Special Environment Research Articles

Dual-mode optical thermometers via the thermochromic Bi3+, Eu3+ co-doped La2LiSbO6 phosphors for real-time chip temperature monitoring

In recent years, with the increasing demand for non-contact temperature measurement, it is urgent to develop a new type of phosphor with double emission centers, high sensitivity and good reliability. A series of Bi3+and Eu3+ co-doped La2LiSbO6 double emission center phosphors were successfully prepared. The response characteristics of Bi3+and Eu3+ at different temperatures in the range of 293–473k were calculated by fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique. The optimal relative sensitivity Sr and absolute sensitivity Sa were 1.13 % K−1 and 1.27 % K−1, respectively. Hence, La2LiSbO6:Bi3+, Eu3+ phosphors have the capability of non-contact optical temperature measurement and are a promising material for application. The phosphor is combined with the optical fiber temperature sensor to monitor the real-time temperature of the computer central processing unit. The optical fiber temperature sensor system breaks through the limitations of traditional temperature measurement, and can be used in special environments such as small size and strong electromagnetic interference. It has become an ideal choice to replace the traditional temperature sensor.

Structure And Material Research For SFRC Pavement

The thesis,on the basis of summarizing the present study and appliance at abroad and home, integrates the present test standard with the special environment of pavement, to discuss systemically the design theory of pavement for supplying the reliable theory for the design. Then, ANSYS is used to make the stimulation calculation of SFRC, and to analyze the result, then as well as to put forward the slab length about 16m; Finally, to test the major property of SFRC verifies the favorable property of Steel fiber reinforced concrete, and connecting the practical conditions of pavement, by the structure design, verifies the feasibility of applied to supply a better way for designing the pavement.

Population Genetic Assessment Model Reveals Conservation Priorities for Gymnocypris Species Resources on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has nurtured a rich diversity of species because of its unique geographical and environmental conditions. Gymnocypris species (subfamily Schizopygopsinae) are primitive fishes that live in the special environment of the plateau, and their evolution and distribution are inseparable from the historical changes of the QTP. Recently, the resources of Gymnocypris species have been decreasing due to habit deterioration and the intensification of human activities. Therefore, the scientific conservation of the genetic resources of Gymnocypris species is urgently required. In this study, we established two models for the priority conservation assessment of germplasm resources of Gymnocypris species on the basis of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 674 individuals from eight Gymnocypris species populations. The results show that the Gymnocypris potanini (GPO), Gymnocypris eckloni (GE), and Gymnocypris przewalskii (GPR) populations are the most genetically diverse in terms of combined genetic diversity values and should be prioritized for conservation. In terms of genetic contribution, the GPO, GE, and GPR populations have a positive impact on maintaining the distinctiveness and diversity of the entire Gymnocypris species population and should be prioritized for conservation. However, in terms of different evolutionary clades, the Gymnocypris namensis, Gymnocypris waddellii, Gymnocypris dobula, and GE populations in clade A should be given priority for protection, the GE population in clade B should be given priority, and the GPR population in clade C should be given priority. In conclusion, the two models and assessment of conservation priorities will provide a scientific basis for the conservation of Gymnocypris species.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical and psychological aspects of temporomandibular disorders

BackgroundThe Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) caused drastic changes in people’s lifestyle that affected TMD characteristics through its physical and psychological influences. The aim of this study was to define the clinical and psychological characteristics of a large group of well-defined TMD patients and seek their differences between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to establish points of care to be emphasized in the post-pandemic era.MethodsTMD patients diagnosed by the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) aged ≥ 18 were analyzed. Samples between September, 2017 to July, 2019 (n = 455) and March, 2021 to June, 2022 (n = 338) were collected to represent before and during COVID-19, respectively. The Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) and Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) were used to evaluate disability levels and psychological status. Clinical indices were compared between COVID periods and factors related to higher pain levels were investigated according to pandemic period.ResultsMore patients reported pain on palpation of the masticatory muscles during the pandemic (p = 0.021) while the number decreased for neck muscles (p = 0.001) and TMJ (p < 0.001) areas. Patients reporting nocturnal bruxism (23.3–29.6%) and clenching (45.1–54.7%) significantly increased during the pandemic. TMD patients with pain without disability were more common during the pandemic regardless of pain intensity (p < 0.001). The number of patients expressing interference in daily activities decreased drastically during COVID-19 regardless of disability level (p < 0.001). Factors associated with higher than moderate pain intensity (CPI ≥ 50) were insomnia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.603, p = 0.047) and somatization (OR = 1.082, p < 0.001) before the pandemic. During the pandemic, age (OR = 1.024, p = 0.007), somatization (OR = 1.070, p = 0.006), and paranoid ideation (OR = 1.117, p = 0.003) were significantly associated with higher pain intensity.ConclusionsThe results of our study underline the importance of evaluating psychological profiles of TMD patients, especially somatization, paranoid ideation and psychoticism, in exceptional situations that may cause a change in individual mental status. This will lead to a better understanding of the individual TMD patient and help in planning personalized treatment strategies that will assist the patient in adjusting to changes occurring in special environments such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Transmission line defect detection based on feature fusion

