Special Language Research Articles

Language of Form, Form of Language, and the Poetic Christ

AbstractThis essay begins with a phenomenological outline of the interchangeability of the terms ‘form’ and ‘matter’, and the transitivity of their relationship in metaphysics and aesthetics, when placed in the context of linguistic deconstruction. It then argues for an operative, rather than resultative, approach to ‘form’, pointing out that in a created cosmos created minds only ever approach substantial (metaphysical) forms by making use of language, i.e. by inventing linguistic forms. From there, the argument turns to the special language of the Scriptures, when read both in their historical relativity and as vehicles of the transcendent divine Word, and explores the analogy between the paradoxes of the matter‐form pair and several features of the Scriptures, such as the Möbius strip‐like enunciative structure, in which human and divine voices are reciprocally interwoven. Christ, the principle of the unity of the divine and human voices of the Scriptures, appears as the source of all the analogical instances of the transitivity and reversibility of form‐matter duality. Even more profoundly than his restoration of the signum, Christ re‐establishes ‘form’ in its interaction with ‘matter’.

Контактоустанавливающие средства в заголовках медиатекстов (на материале русского, английского и чувашского языков)

The aim of the study is to identify the phatic language means used in the headlines of media texts posted on the Internet in Russian, English and Chuvash. The paper characterises in a comparative aspect the features peculiar to the repertoire of the phatic means that are in demand among modern journalists, representatives of different national-linguistic communities. The paper is novel in that it is the first to analyse phatic means using the material of Russian, English and Chuvash media speech in order to determine language specificity of the linguistic phenomenon under consideration. As a result, it has been found that colons, contextually conveying expression, as well as stylistically modified precedent phenomena are used in the phatic function in the headlines of media texts in Russian. Informal syntax constructions are employed in this capacity in the English-language and the Chuvash-language headlines, the latter also use intentionally distorted precedent vocabulary and the technique of citation. The fact that in order to establish contact with readers, the headlines are formulated according to the principle of language game represents the basis of interlanguage similarity.

GAST: A generic AST representation for language-independent source code analysis

Organizations use various programming languages to develop their systems. These aim to take advantage of the most appropriate features of each language for a given domain and require programmers to command different languages and also to face the growing complexity of software development and maintenance. So, they need tools to help them analyze programs to identify relationships between their internal elements, uncover patterns, and calculate quality metrics. However, most tools have limited support for parsing multiple programming languages and high acquisition costs. Therefore, there is a need for new methods to analyze code written in multiple programming languages. This article describes the design of a method to automatically transform the syntax of various programming languages into a universal language with a generic syntax. The function of the generic language is to encapsulate the specificities of each specific language, so that the analysis of programs is facilitated in a single programming syntax and not in multiple syntaxes. The advantage of this approach is that only one analysis engine is required, not multiple code analyzers, to study the programs.

Диалектический подход к обновлению педагогической парадигмы

Обоснована актуальность опережающего обновления педагогической парадигмы, возможность придания ей функционального, конструктивного, однозначного характера. В исследовании, с целью обновления педагогической парадигмы, использованы универсальные абстрактно-конкретные координаты, диалектический метод Гегеля восхождения от абстрактного к конкретному (ВАК), умозрительный язык функционально-схематических изображений и рефлексивный «верстак». В качестве простейших требований к пониманию картины мира предложено использовать внешние и внутренние признаки гармонии живой и неживой природы. На основе которых выведены «золотые принципы» природоподобного мышления и деятельности. Установлены диалектические отношения между парными категориями. Это позволяет решить проблему их синонимичности. Для построения понятийной педагогической парадигмы рекомендовано использовать умозрительный, устный и письменный языки. Благодаря этому строящиеся или обновляемые понятия приобретают функционально-содержательный, зримый и конструктивный вид. Приведён технологический цикл диалектического обновления педагогической парадигмы, предусматривающий последовательное выведение понятий из цикла индивидуальной жизнедеятельности человека. Этим обеспечивается преемственность и соответствие понятий педагогической парадигмы критериям нравственности, функциональности, логичности, системности, конструктивности и однозначности. Утверждается, что обновление и последующее освоение педагогической парадигмы позволит значительно, повысить уровень функциональной грамотности педагогов, учащихся и всех субъектов профессиональной деятельности. Проигрывание учащимися функциональных моделей различной профессиональной деятельности с использованием построенной парадигмы будет способствовать осознанному выбору ими профессии, самоопределению в условиях изменчивых рыночных отношений.

