Special Interest Research Articles

Web-based extensive reading: A learning model for university students

This research aimed to develop a web-based Extensive Reading (ER) model tailored for English Department students at Universitas Bengkulu. The study addressed the gap between the expectations of an extensive reading program and its practical implementation in higher education. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) design, the study involved needs analysis, product development, and evaluation phases to ensure the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed model. The developed web-based ER model provided lecturers with a comprehensive collection of reading materials, engaging and interactive post-reading activities, and an integrated platform for managing and storing students' reading reports. The model was designed to enhance students’ reading engagement and promote autonomous learning. The findings indicate that the web-based ER model effectively supports extensive reading activities, offering flexibility for adaptation by other ER lecturers. It can be customized to align with specific learner interests and needs, ensuring a more personalized learning experience. This research contributes to the field by providing an innovative and replicable tool for enhancing extensive reading programs in tertiary education.

Microplastics in the Hamburg port area-an analysis of sediment depth profiles along the upper Elbe river, Germany.

Harbours pose a unique environment of increased anthropogenic pressure and artificial river morphology that are of specific interest concerning microplastic release and accumulation. To address the specific situation in the Hamburg port area, a study in cooperation with the Hamburg Port Authority (HPA) was conducted. Sediment samples at different depth levels were taken at seven sites with similar flow velocity and underlying morphology. Two sites are located upstream and downstream of the port of Hamburg, while four sites are located in the centre area of the port. One additional site takes into account an estuary of a receiving stream flowing into the upper river Elbe. For the analysis of microplastic concentrations in the samples, the biogenic organic matter was removed by oxidative digestion followed by wet sieving and density separation. For identification, the Nile red staining method in combination with fluorescence microscopy was applied. A subset of identified synthetic polymers was investigated for polymer composition via µRaman spectroscopy. In addition, sediment parameters such as grain size distribution, organic matter and water content were analysed. In total, a number of 31 sediment samples divided into different depths below riverbed level were examined. In brief, 11,280 microplastic particles could be identified. Both the highest and lowest number of particles were detected at centre port sites ranging from 60 to 21,799 microplastics per kilogramme dry weight. Fragments are the dominating particle morphology throughout all locations, except for one centre harbour site where microbeads are most common. Frequently appearing synthetic polymers were detected to be polyvinyl chloride (34%) and polyethylene terephthalate (28%). Within this study, a significant correlation between microbead concentrations and the percentage of sand fractions (coarse, middle and fine sand) was detected.

Transatlantic data flows at the intersection of technological politics and trade politics

ABSTRACT International cooperation on cross-border data flows remains a key issue in global discourse, yet existing studies largely adopt a narrow legal perspective. This study explores the broader political, trade, and strategic dynamics shaping US-EU cooperation, offering new insights into their interplay. It highlights three key findings: (1) International cooperation on cross-border data flows is shaped by a complex interplay of individual or intersecting factors, including technology, politics, economics, law, and culture. The strength of each factor’s influence is contingent on the economic entities’ preferences for specific interests. (2) The evolution of the EU’s digital strategy and the increasing politicization of its trade strategy, in conjunction with its policy interactions with the US, have driven shifts in transatlantic cooperation. (3) Given the legal and cultural differences, alongside deeper conflicts in strategic objectives and trade interests, the future of the EU-US Data Privacy Framework is fraught with uncertainties. This study not only strengthens the theoretical foundation of international cooperation on cross-border data flows, but also provides guidance for advancing future EU-US cooperation and fostering further progress in global cross-border data flow collaboration.

Addressing Rotator Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain: Findings from a Greek Regional Observational Study Utilizing a Clinical Case Scenario