Transmission lines are the lifeblood of the power system, and regular line inspections are required to ensure the operation of transmission lines. However, due to the special high-voltage environment of transmission lines, the pictures collected by UAVs are characterized by many background interferences and small defect samples, and it is difficult to directly detect line inspection methods based on deep learning. For this reason, this paper proposes a high and low-dimensional fusion framework, which divides the target detection task into four modules, and greatly reduces the technical volume of the model while retaining the high-dimensional features through the collaboration between modules. This paper also introduces the window attention mechanism based on YOLOv7, which allows the model to focus on local information and improve the model’s detection ability on small targets and also introduces the Wise-IOU loss to improve the model’s prediction accuracy and inference time. Experiments prove that the method in this paper can significantly improve the accuracy of model prediction while meeting the speed requirements of industrial scenarios.

The Phenomenon of “Artificial Intelligence” in the Formation of Transversal Competencies of the Future Teacher: Pros and Cons

This article updates the problem of professional training of the future teacher in the context of rethinking the education process, forming a system of knowledge, abilities and skills necessary for the professional competitiveness of the future specialist. An attempt was made to draw attention to the urgent need to modernize the educational process in the context of searching ways to effective adaptation of modern youth to the realities of the 21st century. The importance of the term “transversality”, which previously functioned in a highly specialized environment of mathematical sciences, is emphasized in order to explain its modern interpretation in the field of professional education. The rapid processes of globalization and the consequences of the fourth scientific and technical revolution 4.0 (since the middle of the 20th century), which encompassed the intellectual activity of mankind, contributed greatly to the informatization of society, highlighted the need to develop the ability to solve problems related to technological achievements and intercultural communication. A special role is assigned to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education and science; analyzed the research of Ukrainian and foreign scientists dedicated to the study of the processes of perception, understanding and use of artificial intelligence by a modern student. The positive and problematic aspects of the introduction of the capabilities of artificial intelligence in the educational process of higher education institutions are considered; impact of computerization on all spheres of social and economic life of society is proven. It was concluded that in modern education it is necessary to develop awareness and understanding of the complex nature of artificial intelligence, ethical norms of its application in the educational process; to form the skills of a conscious approach to determining the degree of effectiveness of the achievements of innovative processes.

Social Partnerships in Modern Russian Schools as a Tools for Creating a Rich Educational Environment and Overcoming Inequality

The aim of this article is to analyze the potential of social partnerships at schools when it comes to solving such problems as saturation of the educational environment and overcoming educational inequality. Schools are considered as a special environment that accumulates financial, cultural, and social resources. Post-Soviet schools adopting a course towards neo-managerialism would involve relative autonomy of schools and the stimulation of competition between them. As a result, the functions and forms of social partnerships at schools are undergoing transformation in comparison with the Soviet period. It is in the logic of neo-managerialism that social partnerships are presented as the primary means of overcoming educational inequality. The empirical foundation consisted of 88 interviews with employees of secondary educational institutions of the Perm Region. Analyzing the interviews allowed for explicating interpretations of the meanings and the evaluation of the effects of social partnerships at schools by the participants of the educational process. On this basis the possible risks of social partnerships are highlighted, such as: the risk of escalating educational inequality between schools and the intrusion of schools through partnerships into the sphere of state-unregulated experimentation. The disproportion is revealed in the breadth, diversity and sustainability of partnerships between “prestigious” schools and schools that do not rank particularly high. This is consistent with the general post-Soviet trend of differentiation of schools and, accordingly, varying degrees of success in developing a diverse educational environment, which leads to the risk of increasing educational inequality. The specific features of local, organizational and structural barriers that prevent schools from establishing social partnerships are analyzed.

