Special Infrastructure Research Articles

Проведение туристско-рекреационной экспертизы в целях устойчивого развития туризма в Раздольненском районе Республики Крым

The effective development of the territorial tourist and recreational complex deals with the conduct of tourist and recreational expertise, during which it is possible to assess the tourist and recreational potential of the territory, its current use, directions for further development of tourism and the risks associated with it. It the summer of 2020, the territorial tourism and recreational expertise was carried out in the Razdolnensky district of the Republic of Crimea, including sociological surveys and in-depth interviews with 25 representatives of the tourism business. As a result of the study, a portrait of a tourist was formed, the current state of the tourist infrastructure was analyzed, organizational and managerial risks and risks (natural and anthropogenic) affecting the effective use of the tourist and recreational potential of the territory were identified. Today pos. Steregushee and pos. Aurora are the centers of amateur family budget tourists with children who come in most cases on their cars who prefer unassuming holidays in the summer. According to experts, today there is no possibility for changing the model of tourist services in connection with the presence of problems of infrastructure and environmental nature. Infrastructure problems are reduced to small areas of equipped beaches. Environmental problems are associated with abrasion-accumulative processes (erosion of the coastline), tampering the territory by algae and the seaside grass of the semi-family (Zosteraceae). In the case of contamination of the beach of the seaside grass, the beach capacity is reduced by 2 times, and the load exceeds the maximum permissible. The elimination of the problems and change of the tourist and recreational model of development implies the development of a program for the development of the territory of the Razzonsky district, is required for an organized and controlled recreation and tourism, which will give income and taxes to the budget. According the results of the tourist and recreational expertise, relevant recommendations were given and the prospects for the development of rural and gastronomic tourism, sports views (kitesurfing), autotourism, as well as the development of general and specialized infrastructure, including glumpings are given.

FACF: fuzzy areas-based collaborative filtering for point-of-interest recommendation

Several online social networks collect information from their users' interactions (co-tagging of photos, co-rating of products, etc.) producing a large amount of activity-based data. As a consequence, this kind of information is used by these social networks to provide their users with recommendations about new products or friends. Moreover, recommendation systems (RS) become capable to predict a person's activity with no special infrastructure or hardware, such as RFID tags, or by using video and audio. In that sense, we propose a technique to provide personalised points-of-interest (POIs) recommendations for users of location-based social networks (LBSNs). Our technique assumes users' preferences can be characterised by their visited locations, which is shared by them on LBSN, collaboratively exposing important features as, for instance, areas-of-interest (AOIs) and POIs popularity. Therefore, our technique, named fuzzy areas-based collaborative filtering, uses users' activities to model their preferences and recommend the next visits to them. We have performed experiments over two real LBSN datasets and the obtained results have shown our technique outperforms location collaborative filtering at almost all of the experimental evaluation. Therefore, by fuzzy clustering of AOIs, FACF is suitable to check the popularity of POIs to improve POIs recommendation.

FACF: fuzzy areas-based collaborative filtering for point-of-interest recommendation

Several online social networks collect information from their users' interactions (co-tagging of photos, co-rating of products, etc.) producing a large amount of activity-based data. As a consequence, this kind of information is used by these social networks to provide their users with recommendations about new products or friends. Moreover, recommendation systems (RS) become capable to predict a person's activity with no special infrastructure or hardware, such as RFID tags, or by using video and audio. In that sense, we propose a technique to provide personalised points-of-interest (POIs) recommendations for users of location-based social networks (LBSNs). Our technique assumes users' preferences can be characterised by their visited locations, which is shared by them on LBSN, collaboratively exposing important features as, for instance, areas-of-interest (AOIs) and POIs popularity. Therefore, our technique, named fuzzy areas-based collaborative filtering, uses users' activities to model their preferences and recommend the next visits to them. We have performed experiments over two real LBSN datasets and the obtained results have shown our technique outperforms location collaborative filtering at almost all of the experimental evaluation. Therefore, by fuzzy clustering of AOIs, FACF is suitable to check the popularity of POIs to improve POIs recommendation.