Phonological awareness (PA) in Chinese-English bilingual word decoding (reading)

Phonological awareness is one of core reading requisites in early reading acquisition. Children develop initial phonemic awareness and phonological awareness, which in turn contribute to their learning-to-read skills, word reading and decoding abilities in particular. This review study synthesized the relationship between phonological awareness and word reading ability in monolingual and Chinese-English bilingual readers to shed light on the universal and language-specific mechanisms of phonological awareness in word reading in two typologically-distant languages. The findings indicate that phonological awareness has different grain sizes (e.g., onset, rime, phoneme, and syllable) in shaping early reading acquisition. More important, the current study highlights the uniqueness of universality and language specificity in Chinese-English bilingual reading acquisition. In addition to general phonological awareness facets, lexical tone awareness has been endorsed as a key predictor of early Chinese-English bilingual word reading.

Interrelation of Speech and Speech Perception and Comprehension of a Teenager with Special Language Development: A Case Study

In this paper we analyse and present the experimental results of the speech production and speech perception and understanding process in a case of bilingual teenager who even has the special syndrome (Velocardiofacial syndrome). The results are explained both in the linguistic and pedagogical aspects, so the possible pedagogical activity is also emphasized on the basis of the results.

Aspects of style attribution arrangement of cover version of pop-vocal composition

The purpose of the research is to theoretically develop methods of characterisation and attribution of the style of arranging a pop-vocal composition. The algorithm of analytical actions in the process of auditory examination of the specifics of the musical language of the arrangement aimed at identifying the genesis of the style profile of a pop-vocal composition is determined. In this regard, the parameters of tempo rhythm and phonism are defined as the basic criteria for recognising the stylistic dominant of the instrumental component of a song genre composition. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive study of the creative specifics of pop-song arrangements using a systematic typological approaches, inductive and structural-functional methods of analysing musical compositions, and also includes a descriptive auditory method and a method of comparative stylistic characterisation of arrangements, carried out on the principle of contrasting comparisons or comparisons based on the similarity of creative methods of instrumentation, form formation, tempo rhythmic, melodic and thematic and harmonic organisation of the musical material of instrumental accompaniments, is a method of identifying the stylistic dominant (genesis) of a song genre work with a particular direction of popular, jazz, folk or academic music. The research resulted in the theoretical development of a methodology for style attribution of arrangements of cover versions of works of popular song genres.

Սրբազան արժեքներ՝ մեղեդային շնչով. զրադաշտական տեքստերի երաժշտական ոգին

Analyzing a number of evidences of Zoroastrian melodies, the earliest manifestations of Iranian ancient culture and especially music, we can state that we are talking about ancient sources in Persian music, which were created under the influence of religious prayers and became an integral part of the culture. Zoroastrian traditions, including traditions of musical and poetic art, were preserved or transformed under the conditions of the common Indo-Iranian cultural complex. And the Zoroastrian musical tradition was interconnected with the social structure of the society and the changes in it. The holy book of religion, Avesta is not only a religious, cultural, legal source, but also a source, the texts of which became the basis for new religious songs. These works were performed during religious rituals and were originally the monopoly of the priests. As in religion, so in Zoroastrian melodies, the themes relate to justice and light and have reached the present day. The most prominent of the melodies are based on the famous "Mantras" from the Gathas, performed to the accompaniment of various instruments, of which the role of the trumpet, an instrument used by the semi-mythical Yima, is symbolic. Some researchers conclude that even thanks to the Avesta, a special musical language was formed, its intonation features were updated and enriched. And the tradition of singing the sacred texts of the Avesta stimulated the development of vocals and the entire musical culture, which flourished during the Achaemenid dynasty, when musicians were considered representatives of a worthy class, and it continued under the Sassanids, reaching its peak. Musicians working in the Persian court continued the rich musical traditions. We referred to the activities of Barbad Mervezi, a famous musician, poet, nightingale of Iran, who had a series of songs for the days of the Zoroastrian calendar. And one of the recent researches shows that the most famous Zoroastrian singer, the prophet Zarathustra, sang hymns from the Avesta using 4 different musical methods. Zoroastrian music survived until the Middle Ages, and Nizam's mentions of the presence of Zoroastrian melodies in the repertoire of court musicians are a vivid evidence.