Background: Rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal issue, encompassing various shoulder conditions. While exercise typically forms the foundation of conservative treatment, there exists ongoing discourse regarding the effectiveness and role of passive treatments. International guidelines recommend initial conservative management, with surgery considered only after failed conservative treatment. However, recent studies reveal discrepancies between recommended practices and actual clinical management. The aim of the study was to assess current practices in managing RCRSP among Greek physiotherapists, with a focus on understanding the alignment of these practices with international guidelines for conservative treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Greek physiotherapists to assess current practices in managing RCRSP. The survey, adapted from previous studies, collected demographic data and assessed clinical reasoning through a vignette-based approach. Responses were analyzed for alignment with guideline-recommended care. Results: Out of over 9000 contacted physiotherapists, 163 responded. A majority expressed a specific interest in shoulder pain (85%). Patient education (100%) and exercise (100%) were widely endorsed, with limited support for imaging (44%), injection (40%), and surgery (26%). Younger respondents were less inclined towards surgical referral (p = 0.001). Additionally, adjunctive interventions like mobilization (66%) and massage therapy (58%) were commonly employed alongside exercise and education. Treatment duration typically ranged from 6 to 8 weeks, with exercises reviewed weekly. Conclusions: The study highlights a consistent preference for conservative management among Greek physiotherapists, aligning with international guidelines. However, there are variations in practice, particularly regarding adjunctive interventions and exercise prescription parameters. Notably, there is a disparity between recommended and actual use of certain modalities.

P0755 Long-term safety of subcutaneous vedolizumab in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s disease: Findings from the VISIBLE OLE study

Abstract Background Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a gut selective, monoclonal anti-α4β7 integrin antibody approved for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) and is available in subcutaneous (SC) formulation. This analysis assessed the long-term safety outcomes of specific interest to the SC formulation of VDZ. Methods Patients (pts) who participated in VISIBLE 1 or VISIBLE 2 were eligible to enrol in VISIBLE OLE (NCT02620046). In VISIBLE 1, pts with UC were treated with placebo, VDZ SC or VDZ intravenous (IV). In VISIBLE 2, pts with CD were treated with placebo or VDZ SC. In VISIBLE OLE, pts received VDZ SC 108mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) or weekly. Pts received training on SC administration, and most injections were conducted at home by pt or caregiver. Safety of VDZ SC included assessing anti-VDZ antibody (AVA) status and injection site reaction (ISR) adverse events. Blood specimens for AVA assessment were collected 30 minutes before dosing every 16 weeks, at the final dose and the final safety visit 18 weeks after last dose. Data were assessed by treatment pts received during VISIBLE 1 and 2. Results Overall, 288 pts with UC and 458 pts with CD enrolled in VISIBLE OLE. A mean of 91.1 and 74.2 SC injections were completed by pts with UC and CD, respectively, during the OLE. Among pts with UC, the positive AVA rate was higher in pts previously treated with placebo (17.3%) than those treated with VDZ SC (3.4%) or IV (2.6%) (Table 1). The positive AVA rate was also higher among pts with CD previously treated with placebo (11.4%) than with VDZ SC (1.8%). A total of 14/288 pts (4.9%) with UC reported ISRs (Table 2), most of which were mild and none were serious. Two pts developed moderate ISRs; neither required dose modification and both were resolved. Overall, 19/458 pts (4.1%) with CD reported ISRs (Table 2). The majority of ISRs were mild, 2 were moderate and none were severe, and none required dose modification. No direct correlation between AVA status and ISRs was identified, with 11/14 pts (78.6%) with UC and 17/19 pts (89.5%) with CD who reported ISRs being AVA negative. All 5 pts who were AVA positive and reported an ISR had previously received placebo. The highest rate of ISRs were in pts who received placebo in VISIBLE 1 (13.5%). Conclusion No new long-term safety events were identified with the VDZ SC route of administration compared to IV, except for ISRs. A higher proportion of patients who had previously been treated with placebo than those treated with VDZ during VISIBLE 1 and 2 were AVA positive during VISIBLE OLE, supporting a benefit of continued therapy with VDZ SC after IV induction, rather than cessation of treatment for a period of time.

The Role of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neonatal and Fetal Brain Research.