Frictional Slip and Incremental Dynamic Analysis of Plate-rubber Bearing Continuous Girder Bridge by Ambient Temperature in Cold Region

Special mechanical environment, the environmental temperature or stress transformation easily to the final mechanical properties of the bridge components performance changes. The impact of the cold zone environment on the plate rubber-bearing beams is the object of study, Jining Road refined mechanics finite element analysis of the structural dynamic response study under seismic action. The results show that low temperature leads to bearing friction slip and material parameter changes, which affects the self-oscillation frequency and seismic susceptibility of the bridge. Due to the temperature-induced changes in the material properties and mechanical properties of the bearings, the first principal period of the bridge increases by 3% at high temperature for the EH and decreases by 19% at low temperature for the EL when compared to the first principal period under normal temperature conditions. Under different extreme temperature conditions, the fundamental period of the bridge is longitudinal, and the effective mode vibration participation mass is more than 90%. The maximum crossover frequency VALmax reaches 75.6 dB. Compared with room temperature, the bearing stress increased by 27.6% to 45.5%. The effect of EL stress change should be considered in the design of bridges in the alpine region.

Attachment performance analysis and experimental study of lunar rock bionic attachment device based on DEM-MBD

Lunar rock sampling is an important means of studying the evolutionary history of planets. However, facing the special microgravity environment of the Moon, general rock sampling drills cannot provide the torque and pressure required for the mission. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the sampling drill with attachment function. In this study, the claw spines of insects were simulated, and a biomimetic spine laminated structure with flexible connections was designed. The working principle of attachment and detachment was analyzed using a rod model with elastic characteristics. The process of biomimetic spines attaching to rough surfaces was simulated using the coupling method of multi-body dynamics and discrete element analysis (MBD-DEM). The mechanical properties of bionic claws during attachment were analyzed. Mechanical experiments were conducted on biomimetic spines attached to volcanic rock. The experiment results for single and multiple spines were compared with the simulation results, verifying the accuracy and reliability of the simulation model. Finally, A bionic attachment prototype was designed and tested for performance. The attachment device was integrated into a sampling drill and drilling experiments were conducted. This article provides important reference for the optimization of biomimetic spine structures, along with adding value to the design of attachment equipment.

Position Estimation Method for Unmanned Tracked Vehicles Based on a Steering Dynamics Model

A position estimation method for unmanned tracked vehicles based on a steering dynamics model was developed during this study. This method can be used to estimate the position of a tracked vehicle in real time without relying on a high-precision positioning system. First, the relationship between the shear displacement of the track relative to the ground and the speed and yaw rate of the tracked vehicle during the steering process was analyzed. Next, the steering force of the tracked vehicle was calculated by using the shear force–displacement theory, and a steering dynamics model considering the acceleration of the vehicle was established. The experimental results show that this steering dynamics model produced more accurate position estimations for an unmanned tracked vehicle than did the kinematics model. This method can serve as a reference for the positioning of unmanned tracked vehicles working in special environments that cannot use precise positioning systems.

DNA metabarcoding reveals ecological patterns and driving mechanisms of archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic communities in sediments of the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole

The Sansha Yongle Blue Hole (SYBH) is the world’s deepest marine blue hole with unique physicochemical characteristics. However, our knowledge of the biodiversity and community structure in SYBH sediments remains limited, as past studies have mostly focused on microbial communities in the water column. Here, we collected sediment samples from the aerobic zone (3.1 to 38.6 m) and the deep anaerobic zone (150 m, 300 m) of the SYBH and extracted DNA to characterize the archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic communities inhabiting these sediments. Our results showed that the archaeal and bacterial communities were dominated by Thaumarchaeota and Proteobacteria, respectively. The dominant taxa of eukaryotes in different sites varied greatly, mainly including Phaeophyceae, Annelida, Diatomea and Arthropoda. All three examined domains showed clear vertical distributions and significant differences in community composition between the aerobic and anaerobic zones. Sulfide played a prominent role in structuring the three domains, followed by salinity, nitrous oxide, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen, all of which were positively correlated with the turnover component, the main contributor to beta diversity. Neutral community model revealed that stochastic processes contributed to more than half of the community variations across the three domains. Co-occurrence network showed an equal number of positive and negative interactions in the archaeal network, while positive interactions accounted for ~ 80% in the bacterial and eukaryotic networks. Our findings reveal the ecological features of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in SYBH sediments and shed new light on community dynamics and survival strategies in the special environment of marine blue holes.

