Special Position Research Articles

Distribution and survival of the predatory mite Blattisocius mali on cucumber leaves with the addition of bran, yeast and pollen

Biological control has a special position in sustainable agriculture that requires continuous exploration and diversification in bio-agents to cope with emerging crop pests. Blattisocius mali is a promising biological control agent against some acarid mites, nematodes and moth pests. This study aimed to examine factors that could increase survival and diminish dispersal of B. mali deprived of its prey, the mold mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae, from cucumber plants. The impact of the presence of males on starving females’ lifespans and the influence of different substrates, i.e., wheat bran, dry yeast pellets, and cattail pollen, on the distribution and survival of starving females in groups with males were examined. Experiments were performed on cucumber leaf platforms in Petri dishes filled with water. The results showed that females lived longer and a lower percentage drowned in water when accompanied by males. On the platforms with the addition of a substrate, the mites mainly stayed within the substrate, and eggs were only recorded in the substrate. They clearly preferred bran over pollen or pollen + yeast pellet aggregations. However, the quality of the substrate deteriorated within the first days, and some mites died of entrapment in the substrates. On the 3rd day, the lowest mean percentage of live individuals was observed on platforms with yeast + pollen (54.4%) followed by pollen (68.9%) alone. At that time, females also stopped laying eggs, and cannibalism towards hatched larvae and adults was observed. By the end of the experiment, 54.67% of the mites had been found dead on the leaf surface, and none of the substrates had significantly influenced their lifespan. The females lived on average 8.19 days and the males 5.06 days. The obtained results are discussed in the context of potential application of B. mali in biological control strategies.

Syzygies of secant varieties of curves of genus 2

Ein, Niu and Park showed in [6] that if the degree of the line bundle L on a curve of genus g is at least 2g+2k+1, the k-th secant variety of the curve via the embedding defined by the complete linear system of L is normal, projectively normal and arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay, and they also proved some vanishing of the Betti diagrams. However, the length of the linear strand of weight k+1 of the resolution of the secant variety Σk of a curve of g≥2 is still mysterious. In this paper we calculate the complete Betti diagrams of the secant varieties of curves of genus 2 using Boij-Söderberg theory. The main idea is to find the pure diagrams that contribute to the Betti diagram of the secant variety via calculating some special positions of the Betti diagram.

Historia kościoła grekokatolickiego na Słowacji

The Catholic Church of the Byzantine-Slavonic rite, that is the Greek-Catholic Church (but also Roman-Catholic Church), derives its presence in the territory of Slovakia from the activities of the Holy Brothers. Their arrival in the Great Moravian Empire in 863 strengthened the empire’s special position , which came from its geopolitical position on the frontier of two cultural and political worlds, western and eastern. Methodius, the archbishop, simply reflected and strengthened the special position of the empire where East met West. He did not become an exponent of Byzantine imperial policy. Although he was on the territory of Byzantine ideology he was also at the service of Rome.

The Bumpy Road to World Athletics: Foundation, People, Policies

World Athletics was officially founded in 1913 following an initiative by Swedish members of the Organising Committee for the 1912 Olympic Games. This article examines the forces at work that led to its creation. By highlighting the developments in athletics in certain countries, it is possible to understand the need for an international federation (IF) governing the sport and an overarching set of rules. The constitution and focus of World Athletics in its early stages were influenced by a number of protagonists from Western nations, who led the national athletics movements in their home countries. Founding the federation in the first place was a struggle for them since it was viewed critically by Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games, as he saw athletics holding a special position within the Olympic Movement.

