Specific Formula Research Articles

Tree Height Derivation under Homogeneous Tree Pattern by Segmentation Algorithm

Tree height is an important element in plantation areas to determine the tree's maturity for harvesting. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) technology can give accurate elevation using point cloud data. However, this technology is quite expensive and unsuitable for small areas and low-budget projects. This research focuses on the UAV technology, exploring the appropriate methods of determining a tree height from the UAV’s photogrammetry images. This research aims to evaluate the tree height from the delineation of the tree crown. Three different algorithms have been used in this research to delineate tree crowns. The delineate tree crowns were extracted in vector format, and the crowns were used to calculate the tree height using the specific formula. The results of tree heights were assessed using Residual Mean Square Error (RMSE) to determine the accuracy of the outcome. It was found that the OBIA algorithm gives the best accuracy among these three algorithms. It is followed by WS algorithm and then IWS algorithm. The OBIA algorithm can give an accuracy of about 0.444m at 40m and 0.381m for 60 altitude. The accuracy for WS and OBIA stated that the 60m altitude gives the better accuracy compared to 40m altitude. However, the IWS gives the vice versa result. This research could help the planters to manage their plantations for the harvesting process.

Neonatal Long-Chain 3-Ketoacyl-CoA Thiolase deficiency: Clinical-biochemical phenotype, sodium-D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate treatment experience and cardiac evaluation using speckle echocardiography

Isolated long-chain 3-keto-acyl CoA thiolase (LCKAT) deficiency is a rare long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorder caused by mutations in HADHB. LCKAT is part of a multi-enzyme complex called the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) which catalyzes the last three steps in the long-chain fatty acid oxidation. Until now, only three cases of isolated LCKAT deficiency have been described. All patients developed a severe cardiomyopathy and died before the age of 7 weeks. Here, we describe a newborn with isolated LCKAT deficiency, presenting with neonatal-onset cardiomyopathy, rhabdomyolysis, hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. Bi-allelic 185G > A (p.Arg62His) and c1292T > C (p.Phe431Ser) mutations were found in HADHB. Enzymatic analysis in both lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts revealed LCKAT deficiency with a normal long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD, also part of MTP) enzyme activity. Clinically, the patient showed recurrent cardiomyopathy, which was monitored by speckle tracking echocardiography. Subsequent treatment with special low-fat formula, low in long chain triglycerides (LCT) and supplemented with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and ketone body therapy in (sodium-D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate) was well tolerated and resulted in improved carnitine profiles and cardiac function. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol that has been shown to increase fatty acid oxidation, was also considered as a potential treatment option but showed no in vitro benefits in the patient's fibroblasts. Even though our patient deceased at the age of 13 months, early diagnosis and prompt initiation of dietary management with addition of sodium-D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate may have contributed to improved cardiac function and a much longer survival when compared to the previously reported cases of isolated LCKAT-deficiency.

A real-life study of the medium to long-term effectiveness of a hypercaloric, hyperproteic enteral nutrition formula specifically for patients with diabetes on biochemical parameters of metabolic control and nutritional status