The biochemical composition and structure of the brain are in a rapid change during the exuberant stage of fetal and neonatal development. 1H-MRS is a noninvasive tool that can evaluate brain metabolites in healthy fetuses and infants as well as those with neurological diseases. This review aims to provide readers with an understanding of 1) the basic principles and technical considerations relevant to 1H-MRS in the fetal-neonatal brain and 2) the role of 1H-MRS in early fetal-neonatal development brain research. We performed a PubMed search to identify original studies using 1H-MRS in neonates and fetuses to establish the clinical applications of 1H-MRS. The eligible studies for this review included original research with 1H-MRS applications to the fetal-neonatal brain in healthy and high-risk conditions. We ran our search between 2000 and 2023, then added in several high-impact landmark publications from the 1990s. A total of 366 results appeared. After, we excluded original studies that did not include fetuses or neonates, non-proton MRS and non-neurological studies. Eventually, 110 studies were included in this literature review. Overall, the function of 1H-MRS in healthy fetal-neonatal brain studies focuses on measuring the change of metabolite concentrations during neurodevelopment and the physical properties of the metabolites such as T1/T2 relaxation times. For high-risk neonates, studies in very low birth weight preterm infants and full-term neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, along with examining the associations between brain biochemistry and cognitive neurodevelopment are most common. Additional high-risk conditions included infants with congenital heart disease or metabolic diseases, as well as fetuses of pregnant women with hypertensive disorders were of specific interest to researchers using 1H-MRS. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Defect-Mediated Crystallization of the Particulate TiO2 Photocatalyst Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition.

Nanopowders or films of pure and mixed oxides in nanoparticulate form have gained specific interest due to their applicability in functionalizing high-surface-area substrates. Among various other applications, our presented work primarily focuses on the behavior of TiO2 as a photocatalyst deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a quartz particle. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 on quartz particles grown by ALD was studied in terms of ALD growth temperature and post-treatment heating rate. Amorphous TiO2 thin films (30 nm) were grown from tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT) at 100 and 200 °C on quartz particles (0.35-3.5 μm) and crystallized using oxidative heat treatment at 500 °C with variable heating rates. The growth temperature was found to affect the TiO2 defect structure: TiO2 grown at 200 °C is black due to Ti3+ defects, whereas the film grown at 100 °C is white but contains some traces of the TDMAT ALD precursor. During the oxidative heat treatment, precursor traces desorbed and Ti3+ defects were oxidized. ALD TiO2 grown at 100 °C crystallized as anatase, whereas the rutile-to-anatase ratio of 200 °C grown TiO2 increased with the heating rate. The hydrogen production rate of mixed-phase TiO2 was found to outperform that of anatase TiO2.

O DIREITO PENAL SIMBÓLICO À LUZ DE UMA ANÁLISE DO MEDO E DA INSEGURANÇA NA MODERNIDADE LÍQUIDA

This article examines the effects of fear and insecurity on Criminal Law in postmodern societies, through the lens of Zygmunt Bauman’s theory of liquidity. Demagogic political rhetoric, amplified by media sensationalism, fosters the misguided perception that harsher criminal laws and new incriminating norms are effective solutions to violence and crime. Punitive proposals have garnered significant social support, despite the apparent ineffectiveness of stricter legislation in addressing these issues. The study explores how the rise of symbolic Criminal Law not only generates social DISSATISFACTION but also serves specific interests, perpetuating a selective system that disproportionately penalizes vulnerable groups. Through a comprehensive national and international literature review, the article applies Bauman’s formulations to the symbolisms exercised by Criminal Law, wherein the functions and roles of the ultima ratio’s penal law are distorted by social demands and punitive dynamics.

A Study on the Efficacy of ChatGPT-4 in Enhancing Students’ English Communication Skills

Optimizing communication learning experiences for students is a promising development in English language education, enabled by ChatGPT-4, an artificial intelligence software that excels in customizing lessons to suit specific requirements, interests, and preferred modes of communication for each student. Given its critical role in enhancing students’ communication proficiency, students’ utilization and acceptance of ChatGPT can have a positive impact. However, limited evidence exists regarding the extent to which ChatGPT-4 enhances students’ English communication skills. This study investigates the potential influence of ChatGPT-4 in enhancing students’ English communication abilities, using an experiment with 68 undergraduate students from the Wuhan University of Engineering Science, China. Participants were randomly assigned to two distinct groups. One experimental group was assigned to use ChatGPT-4, whereas the control group received traditional teacher-led instructions. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered. The results revealed that the use of ChatGPT-4 contributed to the development of students’ English communication abilities. Furthermore, the students’ English communication abilities significantly changed after using ChatGPT-4. Overall, student acceptance of ChatGPT changed significantly after implementing ChatGPT-4; the impact of ChatGPT-4 on their English communication was remarkable, creating a sense of calm and comfort among students, which is highly beneficial for language learning. A multitude of suggestions and recommendations were provided.