Analisis Problematika Pembentukan Lingkungan Bahasa Arab

Learning Arabic for PBA students is not only sufficient to be conducted in the classroom, but there must be a special environment outside the classroom that supports the provision of language materials in the classroom. Therefore, PBA STAI Syaichona Moh. Cholil Bangkalan tries to create an Arabic environment from year to year. However, this effort cannot be separated from the various problems, so the purpose of this research is not only to describe the process of formation of the Arabic language environment, but also to analyze the problems of creating an Arabic environment in PBA STAI Syaichona Moh. Cholil Bangkalan. This research is a qualitative research to explore existing problems directly and not only through the existing literature. The results of this study are the creation of an Arabic speaking environment in PBA STAI Syaichona Moh. Cholil Bangkalan is formed in a formal and informal manner. While the problems in creating an Arabic speaking environment include an open campus environment, neighboring Islamic boarding schools and other non-Arabic speaking study programs, mother tongue interference, lack of motivation, lack of regulations for language offenders, no private dormitory for PBA students, lack of supervision from leadership, and absence of supporting funds.

Unlocking the Potential of Stem Cell Microenvironments In Vitro.

The field of regenerative medicine has recently witnessed groundbreaking advancements that hold immense promise for treating a wide range of diseases and injuries. At the forefront of this revolutionary progress are stem cells. Stem cells typically reside in specialized environments in vivo, known as microenvironments or niches, which play critical roles in regulating stem cell behavior and determining their fate. Therefore, understanding the complex microenvironments that surround stem cells is crucial for advancing treatment options in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. Several research articles have made significant contributions to this field by exploring the interactions between stem cells and their surrounding niches, investigating the influence of biomechanical and biochemical cues, and developing innovative strategies for tissue regeneration. This review highlights the key findings and contributions of these studies, shedding light on the diverse applications that may arise from the understanding of stem cell microenvironments, thus harnessing the power of these microenvironments to transform the landscape of medicine and offer new avenues for regenerative therapies.

Bimetallic FeOx-TiO2@Carbon hybrid structure materials with notable peroxidase enzyme mimics applied toone-step colorimetric detection of glucose.

FeOx-TiO2@Carbon hybrid structure materials (FeOx-TiO2@CHs) with high peroxidase (POD)-like activity have been preparedby one-pot hydrothermal method. Based on the excellent POD activity of FeOx-TiO2@CHs, one pot colorimetric detection for glucose was constructed by using TMB as substrate with the synergistic reaction of glucose oxidase; the linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) are 25 ~ 1000 and 1.77µM, respectively. Using this method, the glucose in serum real samples was detected with satisfactory results, and the results are consistent with that of the glucometer method in the hospital. The recovery in diabetic and artificial urine samples was 95.71 ~ 104.67% and 99.01 ~ 103.16%, respectively. Themechanism of the catalytic colorimetric reaction was also investigated by multiple measurements, and the results indicated that superoxide anions (O2•-) between FeOx-TiO2@CHs and substrate play a main role, but a small quantity of hydroxyl radical •OH and singlet oxygen 1O2 is also generated simultaneously. The one-pot reaction method is simple and fast; the detection process only requires a simple mixing, which is suitable for application in special environment.

Numerical investigation on cooling performance and control effect of a novel evaporation-driven cooling unit for Mars extravehicular space suit application

The special environment of Mars brings new challenges to the thermal control of spacecraft on Mars missions. The outstanding advantages of water evaporation cooling technology make it promising for use in the thermal control system of the Mars spacecraft. This paper proposes a novel concept of evaporation cooling hardware that integrates heat collection, heat transfer and heat rejection, namely evaporation-driven cooling unit. The evaporation-driven cooling unit has a simple structure, high evaporation efficiency and the potential to simplify the system topology. Furthermore, an expert hierarchical coordination control strategy applied to the Mars extravehicular space suit cooling loop with an evaporation-driven cooling unit as its heat sink is proposed. The dynamics model of this cooling loop is also constructed using the lumped parameter method. The numerical results have shown that the expert hierarchical coordination control strategy can achieve precise temperature control and reduce the water consumption of the system. The average water consumption rate during extravehicular activity is 0.6975 kg/h when the mean heat load is 572 W (including member metabolic heat and electronic waste heat). Compared to the open-loop case with the same input heat load, a typical extravehicular activity lasting 8 h will save about 11.5 g water if the expert hierarchical coordination control is applied. The proposed evaporation-driven cooling unit will provide more choices for heat rejection of extravehicular space suits. It is expected that the evaporation-driven cooling unit and expert hierarchical coordination control have potential applications in thermal control systems for other space vehicles in near-Earth orbit, on the surface of the Moon and Mars.

Analysis of Microbial Diversity and Community Structure of Rhizosphere Soil of Three Astragalus Species Grown in Special High-Cold Environment of Northwestern Yunnan, China.