IntroductionAlthough current recommendations suggest the use of specific formulas in enteral nutrition in people with diabetes, there is little evidence of their long-term effectiveness in glycemic control. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term efficacy (24 weeks) of a specific high-protein hypercaloric enteral nutrition formula for people with diabetes in glycemic control and in their improvement in nutritional status. MethodologyThis was a multicenter, prospective, observational, real-life study of patients with long-term enteral nutrition prescription through gastrostomy or nasogastric tube who received a high protein hypercaloric formula specific for diabetes. Once the participant's informed consent was obtained and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were verified, data relating to glycemic control, inflammation parameters, biochemical data, nutritional status and gastrointestinal tolerance at 0, 12 and 24 weeks were collected. Results112 patients were recruited, 44.6% women, age 75.0 (12.0) years and a mean time of evolution of diabetes of 18.1 (9.5) years. The percentage of patients with malnutrition according to VGS decreased throughout the treatment from 78.6% to 29.9% (p < 0.001). Glycemic and HbA1c levels were significantly reduced at 12 and 24 weeks (Blood glucose 155.9–139.0–133.9 mg/dl, p < 0.001; HbA1c 7.7–7.3–7.1%, p < 0.001) while no significant changes were observed in cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, or glomerular filtration. A significant increase in variables related to nutritional status was observed: weight, the BMI, albumin, prealbumin and transferrin, and CRP levels were significantly reduced and the CRP/Albumin ratio decreased. Gastrointestinal tolerance was good, the number of patients with moderate-severe symptoms was small, and did not change throughout the follow-up. ConclusionOur real-life study suggests that the use of a specific hyperprotein hypercaloric formula for diabetes during a 6-month nutritional treatment allows adequate glycemic control and nutritional evolution, with good gastrointestinal tolerance.

“Generating matrix for Generalized Fibonacci numbers and Fibonacci polynomials

Many researchers have been working on recurrence relation sequences of numbers and polynomials which are useful topic not only in mathematics but also in physics, economics and various applications in many other fields. There are many useful identities on recurrence relation sequence but there main problem to find any term of recurrence relation sequence we need to find previous all terms of recurrence relation sequence of numbers and polynomials. There were many important theorems obtained on recurrence relation sequences. In this paper we have given special identity for generalized Fibonacci sequence of number and Fibonacci sequence of polynomials. These identities are very useful to represent Fibonacci generalized sequence of numbers and Fibonacci sequence of polynomials in the form of matrix. Authors define a special formula in this paper by this we can find special representation of Fibonacci generalized sequence of numbers and Fibonacci sequence of polynomials in the form of matrix. So, we can say that this paper is generalization of property of Fibonacci sequence of number and Fibonacci sequence of polynomials

Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants

Infants at high risk for developing a food allergy have either an atopic condition (such as eczema) themselves or an immediate family member with such a condition. Breastfeeding should be promoted and supported regardless of issues pertaining to food allergy prevention, but for infants whose mothers cannot or choose not to breastfeed, using a specific formula (i.e., hydrolyzed formula) is not recommended to prevent food allergies. When cow’s milk protein formula has been introduced in an infant’s diet, make sure that regular ingestion (as little as 10 mL daily) is maintained to prevent loss of tolerance. For high-risk infants, there is compelling evidence that introducing allergenic foods early—at around 6 months, but not before 4 months of age—can prevent common food allergies, and allergies to peanut and egg in particular. Once an allergenic food has been introduced, regular ingestion (e.g., a few times a week) is important to maintain tolerance. Common allergenic foods can be introduced without pausing for days between new foods, and the risk for a severe reaction at first exposure in infancy is extremely low. Pre-emptive in-office screening before introducing allergenic foods is not recommended. No recommendations can be made at this time about the role of maternal dietary modification during pregnancy or lactation, or about supplementing with vitamin D, omega 3, or pre- or probiotics as means to prevent food allergy.

Vibration analysis of laminated open cylindrical shell coupled with rectangular plates

The first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to formulate a generalized model of laminated open cylindrical shell coupled with rectangular plates (LOSPS). On this basis, characteristics of free vibration and steady state response of the combination are investigated. The technique of artificial springs is used to simulate the coupling relationships between the adjacent substructures and boundary edges, and the specific coupling formulas between the adjacent substructures are presented. Then, an improved Fourier series are introduced as the displacement admissible functions of LOSPS, where the corresponding unknown coefficients of the displacement components are derived with the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Convergence and good accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated by means of a several numerical examples. Moreover, comprehensive vibration analyses with respect to the influence mechanism of some key parameters are implemented, and corresponding new results are obtained. The present work of innovativeness can be treated as the reference for works in relative fields.

Individualized Analysis of Lateral Asymmetry Using Hip-Knee Angular Measures in Soccer Players: A New Methodological Perspective of Assessment for Lower Limb Asymmetry.