Coordination versus separation: difference of gapping between Chinese and English and its prosodic attribution

Abstract In this paper, we have analyzed a whole set of data of gapping in Mandarin Chinese from a novel point of view and fleshed out a bi-sentential derivation analysis for the formation of this construction. While taking the canonical gapping in English as a reference, we have explored some idiomatic properties of the relevant structures in Chinese and summarized core differences: the gapping constructions in English follow a strict rule of sentence grammar while those of Chinese have demonstrated kind of inter-sentential effect. We propose that such differences can be attributed to the prosodic factors: The Constraint on Sentential Intonation in Chinese (CSIC for short), firstly proposed in Feng (Feng, Shengli. 2017. Hanyu jufa zhongyin yudiao xianghu zuoyong de yufa xiaoying. ‘On grammatical effects of interactions between intonation, stress and syntax’. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistic Study] (1). 1–15), bans the occurrence of the coordinate [VP & VP] structures, and thus two parallel but separate sentences are used in the contexts where a sentence with VP coordination in English is used. Then, the verb in the second sentence is deleted at PF under the identity condition. Consequently, the gapping structures thus formed demonstrate their own unique properties and are different from the canonical gapping in English. The result of our discussion indicates that prosody can play a role in accounting for language specificities as well as cross-linguistic variations.

Study on the Fossilization of Interlanguage in EnglishTeaching in Senior High School and its Countermeasures

Interlanguage refers to a special language system that is totally different from the native language and the target language in the process of learning a foreign language. With the development of interlanguage, it gradually approaches the target language, but rarely fully integrates with the target language, showing a state of stagnation, which is called fossilization phenomenon. Fossilization is complex, repeated and durative, it appears in various aspects of Interlanguage like phonetics, syntax and semantics, and fossilization phenomenon seriously restricts the progress of learners' foreign language level. In senior high school English teaching in China, the phenomenon of interlanguage fossilization is common. This paper will explain and discuss the causes of this phenomenon, and on this basis, put forward some strategies to alleviate this phenomenon, possibly eliminating fossilization effects to help improve learners' ability to learn and master foreign languages and teachers’ teaching quality and efficiency.

Studying of folk (dialectal) speech in extracurricular work of middle school

The studying of folk (dialectal) speech is important in the school course of the Ukrainian language, especially in rural areas, as it offers an understanding of the specificity of the Ukrainian language in its territorial expression. Awareness of the specificity of the territorial variety of the Ukrainian language will contribute to the manifestation of patriotic feelings of students, the desire to preserve the ethnic (territorial) peculiarity. The relevance of our research is determined by the need to study folk speech in the school course ofthe Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to develop the topics of one of the forms of extracurricular work (of a colloquium) on the Ukrainian language for the study of spoken language in secondary school. The research was carried out on the material of the dialects of the villages of Ulashkivtsi and Zabolotivka of the Chortkiv district of the Ternopil region. Research methods. The research was carried out on the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on linguistic methods – descriptive, structural. With the help of the descriptive method the factual material was summarized. The inventory and systematization of language phenomena was promoted by the structural method. Conclusions. As a result of the insufficient coverage of information from the "Dialectology of the Ukrainian language" in school teaching course of the Ukrainian language, the role of extracurricular work as one of the types of educational work is increasing, the purpose of which is to deepen the information from this course, as well as to explain to schoolchildren the differences between folk (colloquial) words and literal names. Therefore, students must understand the specifics of the manifestation of the territorial variety of the national Ukrainian language. For this purpose, the most optimal form of extracurricular work is a colloquium, during which the teacher will provide information about the types of dialectal phenomena, tell about the origin of the dialecticisms of speech, offer information about the vocabulary of the calendar cycle (middle grades), and explain the phonetic-grammatical regularities of dialectal speech (senior grades).

The design and development of a dyscalculia checklist based on a focus group interview

AbstractThis article aims to explore the symptoms and characteristics of dyscalculia. This is a qualitative study. Five experts in the field of special education took part in a focus group interview. Each expert had more than ten years of experience in their area of expertise. To determine the content validity of the protocol, three experts in special education, language and qualitative research evaluated each of the eight items. Cohen's kappa analysis was used to assess inter‐rater reliability. The findings of this study indicate that 59 items have been developed, based on six constructs in the dyscalculia checklist. The six constructs were subitising, estimating, Arabic numerals, verbal numbers, arithmetic facts and calculating processes. Following the focus group interview, a new construct emerged: math anxiety. The study implies that teachers might utilise this checklist to carry out early detection of students with dyscalculia in primary schools. This will enable appropriate intervention, resulting in significant benefits for the Ministry of Education, for educators and teachers, and for the students themselves. Although this study was based in Malaysia, the results have wider implications because dyscalculia is present everywhere.

