outlines specific responsibilities for what appears to be every single federal agency, in an action to be coordinated by the ONDCP.

National consensus on entrustable professional activities for competency-based training in anaesthesiology.

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) are specialty specific tasks or responsibilities, combining the clinical workplace and the long-demanded competency-based medical education. The first step to transform time-based into EPA-based training is to reach consensus on core EPAs that describe sufficiently the workplace. We aimed to present a nationally validated EPA-based curriculum for postgraduate training in anaesthesiology. Using a predefined and validated list of EPAs, we applied a Delphi consensus approach, involving all German chair directors of anaesthesiology. We then conducted a subsequent qualitative analysis. Thirty-four chair directors participated in the Delphi survey (77% response) and twenty-five completed all the questions (56% overall response). Reflected by the intra-class-correlation, the consensus on the importance (ICC: 0.781, 95% CI [0.671, 0.868]) and the year of entrustment (ICC: 0.973, 95% CI [0.959, 0.984]) of each EPA reached high levels of agreement among the chair directors. The comparison of data assessed in the preceding validation and present study showed excellent and good levels of agreement (ICC entrustment: 0.955, 95% CI [0.902, 0.978]; ICC importance: 0.671, 95% CI [-0.204, 0.888]). The adaptation process, based on the qualitative analysis, resulted in a final set of 34 EPAs. We present an elaborate, fully described and nationally validated EPA-based curriculum, reflecting a broad consensus among different stakeholders of anaesthesiology. We hereby provide a further step towards competency-based postgraduate anaesthesiology training.

Assessing the Impact of Rural Development for the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation

Assessing the Impact of Rural Development for the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation

Local Online Information for Carers in England: Content and Complexity

This article reports on a study of local online information for carers in England. It sets this in the context of the Care Act 2014 which gave local authorities (LAs) specific responsibility for providing information to carers. The study selected four varied case study LAs and explored the content of their websites to see what carers might find available and accessible. We found the LA websites differed, with some LAs making use of local voluntary sector groups to be the main information resource. Mentions of NHS services for carers appeared often less comprehensive and there was scant mention of private social care providers as being sources of advice and information. The article suggests that social workers should be careful of referring carers to LA websites without checking that they are sufficiently meaningful to the carer and accessible to the individual. Care is also needed in not taking internet accessibility for granted.

‘Translating’ Valperga: A Journey Through Mary Shelley’s Italy

ABSTRACT This essay addresses how the manifold Italianness of Mary Shelley’s Valperga informs our translation of the novel into Italian. Valperga narrates – and in part fictionalizes, especially through its female figures – Italian Medieval history, based on the author’s wide-ranging and scrupulous research into multiple historiographical sources from Machiavelli to Muratori to Villani. It also engages with the Italian cultural and political scene of Shelley’s own time. The novel was composed between the revolutionary moti of 1820–21 and the later Risorgimento, and powerfully reflects the troubled political climate of the age. Valperga draws on Shelley’s experience of living in early nineteenth-century Italy, as well as on her reading knowledge of Italian, a language that she was successfully endeavouring to learn to speak at the time. There is therefore a special appropriateness, and also a special responsibility, in translating the novel into the language and culture that played such an important role in its formation. This essay provides significant examples of the challenges involved in the translation process.

Conceptual and terminological apparatus for disciplinary responsibility in pharmaceutical activity

The analysis of the content of the norm and its interpretation by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine leads to the conclusion that the labor legislation does not comply with the requirements of the Constitution of Ukraine, and the emphasis is placed on the need to harmonize the relevant norms with the Basic Law. The aim of the work is to analyze the modern problem of terminological aspects of disciplinary responsibility in pharmaceutical activity according to the current legislation. Materials and methods. The research was conducted using comparative legal, historical methods, methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. Attention is paid to the problems of legislation related to the lack of a special approach to the regulation of disciplinary responsibility in pharmaceutical activity. It is noted that at the moment, a regime of general disciplinary responsibility has been established for pharmaceutical workers. Citing examples of the regulation of disciplinary responsibility in the pharmaceutical activity of developed countries, it is indicated that the modern national legislative approach does not correspond to the international practice of building a public health care system. Conclusions. The establishment of a regime of special disciplinary responsibility for pharmaceutical workers is substantiated, which should include the creation of a special body that will be empowered to consider disciplinary proceedings and make a decision on the imposition of disciplinary sanctions, a special procedure for considering disciplinary proceedings, an expanded list of types of disciplinary sanctions.

Eco-Friendly Activities for Enhancement of Biodiversity and Energy Conservation in and around Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri Campus

Rapid developmental activities in terms of urbanization and industrialization coupled with population pressure paved the way for an alarming increase in the degradation of the quality of the environment and biodiversity. Educational institutions have a special responsibility not only to decipher the knowledge, but also to motivate students and the general public by practicing and implementing various eco-friendly strategies. In this perspective, Mangalore University since its inception has been making its best efforts to implement and carry out many environment-friendly activities on the campus and outside. In continuation to the regular practice of implementing many green initiatives, during the academic year 2021-22, the university has carried out special plantation drives and additional rainwater harvesting systems. Further, motivated to implement the eco-friendly activities and projects in the Government schools adopted by Mangalore University with the intention of sensitizing pupils toward the environment. Altogether, it helped in maintaining the green ambiance along with further enrichment of biodiversity in and around the campus.