This study aimed to: (1) determine the magnitude and direction of lateral asymmetry in well-trained soccer players using hip and knee ROM tests; (2) inquire if asymmetry relies on the ROM test performed and/or gender; and (3) establish asymmetry thresholds for each ROM test to individualize lower-limbs asymmetry. One hundred amateur soccer players were assessed using hip–knee ROM tests: Straight Leg Raise, modified Thomas Test, hip internal rotation and external rotation, hip abduction (ABD) and adduction (ADD), Nachlas Test and Rigde Test. There are significant differences between tests when determining the magnitude of lateral asymmetry (F = 3.451; p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.031) without significant differences between gender (F = 0.204; p = 0.651; ηp2 = 0.001). Asymmetry threshold results differ significantly between using a fixed or a specific threshold (F = 65.966; p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.985). All tests indicate that the direction of asymmetry is towards the dominant limb. In conclusion, the ROM test used determines the magnitude and direction of the lateral asymmetry of the amateur soccer players. The ABD and ADD are the ROM tests that showed higher percentages of asymmetry, without differences between female and male soccer players. Using a specific asymmetry threshold formula can classify more players as asymmetrical than with a fixed threshold.

Asymmetric Laplace Distribution Models for Financial Data: VaR and CVaR

In the field of financial risk measurement, Asymmetric Laplace (AL) laws are used. The assumption of normalcy is used in traditional approaches for calculating financial risk. Asymmetric Laplace distribution, on the other hand, reveals the properties of empirical financial data sets much better than the normal model by leptokurtosis and skewness. According to recent financial data research, the regularity assumption is frequently broken. As a result, Asymmetric Laplace laws offer a simple, creative, and useful option to normal distributions when it comes to modeling financial data. We here engage AL distribution to explore specific formulas for the two commonly used risk measures, Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR). The currency exchange rates data are used to and worked out to illustrate the proposed methodologies.

Predictors of perioperative blood loss in primary posterior hemivertebra resection for pediatric patients with congenital scoliosis.

Several studies have elucidated the risk factors of intraoperative bleeding. However, the total blood loss (visible and hidden loss) and related risk factors were seldom reported. In this study, we aimed to identify predictors of massive blood loss in posterior hemivertebra resection for pediatric patients. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed for 108 pediatric patients who underwent primary posterior hemivertebra resection and spinal fusion for congenital scoliosis from June 2017 to June 2019. Intraoperative blood loss was recorded and hidden blood loss was calculated by deducting the intraoperative loss from the total blood loss calculated using specific formula. Perioperative information was collected for multivariable linear regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors of the blood loss. The mean total blood loss was 575.0 ± 318.0 ml during the perioperative period, accounting for 42.1% of the estimated blood volume. The intraoperative and hidden loss were 337.6 ± 179.5 ml and 237.4 ± 204.8 ml, respectively, accounting for 58.7 and 41.3% of the total loss. Multivariable linear regression indicated that age, preoperative Cobb angle, operative time, and number of fused levels were independent risk factors of the total blood loss. Patients with operative time ≥145 minutes, fused levels ≥4, and preoperative Cobb angle ≥40° have an increased risk of massive blood loss. The perioperative blood loss of surgery for congenital scoliosis was considerable, with a high percentage of hidden blood loss. Patients with severe deformity, more fused levels, and longer operative time had higher risk of massive blood loss.