Development of Entrepreneurial Competencies of Employees within the Framework of internal Entrepreneurship Programs in the Region

The global economic environment is becoming more active and complex. Technological and social changes affect the internal processes of companies associated with the diversification of production, the introduction of new lines of products and services, the modernization of business processes. In this article, the authors present the results of a study into the ways ten large industrial companies (fuel, chemical and petrochemical, food industry, defence industry and agricultural technology) in the Omsk region develop domestic internal entrepreneurship. As a result of narrative interviews with HR directors of the selected companies, the authors formulated two approaches to the development of internal entrepreneurship. The first method is based on the development of a creative environment that stimulates the generation of initiatives to improve business. The second method involves companies implementing business projects through employee development programs. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are subsequently highlighted. The conclusions draw attention to the problems of the development of internal entrepreneurship within large industrial companies and the need to create a special environment and infrastructure to promote the business initiatives of employees.

Development of Special Preferential Zones Infrastructure on Terms of Public-Private Partnership

Development of Special Preferential Zones Infrastructure on Terms of Public-Private Partnership

Mobile Pharmacies Throughout History.

Background:Mobile pharmacies are special organizational units or infrastructures that serve to supply medicines to remote communities or are stationed on ships or as such exist during war conflicts on the battlefields to provide first aid to the wounded and to provide the necessary medicines. The establishment of mobile pharmacies is regulated by the law of each state and only preparations approved by law can be found in it. There are also regulations for the good storage and warehousing of these drugs.Objective:The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the available literature on the topic “Mobile pharmacies through history”, which shows the development and progress in the structure and function of mobile pharmacies throughout history.Methods:This is an descriptive study based on the searched available literature from the on-line databases regarding to present a historical overview of mobile pharmacies during the most significant war events in Europe and the USA.Results and Discussion:Mobile pharmacies were first mentioned in Egypt and the Roman Empire, but it was not until 1500 that military and ship’s doctors began using them, and wealthy nobles had their own boxes of medicines, which they carried on long voyages. Mobile pharmacies became more and more popular, so in the 18th century, practical manuals on the use of the contents of the box began to be published. The importance of a mobile pharmacy was shown in the wars, where people, before their appearance, died due to the impossibility of providing first aid on the battlefield. The advanced medicine and pharmacy that developed on land, greatly affected the health care at the sea. The constant incidence of infectious diseases, poverty and inadequate nutrition, insecurity of navigation and long voyages are the main reasons why sailors often fell ill and were exposed to injuries at work. A situation like that required that the problem of health protection on ships gets solved in accordance with the then principles of medicine and pharmacy.Conclusion:Authors demonstrated the importance of mobile pharmacies in treating and providing medical protection on boat trips. Regarding the ship’s pharmacies, pharmacists have the role of supplying ships with medicines, conducting training for captains and ship staff, advising shipping companies and captains on equipping ship pharmacies and advising on the preparation of national regulations and national ship pharmacy supply policy.

Simplified sleep resistance test for daytime sleepiness detection.

ObjectivesExcessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a highly prevalent symptom that increases the risk of traffic accidents and deteriorates the quality of life. The diagnosis of EDS is difficult because of the complex infrastructure that is required. The new test here proposed assesses the ability of a simple test of simplify the detection of daytime sleepiness compared with the OSLER test.Material and MethodsIn the new test, during 20 minute subjects were asked to pass a finger by a groove in response to a light emitting diode, inside dark glasses, which was lit for 1s in every three, with headphones that reduce the ambient noise and was compared with the OSLER test on each subject in random order.ResultsThe proposed method showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 61%, with a positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100% when compared with the OSLER test. The value of area under the ROC curve was 0.81 (0.62-0.99), p=0.013. In a Bland-Altman plot, most of the latency times differences are in the 95% agreement interval (p=0.05). In addition, the confidence interval of the mean and most of the positive results are above the zero line. The Cohens Kappa coefficient obtained is 0.58 (95% CI 0.29-0.88).ConclusionIn this sample of patients, the proposed method detects EDS in a similar way as OSLER test and can be performed in different environments without requiring special infrastructure or expert personnel.