Patient Safety Indicators at an Academic Veterans Affairs Hospital: Addressing Dual Goals of Clinical Care and Validity

Hospital-acquired complications add to patient morbidity and mortality, costs, length of stay, and negative patient experience. Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) are a validated and widely used metric to evaluate hospital administrative data on preventing these events. Although many studies have addressed PSI validity, few have aimed to reduce PSI through clinical care. The authors aimed to reduce PSI events by addressing both validity and clinical care. Frontline clinicians used a deep dive template to provide input on all PSI cases, which were then reviewed by a PSI task force to identify performance gaps. After analyzing the frequency of gaps and cost-vs.-impact of potential solutions, five interventions were implemented to address the three most common, highly weighted PSIs: pressure ulcers, postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE), and postoperative sepsis. Clinical care interventions included increasing patient mobility by creating a specialized mobility technician position, skin care audits to prevent pressure ulcers, and increasing use of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. Administrative interventions addressed improving clinician-coding concordance for sepsis and increasing documentation of comorbidities. After interventions, the number of PSI events for composite PSI, VTE, and sepsis decreased by 41.3% (p = 0.039), 85.2% (p = 0.0091), and 51.5% (p = 0.063), respectively, relative to the preintervention period. Pressure ulcers increased by 33.3% (p = 0.0091). Hospital complications cause substantial burden to hospitals, patients, and caregivers. Addressing administrative and clinical factors with targeted interventions led to reduction in composite PSI. Further efforts are needed locally to reduce the pressure ulcer PSI.

Новые теоретические подходы к изучению феномена газлайтинга

<p style="text-align: justify;">Gaslighting is typically viewed as a form of psychological manipulation that makes the victim doubt his or her sense of reality and leads to a loss of agency and mental stability. It was spotted over 60 years ago and has long been the subject of study by psychiatrists. Recently, interest in the phenomenon of gaslighting has grown significantly, becoming the subject of research by scientists of various scientific disciplines, which inevitably leads to the expansion of the meaning of this phenomenon and endowing it with additional properties. Psychology is thought to have contributed to this process through the study of symbolic interactionism, attachment theory, self-verification theory, and shared reality. This article presents the dynamics of the development of this term, defines the main features of this phenomenon, and analyzes the basis on which new approaches to the study of gaslighting in modern international psychology are built. The most common assumption in the latest studies is that gaslighting is possible when standard social-cognitive mechanisms are involved in atypical social situations. Relationships with significant others largely determine people's epistemic needs: close people shape and reflect an individual's self-image and perception of the surrounding reality. It is this special position of loved ones that gives gaslighters leverage over the victim.</p>

Симбиоз «поэтического» и этического начал в автобиографической трилогии Л. Н. Толстого

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the artistic specifics of Leo Tolstoy’s autobiographical novels “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. The aim of the study is to propose a new interpretation of the artistic structure of Tolstoy’s trilogy, associated with understanding the special role of the symbiosis of the ethical and “poetic” principles. The author proves that the forms of “poetization of the world” found in Tolstoy’s trilogy are an essential element of Tolstoy’s autobiography. These forms most effectively influenced the expression of the writer’s ethical doctrine and predetermined the principles of the unique autobiographical worldview of the text’s creator. The scientific originality of the study stems from a new approach to understanding the autobiographical whole from the point of view of the interaction between two structural and organizing principles, the ethical one, associated with showing the moral growth of a person, and the “poetic” one, which serves as a means of expressing the author’s special ideological position. The main result of the study amounts to the conclusion about the symbiosis of the “poetic” and the ethical, which formed the basis of L. Tolstoy’s aesthetic discovery in his artistic autobiography. Only taking into account the symbiosis of the two principles will reveal the deep philosophical meaning of Tolstoy’s work.

On the issue specificity of criminal proceedings concerning minors

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of criminal proceedings involving minors, in the context of the norms of national legislation and certain scientific works. It has been determined that the special procedural position of children in criminal proceedings is determined by the age peculiarities of these субʼєктів. The actual international standards concerning the procedure of criminal procedural activity in proceedings involving minors are considered. It is noted that at the national level, the specificity of proceedings in cases of minors is represented primarily in the isolation of the legislative regulation of criminal procedural relations with the participation of these individuals, as evidenced by the provisions of Chapter 38 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine «Criminal proceedings against minors.».
 During the study, the opinions of domestic scientists on the most problematic issues related to the procedural features of criminal proceedings against persons who have not reached the age of majority were analyzed. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the legal norms of criminal procedural legislation, it was proved that certain procedures and rules of criminal proceedings are adapted specifically to the needs of minors, although their basis are general legal norms. In particular, this fact is evidenced by the dualistic representation of the interests of the juvenile suspect and the accused, the special субʼєктний composition of the participants in criminal proceedings against minors and certain specific aspects both at the stage of pre-trial investigation of juvenile crimes and during subsequent court proceedings. The article also identified a number of problematic aspects related to the implementation of these provisions at the practical level, in the context of which it is proposed to introduce certain additions and changes to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.
 It is considered necessary to consolidate the special principles of criminal proceedings against minors at the legislative level in the form of a separate article. The conclusion focuses on the fact that despite the existence of certain shortcomings in the legal regulation of proceedings in cases of minors, the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine is developing in the right direction.