Perkembangan Kegiatan Pottery Class Sebagai Wisata Minat Khusus Di Ubud, Gianyar, Bali

Bali, as one of the most popular tourist destinations, offers a wide array of activities and attractions that cater to travelers' preferences. Pottery classes have emerged as a particularly sought-after niche activity among tourists. The tourism potential in the Ubud region of Bali is notable for its variety of specialized interest activities such as craft classes. As specialized interest tourism evolves, efforts are needed to ensure its sustainability, including understanding tourists' interests in these activities, especially pottery classes in Ubud. This research aims to explore tourists' interest in participating in pottery class tourism activities and to identify the development of pottery classes as a specialized interest tourism attraction in Ubud, Gianyar. Utilizing qualitative methodology, the study employs observation, semi-structured interviews, and literature review to collect data. The findings reveal that tourists interested in ceramic craft activities are often drawn by their passion for arts, particularly ceramics, and view such activities as opportunities to unwind from daily pressures. The growing interest among tourists in pottery classes has contributed significantly to the development of these activities, particularly in Ubud, Gianyar. The high demand for pottery classes has led to numerous businesses offering such activities, underscoring the need to monitor their development to ensure sustained growth. This not only supports the local economy in Ubud, Gianyar but also enhances the tourism experience by promoting cultural engagement and creative pursuits. Understanding and fostering the growth of pottery classes in Ubud, Gianyar is crucial for their continued success as sustainable tourism activities that contribute positively to the local community. Keywords: Development of Pottery Class in Ubud, Special Interest Tourism, Tourist Interests

Investigations into metallurgical, mechanical, and particulate matter emissions in in situ micropowder alloyed wire arc additive manufacturing process

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is an advanced manufacturing technique capable of a high deposition rate and is used for fabricating large-sized and complex components. Of specific interest in the recent past is the in-situ micropowder alloying during filler material deposition to modify the properties of each deposited layer. This study focuses on investigating the metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of the steel produced through powder-added WAAM, using characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Vickers microhardness testing. Additionally, changes in the size distribution of fine and ultrafine particles (UFP) emitted during WAAM deposition, with and without micropowder addition, were studied using a Scanning-Mobility-Particle-Sizer. Two single-bead multi-layered walls of ER70S6 were deposited in two conditions: as-deposited steel wall and interlayer Titanium micropowder-added steel wall. The results indicate that the microhardness of the Ti micropowder-added steel wall increased by approximately 35% due to the formation of specific microstructures, such as bainitic-ferrite, with retained austenite and mainly due to precipitation strengthening. The emission measurement results suggest that the addition of Ti micropowder during WAAM increases UFP concentration by 20%. The elevated temperature during the deposition process could be a key factor for the rise in particulate matter emissions.

Outbreak of cholera in the Southwest region of Cameroon, 2021-22: an epidemiological investigation.

In October 2021, a large outbreak of cholera was declared in Cameroon, disproportionately affecting the Southwest region, one of 10 administrative regions in the country. In this region, the cases were concentrated in three major cities where a humanitarian crisis had concomitantly led to an influx of internally displaced persons. Meanwhile, across the border, Nigeria was facing an unprecedented cholera outbreak. In this paper, we describe the spread of cholera in the region and analyse associated factors. We analysed surveillance data collected in the form of a line list between October 2021 and July 2022. In a case-control study, we assessed factors associated with cholera, with specific interest in the association between overcrowding (defined by the number of household members) and cholera. Between October 15, 2021 and July 21, 2022, 6,023 cases (median age 27 years, IQR 18-40, 54% male) and 93 deaths (case fatality 1.54%) were recorded in the region. In total 5,344 (89%) cases were reported from 6 mainland health districts (attack rate 0.47%), 679 (11%) from 4 maritime health districts (attack rate 0.32%). More than 80% of cases were recorded in 3 of 10 health districts: Limbe, Buea, and Tiko. The first cases originated from maritime health districts along the Nigeria-Cameroon border, and spread progressively in-country over time, with an exponential rise in number of cases in mainland health districts following pipe-borne water interruptions. Case fatality was higher in maritime health districts (3.39%) compared to mainland districts (1.5%, p < 0.01). We did not find an association between overcrowding and cholera, but the results suggest a potential dose-response relationship with an increasing number of household members (>5 people: (crude OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.97-3.12) and 3-5 people: (crude OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.85-2.60)), even after adjusting for internally displaced status and number of household compartments in the multivariable model (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 0.80-3.02). We report the largest cholera outbreak in the Southwest region. Our findings suggest the cross-border spread of cases from the Nigerian outbreak, likely driven by overcrowding in major cities. Our study highlights the need for cross-border surveillance, especially during humanitarian crises.