A survey of pelvic types on computed tomography images

BackgroundIn the medical literature several classifications of the pelvis according to its shape can be found. The most common classification distinguishes four general pelvis types: gynecoid, android, anthropoid and platypelloid. Natural childbirth may be significantly prolonged, difficult or even impossible if the pelvis shape is not in proportion to the size of the fetus. The objectives of our study were to calculate major diameters and conjugate diameters of the female bony pelvic ring and to determine the major pelvic types according to their shape. Based on the parameters obtained, we aimed to establish a relationship between some pelvic types and difficult childbirth. MethodsThe study was prospective in design and included 54 female subjects of various ages who had been referred for computed tomography of the pelvis, as part of the diagnosis of an underlying condition. In each patient, five most important parameters in two planes were measured and the pelvic type was determined by using the brim index and a special formula for android type. All measurements were performed using the Vue PACS v 12.1.6.1005 program. The description of the pelvic inlet was used to confirm all pelvic types. Data on previous births were taken from the questionnaire filled out by the subjects during the radiological examination. ResultsGynecoid pelvic type was the most common in our sample (28 pelvises – 52%), followed by platypelloid type (11 pelvises – 20%), anthropoid type (8 pelvises – 15%) and finally android type (7 pelvises – 13%). There was a statistically significant difference in the diameter bispinous length (p < 0.05) between the platypelloid and anthropoid pelvic types. Pathological degree of stenosis was present in seven pelvises (the first degree in six pelvises and the second degree in one pelvis). The frequency of cesarean section was 31.82% and this technique was most frequently used in the subjects with a gynecoid pelvic type. The duration of natural labor ranged from 4 to 18 h. There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of labor between subjects with different pelvic types. ConclusionsGynecoid pelvic type was present in more than half of our subjects. Although this type is considered ideal for labor, we have not established that it has a great influence on whether the labor will be performed naturally or by cesarean section, neither that it significantly affects the length of birth. The gross narrowing of the pelvic ring is present in non-gynecoid pelvic types. The data obtained will certainly be useful to the obstetrician when planning the labor and considering all the factors that may affect the course of birth.

Аналитическое решение первой задачи динамики манипуляторов с вращательными сочленениями

The problem of complexity of derivation and the cumbersome analytical form of equations of mathematical models of controlled body systems with explicit structural, kinematic, static and dynamic parameters is solved. First of all, this applies to the equations of dynamics on which the control systems are based. Our practical experience and theoretical results indicate that solutions to this problem should be sought in two directions. Firstly, in the direction of classifying body systems and using peculiarities of the representatives of the considered classes of body systems in terms of simplifying formalisms for deriving their equations of dynamics, as well as reducing the number of mathematical operations in the analytical representation of the equations of dynamics. Second, and in the direction of choosing the parameters of the state of bodies in which the analytical scalar-coordinate types of the equations of dynamics are written down. In this connection, it should be noted that the vast majority (more than 90 %) of industrial robots, as well as special-purpose robots, have a single open branch structure in which the bodies form rotational kinematic pairs of the fifth class (rotational articulations) with each other. If in such systems the poles of the bodies are chosen on the axes of their relative rotation, the interpole distances will be constant, which greatly simplifies the solution of the above problem. Regarding the choice of state parameters explicitly included in the equations of dynamics, it should be noted that quasi-velocities, i.e. projections of absolute angular velocities of bodies on the axes of their coupled coordinate systems, are the most suitable for these purposes. The point is that in the equations of kinematics, which close the equations of dynamics to a complete set of equations for solving a problem, one can always express quasi-velocities through any other parameters, for example, relative angles of rotation of bodies and their time derivatives, guiding cosines and their derivatives, quaternions, etc. If projections of absolute angular velocities of bodies on their axes are measured, for example, by gyroscopes on bodies, and the first problem of dynamics is solved, the solution formulas contain a minimum number of addition and multiplication operations. Thus, the goal of the study is to develop a simple method for deriving the analytical form of the equations of dynamics of manipulators with rotational joints in quasi-velocity, in which geometric, kinematic, static and inertial parameters of bo¬dies are explicitly expressed. The used research methods (vector and analytical mechanics of body systems, vector algebra, system analysis and methods of identity transformations) made it possible to reduce the derivation of the equations of dynamics of manipulators to formal actions of writing them out without performing complex mathematical operations of differentiation, magnification, calculation of vector operations, etc. The results of the study contain a proof of the general vector form of the equations of dynamics of manipulators in quasi-velocity with explicitly expressed interpole distances and parameters of mass distribution of bodies. Scalar-coordinate formulas and their simple special formulas for the case of parallel rotation axes of neighboring joints are derived for writing out the moments of driving forces in joints. As a special case, the formulas for writing out the equations of dynamics of manipulators on the plane were obtained. For them, the process of writing out the equations of dynamics is reduced to the specification of the number of bodies, their geometric and inertial parameters. Conclusion. The effectiveness of the outlined methods and the obtained formulas have been demonstrated by examples of deriving the equations of dynamics of a body with a single fixed point, a gyroscope in a gimbal, and an angular manipulator with three and six degrees of freedom in space. These results allow us to expect that the number of users of the proposed methods will grow. The positive experience of using these methods in the educational process in the disciplines “Fundamentals of Mechanics of Body Systems”, “Electromechanical Systems” and “Mechatronics” justifies our expectations.