Das Deutsche Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung im Zweiten Weltkrieg

Abstract The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), the largest institute of its kind in Germany, will celebrate its centenary in 2025. It was founded as the Institute for Business Cycle Research (IfK) on July 16 1925 by Ernst Wagemann, then President of the German Statistical Office. The Institute’s research on the war economy 1939 to 1945 has not yet been examined in a well-founded manner. As the DIW itself does not possess the necessary archival records, the secret studies had first to be made accessible from various archives of the authorities which had requested this research. Only then could the studies and reports which the IfK/DIW had done on the war economy be presented here. With Wagemann losing his dual function as head of the Institute and as President of the German Statistical Office in 1933, the IfK/DIW had no longer a smooth direct access to internal statistics of the Statistical Office. In order to be able to work in an expert capacity, the Institute and its President had to secure their clients’ trust through convincing professional competence. The article elaborates on the Institute’s struggle for the status of vital importance for the war, which awarded a special position compared with other institutes, e.g. in the Reich’s Research Council (Reichsforschungsrat). Wagemann’s skill in presenting his Institute as an indispensable economic research institute certainly contributed to its prominent status. He also asserted and made himself indispensable to the National Socialist system.

Linking solid-state phenomena via energy differences in `archetype crystal structures'

Categorization underlies understanding. Conceptualizing solid-state structures of organic molecules with `archetype crystal structures' bridges established categories of disorder, polymorphism and solid solutions and is herein extended to special position and high-Z′ structures. The concept was developed in the context of disorder modelling [Dittrich, B. (2021). IUCrJ, 8, 305–318] and relies on adding quantum chemical energy differences between disorder components to other criteria as an explanation as to why disorder – and disappearing disorder – occurs in an average structure. Part of the concept is that disorder, as probed by diffraction, affects entire molecules, rather than just the parts of a molecule with differing conformations, and the finding that an R·T energy difference between disorder archetypes is usually not exceeded. An illustrative example combining disorder and special positions is the crystal structure of oestradiol hemihydrate analysed here, where its space-group/subgroup relationship is required to explain its disorder of hydrogen-bonded hydrogen atoms. In addition, we show how high-Z′ structures can also be analysed energetically and understood via archetypes: high-Z′ structures occur when an energy gain from combining different rather than overall alike conformations in a crystal significantly exceeds R·T, and this finding is discussed in the context of earlier explanations in the literature. Twinning is not related to archetype structures since it involves macroscopic domains of the same crystal structure. Archetype crystal structures are distinguished from crystal structure prediction trial structures in that an experimental reference structure is required for them. Categorization into archetype structures also has practical relevance, leading to a new practice of disorder modelling in experimental least-squares refinement alluded to in the above-mentioned publication.

Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Anak Yang Menjadi Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang di Kota Tanjungpinang

Children are buds, as well as the next generation of young people who have special positions, characteristics and dispositions that ensure the continuity of the nation's existence in the future. Protection efforts are needed to realize children's welfare by distributing guarantees for the fulfillment of their rights and treatment without discrimination. This study aims to describe how legal protection for children as victims of trafficking is based on Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and how sanctions are imposed on perpetrators of child trafficking crimes. The research method used in this study is normative juridical research. The results of this study show the legal protection of children as victims of trafficking based on Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and dignity, and recognition of human rights owned by children. Not only that, sanctions against child trafficking offenders are regulated in Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons.