Forecast demand for use magnetic levitation transport

Background: The analysis carried out and the forecasted development prospects of the Vsevolozhsk municipal district show the high socio-economic importance of this territory for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. This territory is intensively developing, new residential zones are being formed on it, enterprises are opening, new jobs are being created, and recreational zones are being organized. Active housing construction in the municipalities "City of Vsevolozhsk" and "Zanevskoye rural settlement" is accompanied by a significant increase in the population. According to the forecast, in 2041 the population of the municipal formation "City of Vsevolozhsk" will exceed 100 thousand people, of the "Zanevsky rural settlement" - 180 thousand people. The population of the municipalities of St. Petersburg included in the gravitational zone of the maglev transport line in the direction "Vsevolozhsk - St. Petersburg", in 2041 will increase by 1.4 times compared to 2015, amounting to 520 thousand people. The listed tendencies indicate that in the future the intensity of traffic flows will grow and the demand for the use of maglev passenger transport will increase.
 Aim: Putting into operation lines of magneto-transport vehicles in places of concentration of growing passenger flows, which will help to reduce travel time, meet freight requirements, improve the quality and increase travel safety when driving along dedicated lanes.
 Method: We have described the existing transport service system in Vsevolozhsk. The survey of passenger traffic on bus routes operating between Vsevolozhsk and St. Petersburg was carried out by two methods during the periods of morning and evening peaks, as well as during the inter-peak period: visual method and tabular method. The article gives a characteristic of the uneven distribution of passenger traffic at the Ladozhskaya metro station and the socio-economic characteristics of the pedestrian accessibility zone of stopping points, identifies the maximum passenger traffic and the need for rolling stock.
 Results: As the basis for the development of the transport system of urban agglomerations, it is proposed to use magnetolithic transport. For its operation, a special high-speed infrastructure and a new rolling stock are needed. In other words, there is a need for the development and economic evaluation of projects for the construction and operation of magnetolithic transport lines in the formation and implementation of transport strategies of modern urban agglomerations.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN TRANSPORT OF THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE AND ITS SUBURBS

Problem Statement and Purpose. The modern level of development of the main transport of Kiev and its suburbs is highlighted. It is proved that the topological prop­erties of auto and railways and main gas pipelines and high-voltage transmission lines within the boundaries of Kyiv and its immediate suburbs are identical. Given the high concentration of relevant communications in this part of the Kiev region and on the periphery of the capital of Ukraine, the corresponding properties are not accidental, but manifestation of the emergent properties of the settlement structure of this territo­ry, as an integral system that has not only ecistic but also transport and infrastructure unity. The purpose of the study is to identify the general patterns of modern spatial development of main modes of transport in the capital region of Ukraine.Data & Methods. Kiev became the main transport hub of Ukraine. Thus, a significant part of transit passengers and partly cargoes moves through the city and in its suburbs. As a result, changes occurred in the component-territorial structure - the largest net­work of logistic parks in Ukraine was created, the first multimodal transport complex in the state, the new railway-and-motorway crossing through the Dnipro River was opened, the main railway station Kyiv-Passenger was radically reconstructed. Also, a new type of urban transport, a city train, was introduced for Ukraine. The specific­ity of the topology of the main modes of transport led to the use of the appropriate methodological apparatus of the study. The cartographic, comparative-geographical, graphs are basically put. The research is based on the methods: cartographic, compar­ative-geographical, graphs.Results. The transport system of the capital and its suburbs during the years of in­dependence of the state has become even more pronounced polarization. Kyiv be­came the main transport hub of Ukraine. Thus, a significant part of transit passengers and some cargo moves through the city and its suburbs. The result was changes in the component-territorial structure - the largest network of logistics parks in Ukraine was created, the country's first multimodal transport complex was opened, a new rail­way-road crossing over the Dnieper River, and the main Kyiv-Pasazhyrsky railway station was radically reconstructed. It was found that the topological properties of highways and railways and main gas pipelines and high-voltage power lines within the city of Kyiv and its nearest suburbs are the same. Given the highest concentration of relevant communications in this part of Kyiv region and on the outskirts of the Ukrainian capital, the relevant properties are not accidental, but a manifestation of the emergent properties of the settlement structure of this territory as a whole system with not only ecstatic but also transport and infrastructural unity. Thus, it can be argued that in the future will develop a distribution network of these main modes of transport in the form of special infrastructure in the space between them. Accordingly, the city is focused on increasing development in these areas.