Matched or moved? Asymmetry in high- and low-level visual processing of motion events

AbstractConsensus on the extent to which cross-linguistic differences affect event cognition is currently absent. This is partly because cognitive influences of language have rarely been examined within speakers of different languages in tasks that manipulate the level of visual processing. This study presents a novel combination of a high-level approach upregulating the involvement of language, namely self-paced sentence-video verification, and a low-level visual detection method without language use, namely breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) (Yang et al., 2014). The results point to cross-linguistic effects on event cognition by revealing variations in visual processing patterns of manner and path by English versus Mandarin Chinese speakers. Language specificity was found on both levels of processing. An asymmetry in response speed across tasks highlights an important difference between facilitation of detecting contrasts when recruitment of verbal labels is automatic, versus facilitation of verifying correspondences when labels are overt.

Accuracy of Nursing Term Translation from Indonesian to English by Nursing Students

Translating the accuracy of source language into target language in specialized language requires high appropriation that retains of the original meaning. This study aims to discover the accuracy of nursing term translation from Indonesian to English by nursing students. This research is a mixed-method research with content analysis method to analyze the accuracy of translation. The accuracy of the translation results will be analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The research subject was the translation of Indonesian – English abstracts of nursing articles by nursing students of STIKES Surya Global Yogyakarta. The object of research was nursing special terms in the form of words and phrases. The data collection technique used was the documentation method used to find related data that has been determined. The results of this study showed that the accurate translation of nursing terms was 65.29% while the inaccurate translation was 34.71%. In addition, there were about 25% of accurate translations was plagiarism. It is considered plagiarism because the student's translation of the abstract was exactly as same as the original writer's English version of the abstract, not only the specific language but also the whole sentence. It can be concluded from this study that overall the translation of nursing students into the special language of nursing is accurate. There are only a few translations is still in low inaccuracy level.
 Keywords: Accuracy, Nursing term, Translation

Stimulating mathematical communication with SPECOMATSO technology development based on digital literacy

Mathematical communication is crucial in inclusive mathematics teaching and learning to convey mathematical symbols. However, teaching mathematical symbols to deaf students in inclusive classrooms has been a persistent challenge due to the lack of specialized sign language for mathematical expressions. Media, such as SPECOMATSO technology, can serve as a bridge to address this issue. This research focused on developing valid and practical SPECOMATSO technology to strengthen students’ literacy and facilitate the delivery of mathematical symbols, which previously posed difficulties for teachers in inclusive settings. The research combined the Alessi & Trollip and V-waterfall models, encompassing seven development stages: analysis, design, implementation, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The research instruments included observation and interview guidelines, a product validation questionnaire, and a student response questionnaire. This study produces SPECOMATSO technology that is valid and practical for learning plane geometry and angles in mathematics. Although this development still needs improvement in fixative abilities, such as storage and editing functions, it is expected to strengthen digital literacy and stimulate mathematical communication among deaf students who face challenges related to their limited auditory capabilities.

특수 초등 국어과 교과서 삽화 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the Korean language textbook’s illustrations of the special elementary school and provide basic data on illustrations when developing textbooks in the future. Methods Six special elementary Korean language textbooks were collected and a total of 1,668 pages were analyzed. The analysis tool was used by creating a frame with formal aspects(number, type, size, arrangement, clarity) and content aspects(role, suitability, and content consistency). Results First, the number of illustrations contained more than one illustration on each page. Second, paintings were the most common types of illustrations. Third, the 1st and 2nd graders and the 3rd and 4th graders were the most common 1/16-sized illustrations, and the 5th and 6th graders were the most common 2/3-sized illustrations. Fourth, by arrangement, many illustrations were placed below in the 1st and 2nd grades, at the center in the 3rd and 4th grades, and above in the 5th and 6th grades. Fifth, the clarity was very high. Sixth, data provision was the most common role of illustrations. Seventh, in terms of illustration suitability, there were the most essential functions. Eighth, the content consistency was very high. Conclusions It was discussed and suggested to increase the illustrations budget, increase photo illustrations, and improve the quality of illustrations when developing textbooks in the future.

Phonological and morphological literacy skills in English and Chinese: A cross-linguistic neuroimaging comparison of Chinese-English bilingual and monolingual English children.