МАГНИТНО-РЕЗОНАНСНАЯ ТОМОГРАФИЯ ВИСОЧНО-НИЖНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОГО СУСТАВА ПРИ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ПАРАФУНКЦИЙ ЗУБОЧЕЛЮСТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ЦИФРОВОГО АППАРАТА T-SCAN

Parafunctions of the dental system occupy a special position among dental diseases, due to the complexity of their diagnosis, treatment, complex and varied clinical picture. Methods for screening and monitoring patients with parafunctions remain an urgent scientific and practical task. Most often, this manifests itself unconsciously in the form of daytime or nighttime bruxism or clenching. Parafunction is one of the etiological factors of pain dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. In the diagnosis of structural changes in the temporomandibular joint, the “gold” standard is magnetic resonance imaging. Due to the high contrast of soft tissues, magnetic resonance imaging is a method for diagnosing structural changes in the tissues of the temporomandibular joint and allows the most accurate, highly informative and quick assessment of the condition and function of intra- and extra-articular elements. In daily practice, dentists need simple and practical methods for diagnosing and parafunctional activity. Digital dentistry provides opportunities for assessing occlusal contacts. T-scan is one of the most functional digital devices. The purpose of the study was to increase the efficiency of providing dental care to patients with parafunctions by identifying the severity of bruxism and clenching using the T-scan apparatus and magnetic resonance imaging. The study involved functional analysis using a digital T-scan device and magnetic resonance imaging. The results of the study, in patients with parafunctions, the average areas of wear facets were identified for each degree of severity for each side of the dentition. The values of occlusal parameters of the left side in patients in the group with bruxism and clenching prevail over the values of the right side of the dentition. With mild severity, there was a normal position of the articular disc and a small ventral displacement with reposition according to the Wilkes classification of internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint. With moderate severity, a small ventral displacement with and without reposition was noted. In severe cases, there was a small ventral displacement without reposition, a complete ventral displacement of the articular disc with and without reposition. Thus, it has been proven that diagnostics using digital analysis, assessing the severity of parafunctional activity and magnetic resonance data selects the necessary tactics for the treatment and prevention of dysfunctional conditions of the dental system. This technique allows for screening and monitoring of patients with bruxism and clenching.

Assessment of the Current State of the Hissar High-Mountain Natural Plague Focus in the Republic of Tajikistan

The review is devoted to discussing the results of survey in the Hissar high-mountain natural plague focus on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan in 2015–2023. Regular examination of the focus was carried out in 1970–1991. According to its results, the main carrier of the plague pathogen was the juniper vole, in the population of which a strain of the non-main subspecies central asiatica (0.PE4) of Hissar biovar (0.PE4h) was steadily circulating, the strain considered avirulent for humans. During that period, 853 strains were isolated in the focus, of which 799 (93.7%) were from the juniper vole and its fleas. Secondary carriers – the silver vole, the pygmy wood mouse, and the gray hamster – were rarely involved in epizootics. The red marmot, which has epidemiological significance due to its hunting by the local population, occupies a special position in the focus. Socio-political phenomena at the end of the 20th – early 21st century caused a long break in the work of the Tajik Plague Control Station. In 2008, the Station was transformed into the Republican Center for Combating Quarantine Diseases under the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Tajikistan. In 2015, studies were resumed, but carried out on a small scale. In 2021–2023, epizootiological monitoring in the Hissar focus was performed jointly with Russian specialists with the testing of field material samples for plague and other natural-focal infections. Currently, against the background of low numbers and population density of small mammals and their blood-sucking ectoparasites – potential carriers and vectors of zoonoses – the circulation of agents of plague, tularemia, pseudotuberculosis, tick-borne viral encephalitis, Ixodidae tick-borne borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis has not been registered. Markers (DNA) of causative agents of leptospirosis and intestinal yersiniosis have been identified. Joint Tajik-Russian cooperation on issues of ensuring the epidemiological well-being of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan must be continued.