Community Economic Innovation in Mangrove Area at East Beach of Java Island

Banyuwangi is in a position that is very strategic that have potential include prospective tourism and business vehicles in the form of a crossing port to the Bali, loading port of goods, beach tourism, Ijen Mountain tours and Mangrove Forests. At Cemara Beach, there are about 11 types of Mangroves whose density is still lacking. Even though around it there are ponds, as well as the landing place to lay eggs. In relation to the living conditions of coastal communities, one important aspect of strengthening Mangrove conservation is to involve and seek local community support. The existence of Mangrove areas is expected to reduce sedimentation. This research was conducted on the east coast of Java Island, namely Cemara Beach, which is located in Rowo Village, Pakis Sub-district, Banyuwangi District, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, Indonesia in 2020. The results of the study show: a) The Community is able to deal with change and technological innovation overcome the negative impact of the development of special interest tourism as a center for Mangrove processing production, Mangrove nurseries, turtle conservation, Cemara forest; b) The ability of the community has increased sufficiently in entrepreneurship based on Mangrove potency on the Cemara beach; c) Partner communities are able to plan integrated and sustainable management of areas that will be used as the basis for implementing physical development, spatial facilities, and special interest tourism infrastructure.

The Russian exported goods under the umbrella brand: Expectations and reality

Subject. The restructuring of the Russian exports is a crucial issue of the foreign trade policy. Considering sanctions against Russia, exports can be reshaped with non-trivial methods. The Russian goods can be successfully offered to the foreign market if an umbrella brand Made in Russia is used. Objectives. The study determines difficulties and opportunities of promoting the Russian goods to the foreign market under the umbrella brand Made in Russia. Methods. The study relies upon general and special methods of research, such as retrospective, systems and functional structure analyses, observation, classification, tool-based techniques for grouping, sampling, comparison and summary, evolutionary and dynamic analysis. Results. The umbrella brand Made in Russia was proved to primarily include goods with the international recognition and gradually embrace promising and competitive goods, but not yet well known abroad. The article points out risks of the strategy as the umbrella brand may absorb some toxic regional goods or brands, which offer poor quality goods. Conclusions. To mitigate basic risks, it is necessary to draw upon the expertise of the Russian local brands and grow a commodity brand. There should be a special infrastructure to support national exporters, including the Russian export center, which should include a special function of foreign trade intermediaries. The foreign trade intermediaries are supposed to practically help national exporters, but also provide training programs for raising the foreign trade knowledge of businesses.

KINERJA PARKIR DAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN PENGGUNA JASA LAHAN PARKIR PADA STASIUN KERETA API RAMBIPUJI (DAOP IX JEMBER)

Infrastructure repair railway station was a special transportation infrastructure or separated by ground transportation network system to another. Train services badly needed community as economical transport compared with other transport. Rambipuji station is class II stations included in the operating Area IX Jember. At the train station in improving service required spatial or good facilities. Such as parking spaces for vehicles, a passenger waiting room, warehouse loading and unloading of goods as well as other facilities. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics and performance of service knowing parking spaces Rambipuji station. In this research, to know the characteristics of parking in Rambipuji station is by using methods of observation and analysis calculation, while to know the level of satisfaction of parking lot users using Quisioner method Service Quality. In both these methods, all have a portion of its interests. The method of observation and analysis of calculations is used to know all the characteristics of parking available at Rambipuji station, while Quisioner Service Quality method is for the measurement of the preconception of users of parking Conducted by spreading Quisioner to 49 respondents to know the value of expectations and actual value of Performance received by train passengers Rambipuji.

Body Pose Prediction Based on Motion Sensor Data and Recurrent Neural Network

Mixed reality environments give better chances to provide constant help to the people in need. Applied there artificial intelligence models will provide ad hoc monitoring measures, which may be the best chance to protect life in dangerous conditions. In this article, we present our research on mixed reality system developed to detect symptoms of unusual poses at work, home, or other environments. Recurrent neural network is using sensor readings to evaluate the situation by the minimum necessary number of body sensors working as safe indicators. Research results show that the developed system is working with very high accuracy of 99.89% using just two body sensors working in a separate mode. The system can work without any special infrastructure or development in various environments to help workers and elder people in dangerous situations.