Влияние геометрических параметров и математического описания CFD-модели на пространственное распределение загрязняющих веществ внутри карьерного пространства, на примере программного комплекса ANSYS Fluent

The relevance of the research is due to the increased interest of specialists in the field of open pit aerology in the use of modern software systems for calculating the aerological parameters of the atmosphere in deep open pits. Experts raise questions about the extent to which the air flows at the bottom of the open pit are reduced, how atmospheric air circulates inside the open pit space, and what parameters of the pollution source can be used to monitor the distribution of harmful substances in the open pit space. The paper presents the results of analyzing numerical experiments on modeling the process of polluting from the stationary pollution sources and the atmospheric air circulation depending on the height of obstacles located on the upper side of the open pit. The modeling was carried out using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the atmosphere at the Zhelezny open pit mine of Kovdorsky GOK JSC developed in the ANSYS Fluent software package with variations in the territory adjacent to the open pit. The set of equations used to describe the aerodynamics of the open pit atmosphere is classical for solving problems of this kind.

Russian borrowings in the Kulakovsky's works ‘A town girl’ and ‘Town girls’

Аlexei Kulakovsky devoted his whole life to his people. His artistic works, scholarly works on Yakut linguistics, folklore, ethnography are not studied in full and arouse the interest of specialists. The article studies the use of Russian borrowings in Kulakovsky's works. In his poetry, a special place is occupied by works about Yakut women, which reveal the problem of everyday life, fate and hard life of a Yakut woman of the early twentieth century. At the same time, among the poet's works one can find pieces that reveal the beauty, elegance and morality of a Yakut girl. In this regard, according to our observations, in the dilogy ‘Kuorat kyyha’ (‘A town girl’) and ‘Kuorat kyrgyttara’ (‘Town girls’) [1], Kulakovsky presents the image of Yakut girls, their living conditions, as well as quite prosperous life of local youth of that time. Moreover, this dilogy is an artistic source testifying to the beginning of the period of social development of Yakutia in the 1920s, the special spirit and structure of that time. The changes taking place in the life of Yakut society are also reflected in the language in general. This is confirmed by the abundance of borrowed words from the Russian language, confirming the renewal of society as a whole.

My Interests Are (Y)ours? A Multilevel Social Network Analysis of the Co-Evolution of Adolescents’ Interests and Friendships

Both interests and peer relations are crucial for adolescents in finding out who they are and want to be as a person. Yet, our knowledge of the co-evolution of friendships and interests is limited to studies focusing on single interest domains and/or practices predetermined by researchers. A total of 1599 Dutch adolescents participated in this study, which employs a unique design to examine the co-evolution of all participant-defined interests and in- and out-of-school friendships. In total, 368 specific interest areas were identified. Multilevel social network analyses (i.e., using multivariate stochastic actor-oriented models) of a subsample of 935 adolescents in seven schools indicate that adolescents are more likely, over time, to have similar interests to their friends. Interests that were reported rarely or very often contributed less to these dynamics. Additionally, being similarly interested increased the likelihood of being friends. Our findings show that social structures are related to interest development and how being interested is mediated by the places and spaces of adolescents’ lives.