New neovagina-creating technique on the basis of a fasciocutaneous flap for Müllerian agenesis

To present a new surgical technique on the basis of an internal thigh fasciocutaneous flap for generating a compliant and sensitive neovagina with preservation of the external genitalia. Video demonstration of the surgical steps. An 18-year-old woman with Müllerian agenesis confirmed at ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The residual vagina was 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. After counseling by a gynecologist and plastic surgeon, in which all available techniques with pros and cons were exposed, the patient opted for the new technique. The long time required by conservative approaches and the desire to preserve the external genitalia with the chance to have a sensitive vagina guided the choice. The cul-de-sac of the vaginal stump was incised transversally. A 4-cm-wide and 9-cm-long canal bounded anteriorly by the bladder, posteriorly by the rectum, and superiorly by the peritoneum of Douglas was developed by blunt dissection. Fasciocutaneous flaps of 12 per 5 cm on the anteromedial aspect of the thighs were developed, identifying the vascular-from the pudendal artery-and nervous pedicles. A tunnel between the flap pedicles and neovagina introitus was created between fascia and subcutaneous tissue, detaching the vulvar structures from the ischiopubic ramus. Flaps were tunneled up to the neovagina introitus and sutured together by interrupted suture to form a tube with outside skin. The flaps were transposed into the canal everting the tube to obtain the skin lining the internal neovagina. The inferior margins of the flaps were sutured to the vaginal stump mucosa. No internal stitches were placed. Antibiotic prophylaxis was used during surgery. The entire procedure lasted 6 hours. During the postoperative period, no special positioning or ambulation restrictions were used. Compliance and sensitivity of the neovagina, esthetic result, and perioperative and long-term complications. The postoperative course was uneventful, with early mobilization. The length of hospital stay was 16 days to allow proper vaginal dilator use; initial daily followed by intermittent use was planned. At a 2-year follow-up, the neovagina was sensitive and patent, allowing sexual intercourse. No complications were reported, and the patient was satisfied with the functional and esthetic result. The new surgical technique was feasible and effective, preserving the external genitalia and avoiding graft healing and bowel secretion drawbacks without an intra-abdominal surgical step and related risks. However, more cases-2 cases performed to date with similar results-and long-term follow-up are needed to confirm the efficacy. In this regard, the regular use of vaginal dilators and forecast adherence between flaps and the connective tissue of the bladder and rectum are expected to prevent neovagina prolapse without any anchoring to the pelvic structures.

A Comparative Lexical Analysis of Kazakh, Russian and English Children’s Folklore

Occupying a special position in the oral folk art of any nation, children’s folklore is a complex field, which interrelates two areas: folklore for children and folklore created by children, learned from adults, and passed on from some children to other children. Human world and values are reflected in folklore - thus the ethnographic study of children’s folklore contributes to the understanding of the specifics of various cultures, and children’s participation in them. The purpose of the study is to describe children’s folklore in the Kazakh, Russian, and English languages from the linguistic and cultural comparative perspectives. The importance of identifying the lexical and phraseological features of different genres of children’s folklore and describing their common and culturally marked characteristics lies in the fact that despite the availability of ethnographic studies of children’s folklore in some cultures, there doesn’t exist a single research on cross-cultural comparative perspectives of various genres of children’s folklore. The study employed analytical descriptive, and comparative methods. The research data were collected through the online sociolinguistic surveys parallelly conducted in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Texts of children’s folklore in English were taken from the collections Nursery Rhymes and Mother Goose’s Songs . The amount of research data made nearly 2000 Kazakh, Russian and English children’s folklore texts. The study revealed that the genre variety of children’s folklore leaves an imprint on the language of each genre. The lexical and phraseological analysis of various genres of children’s folklore demonstrated an active use of neologisms, transrational language and personal names. Children’s folklore is characterized not only by genre and intragenre dynamics, but also by historical changes.

Violence and Power of the Modern British Monarch

Violence and Power of the Modern British Monarch

An overview of Ada Jafri’s Autobiography “Jo Rahi So Bekhabri Rahi”

Ada Jafri is one of the greatest writers who presented the essence of her art in the form of poetry as well as in prose. She holds a special position amongst the pioneers of modern Urdu and is also called the first lady of poetry. Apart from poetry, she also experimented with an important genre of literature, Aap Beti (autobiography). In her autobiography, “Jo Rahi So Bekhabri Rahi” Ada Jafri has appeared in a different style. Through this autobiography, she has described the educational and social problems faced by women before the establishment of Pakistan, as well as the culture and civilization of that time. The purpose of this research article is to provide readers with historical, cultural and tourist information in the light of Ada Jafri’s autobiography and to highlight the importance of autobiography in literature.