Collaborative multiple centers fresh logistics distribution network optimization with resource sharing and temperature control constraints

Collaboration such as resource sharing among logistics participants (LPs) can effectively increase the efficiency and sustainability of logistics operations, especially in the transportation and distribution of fresh and perishable products that require special infrastructure (e.g., refrigerated trucks/vehicles). This study tackles a collaborative multi-center vehicle routing problem with resource sharing and temperature control constraints (CMCVRP-RSTC). Solving the CMCVRP-RSTC by minimizing the total cost and the number of refrigerated vehicles returns a fresh logistics operational strategy that pinpoints how a multi-center fresh logistics distribution network can be reorganized to highlight potential collaboration opportunities. To find the solution to the CMCVRP-RSTC, we develop a hybrid heuristic algorithm that combines the extended k-means clustering and tabu search non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (TS-NSGA-II) to search a large solution space. This hybrid heuristic algorithm ensures that the optimal solution is found efficiently through initial solution filtering and the combination of local and global searches. Furthermore, we explore how to motivate individual LPs to collaborate by analyzing the benefits of collaboration to each LP. Using the minimum costs remaining savings method and the strictly monotonic path rule, a cost saving calculation model is proposed to find the best profit allocation scheme where each collaborating LP keeps benefiting from long-term collaboration. An empirical case study of Chongqing City, China indicates the efficiency of our proposed collaborative mechanism and optimization algorithms. Our study will help improve the efficiency of logistics operation significantly and contribute to the development of more intelligent logistics systems and smart cities.

GEOMAGNETIC FIELD-BASED INDOOR POSITIONING USING BACK-PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract. High-precision indoor positioning in complex environments has always been a hot research topic within the positioning and robotic communities. As one of the indoor positioning technologies, geomagnetic positioning is receiving widespread attention due to its global coverage. Additionally, geomagnetic positioning does not require special infrastructure configuration, its hardware cost is low, and its positioning errors do not accumulate over time. However, geomagnetic positioning is prone to mismatching, which causes serious problems at the positioning points. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes an indoor localization method based on spectral clustering and weighted back-propagation neural network. The main research contribution is that in the offline phase, the spatial specificity of geomagnetism is used to define the similarity between fingerprints. In addition, a clustering-based reference point algorithm is proposed to divide the sub-fingerprint database, and a positioning prediction model based on back-propagation neural network is trained. Subsequently, in the online stage, the weights of different positioning prediction models are calculated according to the defined fingerprint similarity, weighted average prediction coordinates are obtained, and thereby the positioning accuracy is improved. Experimental results show that, in comparison with other neural network-based positioning methods, the positioning error of our proposed algorithm is reduced by approximately 26.6% and the positioning time is reduced by 24.7%. Experimental results show that the average positioning error of the algorithm is 1.81m.

Elderly families of indigenous peoples of the Arctic in the sociological dimension

The increasing share of older people in the demographic structure of society, the increasing instability of family and marriage relations, the transformation of the traditional family model in the context of global social and natural changes – this is not a complete list of factors that affect the institution of the family. The phenomenon of old age, including the elderly family, is a complex ideological problem of the value of life.Demographic aging requires a special infrastructure focused on meeting the social needs of people over 65 years of age. Such modernizations primarily concern the sphere of health and social services. Together with various types of social services, conditions are created that ensure the active longevity of elderly citizens. Family development is based on the social and personal needs of a person. In modern Russia, there is instability and transformation of family relations, which, in our opinion, is an indicator of crisis phenomena in its development, as well as institutional changes. Statistics for 2018 in Russia show that 65 % of marriage relationships have broken up, whereas 70 years ago, divorce was rare. And the forecast is quite negative, under such circumstances, there will be more and more divorces every year. And all the more valuable is the role of families who have a long family history and life experience. Their accumulated family values, proven over time, can help strengthen the institution of the family, preserve its significance for society and the individual, especially in the harsh conditions of life in the Arctic, when mutual assistance and mutual support becomes even more meaningful for a person.