Over the course of literacy development, children learn to recognize word sounds and meanings in print. Yet, they do so differently across alphabetic and character-based orthographies such as English and Chinese. To uncover cross-linguistic influences on children's literacy, we asked young Chinese-English simultaneous bilinguals and English monolinguals (N = 119, ages 5-10) to complete phonological and morphological awareness (MA) literacy tasks. Children completed the tasks in the auditory modality in each of their languages during functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Cross-linguistically, comparisons between bilinguals' two languages revealed that the task that was more central to reading in a given orthography, such as phonological awareness (PA) in English and MA in Chinese, elicited less activation in the left inferior frontal and parietal regions. Group comparisons between bilinguals and monolinguals in English, their shared language of academic instruction, revealed that the left inferior frontal was less active during phonology but more active during morphology in bilinguals relative to monolinguals. MA skills are generally considered to have greater language specificity than PA skills. Bilingual literacy training in a skill that is maximally similar across languages, such as PA, may therefore yield greater automaticity for this skill, as reflected in the lower activation in bilinguals relative to monolinguals. This interpretation is supported by negative correlations between proficiency and brain activation. Together, these findings suggest that both the structural characteristics and literacy experiences with a given language can exert specific influences on bilingual and monolingual children's emerging brain networks for learning to read.

СOMPARATIVE ANALYSISOF THE EFFICIENCY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING OF UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES OFFICERS AT HIGHER MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The article analysesthe efficiency of foreign language training of UkrainianArmed Forces officers at higher military educational institutions. It also defines the levels of professional language training of servicemen and itsimportance in the professional activity of the Ukrainian Armed Forces officersaccording to NATO STANAG 6001 standard. The author also compares language education in the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Canada and Ukraine. The paper emphasizes the fact that without mastering foreign languages, it is impossible to realize the social and professional mobility of servicemen. Prospects for further research include an analysis of the content and forms of educational and special English language courses for military personnel of Ukraine, the development of an English-language training program for officers in the postgraduate education system using modern educational technologies in combination with personal-oriented training and military-professional activities.Key words: efficiency of foreign language training, NATO STANAG 6001 standard, Ukrainian Armed Forces officers, levels of professional training of servicemen,professional activity.

Structure and acoustics of the speech of verbal autistic preschoolers.

In this study, we report an extensive investigation of the structural language and acoustical specificities of the spontaneous speech of ten three- to five-year-old verbal autistic children. The autistic children were compared to a group of ten typically developing children matched pairwise on chronological age, nonverbal IQ and socioeconomic status, and groupwise on verbal IQ and gender on various measures of structural language (phonetic inventory, lexical diversity and morpho-syntactic complexity) and a series of acoustical measures of speech (mean and range fundamental frequency, a formant dispersion index, syllable duration, jitter and shimmer). Results showed that, overall, the structure and acoustics of the verbal autistic children's speech were highly similar to those of the TD children. Few remaining atypicalities in the speech of autistic children lay in a restricted use of different vocabulary items, a somewhat diminished morpho-syntactic complexity, and a slightly exaggerated syllable duration.

БИБЛЕЙСКАЯ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

The multifaceted nature of the study of biblical phraseology today is due, on the one hand, to the ambiguity and insufficient study of biblical phraseological units, on the other hand, to their active use and frequent reproducibility in different types of discourse. Moreover, their study requires the involvement of several approaches, such as structural-semantic, linguocognitive and cognitive-discursive, linguocultural, and finally, functional. In this respect, the relevance of the presented problem is beyond any doubt. Designating the study of functional specificity of the phraseological units of biblical etymology, presented in the contexts of political communication as the aim of this study, we offer a comprehensive coverage of issues related to the specifics of communication in the political sphere, in particular the analysis of approaches to the definition of the notion of publicistic discourse, its key characteristics and ingredient features, consideration of the functioning of phraseological units of biblical origin and their usual and occasional variants. The methodology of this study is determined by the purpose and scientific hypothesis, which implies the identification of a representative corpus of examples of political discourse contexts, containing biblical phraseological units, performing the leading persuasive function. The research methods are as follows: the method of phraseological identification and phraseological description proposed by prof. A.V. Kunin, the contextual method, the method of lexico-semantic analysis, the search corpus method. The results of the research allow concluding the following: biblical phraseological units are a separate microsystem, biblical phraseological units are actively used in oral and written speech of native speakers in different types of discourse due to their polyfunctionality and variability, in political discourse biblical phraseological units are used in the function of persuasion. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a systematic study of biblical phraseology in English and Russian on the example of their functioning in the texts of political discourse. The currently available works are few and sporadic. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of using the data obtained in the classroom as part of the disciplines Fundamentals of First Foreign Language Theory, English Language Stylistics, special course English Language Phraseology.