Design Of Monitoring System of Height, Weight and Body Mass Index Using Android-Based Nodemcu ESP8266

Generally, height and weight measurements are carried out separately as well as to determine the Body Mass Index must be calculated manually using specific formulas that not everyone understands, so it is difficult to know whether the body has reached a normal number or not. This study will provide suggested solutions to support the body to be healthy in measuring devices and android applications, for height measurement using ultrasonic sensors, weight using loadcell sensors and NodeMCU ESP8266 as data processors. The results of measuring height and weight appear on an LCD, the results of Body Mass Index (BMI) and the recommended solutions to meet standard body numbers in calculating BMI appear on the android application. Based on the results of the tests carried out, it is known that designing a measuring instrument with NodeMCU ESP8266 based on Android has been successfully carried out. The measuring instrument by implementing the Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 as a height measurement can perform a success percentage of 96.95% and Loadcell Sensor as a weight measurement can perform the percentage of success is 98.97%, while in measuring Body Mass Index (BMI) can do a success percentage of 90.84%, the measuring instrument can also emit sound in the form of body condition in accordance with the measurement results obtained by the microcontroller with a success percentage of the sound output of 100% but has an average percentage of voice output delay variations of 2.1 seconds.

شرح أصول البزدوي للشيخ سليمان بن أحمد السندي دراسة وتحقيقًا (من أول باب النهي إلى آخره)

This research addresses: Sharh Usul Al-Bazdawi "Explanation of the Fundamentals for Al-Bazdawi", by studying and investigating, from the beginning of prohibition chapter to its end. The researcher conducted a study about this book stating its significance and introducing the compiler and the commentator. The researcher as well mentioned that the prohibition has a special formula and requires repetition, and he went on explaining that prohibition according to Hanafis does not require absolute corruption of the prohibited matter unless based on an evidence, and that what is condemned as wrong act for itself is considered void and what is condemned as wrong act for external reasons is considered corrupt according to Hanafis. One of the most significant conclusions is that the disagreement on this issue between the majority and Hanafis has its benefits and impact on the secondary aspects.

Generalization of the relationships between sagittal balance geometric parameters

Sagittal balance of the spine characterizes its physiological alignment by muscular forces in the most effective way. Optimal spinal-pelvic relationships form a biomechanically efficient and optimal sagittal profile of the spine, which reduces energy consumption for an equilibrium state maintaining and also decrease the risk of degenerative damage to the intervertebral discs. Sagittal balance is described using the main angular parameters: pelvic incidence, lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt and sacral slope. To form optimal spinal-pelvic relationships during surgical treatment surgeons measure the actual balance parameters of the patient and use empirical formulas to calculate their theoretical values at preoperative planning stage. To calculate the optimal parameters of the sagittal balance of a particular patient, various scientific groups have developed a number of empirical dependencies. However, there is no consensus in the scientific community on what specific formulas to use when planning treatment. This paper attempts to generalize the data available in the scientific literature on the parameters of the sagittal balance and to develop new generalizing regression dependencies that allow one to link the parameters of the sagittal balance. For this purpose, the source data used for constructing such dependencies were collected from the literature. The results of the sagittal balance measurement of Saratov State Medical University patients were also used in this study. We selected the initial numerical data linking the main parameters of the sagittal balance from the literature. The data was digitized and processed using statistics methods. Regression dependencies were obtained that allow calculating lumbar lordosis pelvic tilt, and sacral slope through the pelvic incidence of a particular patient. Generalizing dependences make it possible to systematize the clinical experience accumulated in the literature and were used in the development of the world's first system for preoperative planning of surgical treatment of the consequences and diseases of the spine-pelvic complex with biomechanical support of the doctor's decision.