Design of an instrument to measure Environmental Quality

The criteria for selecting the methods that allow the calculation of pollutant emissions, establish that monitoring and direct measurements are preferably carried out at the sources. The drawback lies in the high costs in time and money, the difficulty in accessing the sampling points and the need for a physical, technical and specialized human resources infrastructure. On the other hand, there are indirect methods based on emission factors, activity rates, estimation using historical data, material balance, engineering calculations and mathematical emission models. In this work, the design of an instrument to measure environmental quality is presented.

IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN INKLUSIF DI KOTA TASIKMALAYA (STUDI KASUS: SDN GUNUNG LIPUNG 4 KOTA TASIKMALAYA)

This research aims to determine how the success or failure of implementation of the education policy inclusive in Tasikmalaya city based on the regulation of Tasikmalaya Mayor Number 46 year 2014 about the implementation of inclusive education in Tasikmalaya City. The problems that arise include facilities and infrastructures that still lack support of the inclusive education process, funding sources for the course of inclusive education programs and human Resources Special escort teachers (GPK) that are still lacking and need additions. In research is an analytical descriptive study by using data collection techniques such as observation of the research object in a manner of frankly and later subsequent interview techniques on informant relevant to this study and documentation studies. For the data analysis techniques in this research is conducted through three activities that occur simultaneously namely data reduction, data presentation, and withdrawal of conclusions or verification. As for the analysis of data on this research use triangulation techniques. Based on the results of research in SD Negeri 4 Mount Lipung consistently and sustainably enough to run an inclusive education program. But there are still some issues that arise such as communication that lacks details between the education office as a policy maker and the school as an impelentor or policy executor. Still need special attention from the Government related to human resources special Companion teachers (GPK), facilities and infrastructure resources that support inclusive education programs and also special funding sources for inclusive education programs. But SD Negeri 4 mount Lipung can be categorized successfully in the implementation of the inclusive education program policy.

On Virtual Network Embedding: Paths and Cycles

Network virtualization provides a promising solution to overcome the ossification of current networks, allowing multiple Virtual Network Requests (VNRs) to be embedded on a common infrastructure. The major challenge in network virtualization is the Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) problem, which is to embed VNRs onto a shared substrate network and known to be $\mathcal {NP}$ -hard. The topological heterogeneity of VNRs is one important factor hampering the performance of the VNE. However, in many specialized applications and infrastructures, VNRs are of some common structural features, e.g., paths and cycles. To achieve better outcomes, it is thus critical to design dedicated algorithms for these applications and infrastructures by taking into accounting topological characteristics. Besides, paths and cycles are two of the most fundamental topologies that all network structures consist of. Exploiting the characteristics of path and cycle embeddings is vital to tackle the general VNE problem. In this paper, we investigate the path and cycle embedding problems. For path embedding, we prove its $\mathcal {NP}$ -hardness and inapproximability. Then, by utilizing Multiple Knapsack Problem (MKP) and Multi-Dimensional Knapsack Problem (MDKP), we propose an efficient and effective MKP-MDKP-based algorithm. For cycle embedding, we propose a Weighted Directed Auxiliary Graph (WDAG) to develop a polynomial-time algorithm to determine the least-resource-consuming embedding. Numerical results show our customized algorithms can boost the acceptance ratio and revenue compared to generic embedding algorithms in the literature.

Implementing Precision Approaches Supported by Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems in the Austrian Alps

Aerodromes located in mountainous areas are seldom served by approaches with three-dimensional guidance based on instrument landing systems due to the lack of flexibility to define glide paths free of obstacles. But, three-dimensional approaches are always preferred due to their effectiveness against controlled flight into terrain. Free access to three-dimensional angular approaches is possible today without special authorization and ground infrastructure. Some airports in mountainous areas of the United States, Canada, and Europe already benefit from them due to the latest advances in satellite-based augmentation techniques. The majority of these procedures have not been developed as category-one precision approaches, even though the latest operational service level foresees it. Reported here are the signal assessment and procedure design carried out to enable the first category-one precision approach supported by satellite-based augmentation system at an Austrian airport surrounded by one of the most challenging terrains worldwide. The design and implementation of such a procedure in mountainous terrain is feasible after a thorough signal quality assessment. It can be placed where a classical instrument landing-system-based approach procedure does not work and provides precision guidance for aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions. This in turn enables a higher runway throughput and reduces cost for the users. When the controlling obstacle is located outside of the precision segment, special attention should be put on the availability requirements.