The nature of compact radio-loud AGN: a systematic look at the LOFAR AGN population

ABSTRACT We investigate the nature of low-luminosity radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGN) selected from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) first data release (DR1). Using optical, mid-infrared, and radio data, we have conservatively selected 55 radiative AGN candidates from DR1 within the redshift range 0.03 < z < 0.1. We show using high-frequency Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations that 10 out of 55 objects show radio emission on scales >1–3 kpc, 42 are compact at the limiting resolution of 0.35 arcsec (taking an upper limit on the projected physical size, this corresponds to less than 1 kpc), and three are undetected. The extended objects display a wide range of radio morphologies: two-jet (5), one-jet (4), and double-lobed (1). We present the radio spectra of all detected radio sources which range from steep to flat/inverted and span the range seen for other compact radio sources such as compact symmetric objects (CSOs), compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources, and gigahertz peaked-spectrum (GPS) sources. Assuming synchrotron self-absorption (SSA) for flat/inverted radio spectrum sources, we predict small physical sizes for compact objects to range between 2 and 53 pc. Alternatively, using free–free absorption (FFA) models, we have estimated the free electron column depth for all compact objects, assuming a homogeneous absorber. We find that these objects do not occupy a special position on the power/linear size (P − D) diagram but some share a region with radio-quiet quasars (RQQs) and the so-called ‘FR0’ sources in terms of radio luminosity and linear size.

Galaxy main sequence and properties of low-mass Lyman-α emitters towards reionisation as viewed by VLT/MUSE and JWST/NIRCam

Context. Faint, star-forming galaxies are likely to play a dominant role in cosmic reionisation. Great strides have been made in recent years to characterise these populations at high redshifts (z > 3). Now, for the first time, with JWST photometry beyond 1 μm in the rest frame, we can derive accurate stellar masses and position these galaxies on the galaxy main sequence. Aims. We seek to assess the place of 96 individual Lyman-α emitters (LAEs) selected behind the A2744 lensing cluster with MUSE IFU spectroscopy on the galaxy main sequence. We also compare the derived stellar masses to Lyman-α luminosities and equivalent widths to better quantify the relationship between the Lyman-α emission and the host galaxy. Methods. These 96 LAEs lie in the redshift range of 2.9 < z < 6.7, with their range of masses extending down to 106 M⊙ (over half with M⋆ < 108 M⊙). We used the JWST/NIRCam and HST photometric catalogues from the UNCOVER project, giving us excellent wavelength coverage from 450 nm to 4.5 μm. We also performed an SED fitting using CIGALE, fixing the redshift of the LAEs to the secure, spectroscopic value. This combination of photometric coverage with spectroscopic redshifts allows us to robustly derive stellar masses for these galaxies. Results. We found a main sequence relation for these low-mass LAEs of log SFR = (0.88 ± 0.07 − 0.030 ± 0.027 × t) log M⋆ − (6.31 ± 0.41 − 0.08 ± 0.37 × t). This is in relative agreement with the best-fit results of prior collated studies; however, here we see a steeper slope and a higher normalisation. This indicates that low-mass LAEs towards the epoch of reionisation lie above the typical literature main sequence relations derived at lower redshift and higher masses. In addition, by comparing our results to UV-selected samples, we can see that while low-mass LAEs lie above these typical main sequence relations, they are likely not singular in this respect at these particular masses and redshifts. While low-mass galaxies have been shown to play a significant role in cosmic reionisation, our results point to the likelihood that LAEs hold no special position in this regard.

Übersetzungsmöglichkeiten der Eigennamen in der Kinderliteratur

The importance of children‘s literature and its translation occupies a special position all over the world, as the target groups of readers are children. Using three different children‘s books translated from German into Albanian, the various possibilities of translating personal names in children‘s literature are examined. Due to these different children‘s books, it is examined which principles can or must be used to translate the names, and whether the fact that it is children‘s literature has a particular effect on the translation process and the results. In this article, the central terms include children‘s literature, proper names, alienated and naturalizing translations.