The Effect of Gut Microbiome, Neurotransmitters, and Digital Insights in Autism

Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a multifactorial phenomenon whose genetic, biological, environmental, and nutritional factors outline the heterogeneous phenotype of the disease. A limitation in social connections with others, stereotyped reactions, and specific interests and preferences characterize the behavioral manifestations of a person with autism. Also, weaknesses are found in emotional, cognitive, and metacognitive development, significantly burdening the individual’s quality of life. Lately, it has gained widespread acceptance that the gut microbiome and neurotransmission constitute two decisive etiological factors of autism both in the prenatal period and postnatally. This study aims to investigate data on the interaction between the quantitative and qualitative composition of the gut flora and neurotransmission in humans, as well as their influences on the appearance and progression of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. At the same time, it captures the role of digital technology in diagnosing and intervening in autism, which is mainly related to the individual subjects under study. Methods: The current research employs an exploratory review to provide a concise overview of the complex neuronal functions associated with neurotransmitter action and the homeostasis mechanisms that allow the brain and the human body to survive and perform optimally. Results: A review of 111 sources highlighted the connection of dietary habits with synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitters and their influence on the emergence of autism-related behaviors. Conclusions: The literature review’s findings revealed the importance and influence of nutritional factors on neurotransmission performance and behavioral, social, and cognitive development among individuals with autism. Moreover, it is noteworthy that combining a healthy lifestyle and the targeted use of digital tools can improve the intensity of autism symptoms.

Организация Самостоятельной Подготовки Военнослужащих по Русскому Языку как Иностранному

The study is devoted to the organization of independent training of military specialists in a military university when teaching the Russian language. The purpose of the article is to prepare means for managing self-training, taking into account the creation of effective mechanisms for intensive training using modern interactive techniques that stimulate the motivational interest of military specialists in verbal communication and organizing their own speech. The article offers practical recommendations for mastering textual activity both under the guidance of a teacher and in self-training, promoting the individualization of learning and self-management of the speech-thinking intellectual-cognitive process. To solve the problem, research methods such as applied and descriptive were used. The presented article actualizes the problem of organizing self-training in teaching Russian as a foreign language to foreign-speaking military personnel. Factors specific to a special purpose educational institution are analyzed, to which a teacher teaching RFL in short-term intensive courses must pay close attention. The idea is substantiated that it is necessary to take into account the specifics of special-purpose educational institutions when training, as well as to compensate for the limited language environment, which will entail the effectiveness of mastering language training programs for military specialists. The key problematic points on the way to preparing for the development of short-term language training programs are identified and characterized. The conditions and ways to eliminate difficulties in the process of learning the Russian language are identified and argued, the implementation of which will allow the teacher to effectively carry out language training. As a result of this study, the author concludes that the correct organization of independent work of foreign language students can increase the effectiveness of their learning of the Russian language, and also contribute to the formation of the personality of a specialist ready for self-development and self-education.

The US-India Dialogue: A Look from China

The overlapping relations of the three major powers - the United States, India and China - continue to serve as a recognized factor in shaping the situation in Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. This topic, being the subject of rather wide international expert discourse, provides a number of theses and, in particular, the view, that the recently active US-India dialogue is developing along with increased consideration for China's policy. In a given context the point of view expressed on this issue in the PRC turns out to be of specific interest. China's approaches to the US Indo-Pacific strategy are simultaneously touched.

Entrepreneurship Program Evaluation: Examining the Impact of a Training Program on Women and Underrepresented Groups

The health of a competitive economy relies on many factors, particularly innovation and entrepreneurial endeavors. Entrepreneurship education is a critical component in propelling economic and societal efforts. Thus, more and more entrepreneurship training has been introduced over the years. The aim of this study is to evaluate an entrepreneurship training program with specific interest in women and underrepresented groups. Using Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model and a pre-post quasi-experimental design, we assessed Kirkpatrick’s outcomes at three levels: reaction/satisfaction, knowledge gain, and intention/results. We were able to parse out the various levels in Kirkpatrick’s model, thus netting the impact on these two groups.

Podróże po Bośni Ivana Lovrenovicia

In this article, I describe interactions between space and literature trough the example of texts by the writer and intellectual from Sarajevo, Ivan Lovrenović. It is important for this analysis that the journey was undertaken by a person with specific interests and competences, and that it was a real journey to places that exist or really existed. I discuss the analyzed problems by referring to selected research fields of geopoetics. I read Ivan Lovrenovic’s book Ikavski zemljopis as “auto/bio/geo/graphy”. I am interested in recreating fragments of the spatial frame of a traveler’s autobiographical memory, sensory perception of specific places, emotions accompanying the experience of space, as well as the tension between history, memory (both individual and collective) and writing. His literary maps are a rescue for Bosnia and Hercegovina, whose multiculturalism is slowly disappearing, or a farewell to such a dimension. The texts of Ivan Lovrenović indicate important places of memory to those who do not see them, becoming an important “place of memory” themselves.