Maximal Respiratory Pressure Reference Values for Hopi Children Ages 4-13.

The purpose of this study was to develop MRP reference values and prediction equations for Hopi children in the ages 4-13 years. A cross-sectional study was undertaken with 288 healthy children (125 male, 163 female), a 36% representative population of all the Hopi Native children attending Hopi Tribal Elementary Schools in Arizona. MIP and MEP values were measured. Age and the inverse of body mass were consistently significant predictors of the MRPs for both sexes. Predictions using the derived Hopi equations were significantly different (p≤0.001) than those using the equations for Navajo and Caucasian youth across both sexes, making it important for this population to have specific formulae to provide more accurate reference values. These data were collected from the children of Hopi ancestry resulting in MIP and MEP reference equations which should be used when measuring MIP and MEP in these children ages 4-13 years.

LETHARGY AND HYPOTONIA IN A PRETERM NEONATE – USUAL SYMPTOM WITH UNUSUAL DIAGNOSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL TRIFUNCTIONAL PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

Background: Methodical evaluation of a neonate with common clinical findings (hypotonia and lethargy) is important whenever it cannot be attributed to the frequent causes. This case report is on a preterm neonate with persistent hypotonia and metabolic acidosis was evaluated and diagnosed with mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency. Report: A preterm male baby second born to second degree consanguineous parents was found to have profound lethargy and hypotonia with severe metabolic acidosis despite the shock being corrected. Management: In spite of negative reports of first tier investigations for inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), baby was started on carnitine and biotin with strong clinical suspicion for IEM. Whole exome sequencing in the baby and Sanger sequencing in mother showed same gene mutation in HADHA gene suggesting mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTFP) deficiency. He was started on special infant formula containing medium chain triglycerides along with breastfeeding. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and initiation of fat modified diet, avoiding catabolic stress situation and aggressive treatment during intercurrent illness can have satisfactory growth and development in the child.

The effectiveness of the use of a specialized formula based on hydrolyzed milk protein in children older than 1 year of age with cystic fibrosis

Introduction. Malabsorption syndrome is one of the most common manifestations of intestinal insufficiency in cystic fibrosis (CF). CF being the cause of protein-energy malnutrition, so diet therapy using specialized enteral nutrition products is an integral part of CF complex treatment. Purpose. Evaluation of the tolerability and effectiveness of the domestic specialized semi-elemental formula based on hydrolyzed milk protein «NUTRIEN® Elemental» in the treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in CF children older than 1 year of age with malabsorption syndrome. Materials and methods. Under supervision were 32 CF one year 3 months to 17-year children with a mixed form of the disease and malnutrition. Twelve (38%) children had hypolactasia. Nutritional status was assessed using the WHO-Anthro for 1-5-year children and WHO-Anthro Plus for patients over 5 years of age) programs, and indices of clinical and biochemical blood tests. The average duration of follow-up was 21 day. Statistical processing was performed using « Statistica 6.0» («StatSoft Inc.», USA) and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results. While taking a specialized product, there was a decrease in the number of patients with severe and moderate forms of protein-energy malnutrition, a significant upward trend in such biochemical markers of nutritional status as prealbumin (p &lt; 0.01), transferrin (p &lt; 0.01), total protein (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion. The use of a domestic specialized product based on hydrolyzed milk protein «NUTRIEN® Elemental» in the diet therapy of sick children with malabsorption syndrome, including CF patients, indicates its positive effect on the indices of the nutritional status of patients and the course of the underlying disease.

A study showing a correlation between the effect of treadmill and ergometer on VOmax in athlete

The goal of this study was to correlate the effect of the treadmill and ergometer on V̇O through Bruce protocol and Mosso’s ergographDepending on the need for oxygen to tissues V̇O increases as a subject does treadmill from moderate to maximal. As exercise intensity increases so does oxygen consumption reaches the point where exercise intensity can continue to increase without the associated rise in oxygen consumption. As endurance training results in central and peripheral adaptations that markedly improve an individual's ability to perform physical work, athletes are thus commonly assumed to be able to tolerate many kinds of physiological stressors better than non-athletes. After getting approval from a medical ethics committee, data collection was done at the Stress test lab. at Nerul, Navi Mumbai by keeping some inclusive and exclusive criteria. After taking permission from the medical ethics committee. 40 athletes were asked to do treadmill as well as hand ergometer with a proper duration of exercise for 2 weeks and their V̇O were assessed by using specific formulae for treadmill and hand ergometer. For the treadmill, a protocol used was Bruce protocol while for the hand ergometer, the ergograph was used as Mosso's ergograph. For comparison and proper results, 40 non-athlete were asked to do treadmill and hand ergometer. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired T-test. In athletes,a good correlation was between the effect of treadmill and ergometer on V̇O(P&amp;#62;0.001) an athlete as compared to non-athletes (P&amp;#62;0.001) after estimating V̇O. V̇Owas found to be much more increased in athletes as well as non-athletes performing treadmill than athletes as well as non-athletes performing hand ergometry (P&amp;#62;0.001). It was concluded V̇O is found to be much more increased during treadmill than ergometer in athletes as compared to non-athletes.

Multivariate tail covariance risk measure for generalized skew-elliptical distributions

In this paper, the multivariate tail covariance (MTCov) for generalized skew-elliptical distributions is considered. Some special cases for this distribution, such as generalized skew-normal, generalized skew student-t, generalized skew-logistic and generalized skew-Laplace distributions, are also considered. In order to test the theoretical feasibility of our results, the MTCov for skewed and non skewed normal distributions is computed and compared. Finally, we give a special formula of the MTCov for generalized skew-elliptical distributions.

Application of AI Approaches to Estimate Discharge Coefficient of Novel Kind of Sharp-Crested V-Notch Weirs

In this study, the hydraulic features of the SCVW (a novel type of sharp-crested V-notch weirs) were scrutinized in the popular vertex angles θ, i.e., 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 128°, and 150°, under aerated, steady and free overflow conditions in an open channel for large physical models. To assess the changes of the discharge coefficient of the SCVW (i.e., CdSCVW) versus weir height and θ, widespread laboratory works were performed by measuring the water head over the crest of the weir and the discharge. Special formulas for the CdSCVW in the θ=60° were checked, and an appropriate empirical equation was recommended. The calculated CdSCVW by the proposed equation was within 0%–10% of the measured values. Three types of nonparametric artificial intelligence (AI) methods, namely, support vector regression (SVR), gene expression programming (GEP), and a robust hybrid model entitled hybrid (SVR-ACO) were developed to estimate the CdSCVW. For the sake of modeling, 196 experimental datasets were applied in the mentioned methods to evaluate the CdSCVW by taking into consideration the dimensionless variables which impact the determining procedure of the CdSCVW. In this modeling, by varying the architecture and core factors of the aforementioned methods, several scenarios were defined. The generated mathematical equation of CdSCVW by the best scenario of the GEP was compared with the corresponding measured values in which the results were in 0%–10%. According to the attained statistical indices, scatter plots, and the values of the total grade (TG) technique, the hybrid SVR(RBF)-ACO model was determined as the superior and optimal method to estimate the CdSCVW with high performance and accuracy.