Astragalus is a medicinal plant with obvious rhizosphere effects. At present, there are many Astragalus plants with high application value but low recognition and resource reserves in the northwestern area of Yunnan province, China. In this study, metagenomics was used to analyze the microbial diversity and community structure of rhizosphere soil of A. forrestii, A. acaulis, and A. ernestii plants grown in a special high-cold environment of northwestern Yunnan, China, at different altitudes ranging from 3225 to 4353 m. These microbes were taxonomically annotated to obtain 24 phyla and 501 genera for A. forrestii, 30 phyla and 504 genera for A. acaulis, as well as 39 phyla and 533 genera for A. ernestii. Overall, the dominant bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria, while the dominant fungal ones were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. At the genus level, Bradyrhizobium, Afipia, and Paraburkholderia were the most prevalent bacteria, and Hyaloscypha, Pseudogymnoascus, and Russula were the dominant fungal genera. Some of them are considered biocontrol microbes that could sustain the growth and health of host Astragalus plants. Redundancy analysis revealed that pH, TN, and SOM had a significant impact on the microbial community structures (p < 0.05). Finally, triterpene, flavonoid, polysaccharide, and amino acid metabolisms accounted for a high proportion of the enriched KEGG pathways, which possibly contributed to the synthesis of bioactive constituents in the Astragalus plants.

Exploring hierarchy shift of travelers’ public transport dependence using an improved Apriori algorithm

ABSTRACT Special external environments will lead to significant changes in the use behavior and dependence degree of different PT travellers, but it is difficult to analyze the mechanism of the hierarchy shift of travelers’ public transportation (PT) dependence. Exploring travelers’ dependence on PT is conducive to understanding individuals’ travel choice behavior and optimizing PT operation organizations. Developing methods for analyzing the internal causal relationship between travelers’ dependence on PT and the key influencing factors under the special condition is an issue. Therefore, the individual travel chains are constructed by associating and matching the multisource PT big data and travel survey data. Thereafter, the K-means algorithm and an improved Apriori algorithm are developed to mine the frequent association rules of groups, and a framework of cross-hierarchy policy implications is derived based on the differences in association rules. Finally, the stated preference survey method is used to measure the effectiveness of the policies.

A study on dynamic pressure sensor based on Pitot tube structure.

To meet the demand for the accurate measurements of the dynamic pressure of a shock wave, a composite dynamic pressure sensor design method is proposed based on the formation mechanism, propagation characteristics, special testing environment of the dynamic pressure, and Pitot tube structure. The dynamic pressure of the shock wave is evaluated by the total pressure and static pressure units installed in the composite sensor. FLUENT simulation software was used to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of the dynamic pressure sensor, and parameters such as the structural size and inlet position of the sensor were determined. In response to the special experimental environment of the shock wave, the requirements for the dynamic pressure measurements under damage conditions were analyzed, and a dynamic pressure testing system was established. Dynamic pressure tests with four 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene [C7H5(NO2)3] equivalents of 1, 2, 15, and 20kg were carried out. The experimental results show that the proposed sensor design method can accurately and effectively measure the dynamic pressure signal, and the dynamic pressure gain multiple decreases with an increase in the proportional distance. This provides an effective testing method for evaluating the dynamic pressure damage effect of ammunition systems.

Laser cladding of Ni60/WC composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy and its effect on microstructure and properties

Among its strong properties, titanium alloy is corrosion resistant, low density, and performs well at low temperatures. Aerospace, marine, automobile, armored, and biomedical equipment utilize it extensively. Titanium alloy also has some problems when used in some special environments, such as poor wear resistance and inadequate resistance to oxidation. By laser coating titanium alloy with Ni60/WC composite coating, the performance of titanium was better. To investigate impact of processing on cladding layer microstructure and properties, three different energy densities of 33.3 J/mm2, 46.7 J/mm2, and 53.3 J/mm2 were used for experiments. Between substrate coatings, there is strong metallurgical bonding at three laser energy densities. The coating’s microhardness first rises and then falls with increasing energy density. The performance of friction and wear coatings is superior to that of the substrate. Laser energy density at 33.3 J/mm2 has the best wear resistance coating.

외국인선원(E-10)의 인권 침해 실태와 개선방안

In the rural areas of Korean society, it is difficult to supply labour as the economically active population is declining. As a result, the demand for foreign workers is increasing rapidly, especially in the shipping industry, where foreign seafarers are recognized as an important labour force, and efforts are continuously being made to increase the number of foreign seafarers. However, foreign seafarers are exposed to the risk of human rights violations due to their special working environment and foreign status, and problems continue to arise. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare measures to prevent human rights violations of foreign seafarers and to improve the actual situation.&#x0D; Accordingly, based on this awareness of the problem, this study examined the actual conditions of foreign seafarers, focusing on reports about them. As a result of the review of domestic law and international human rights law, various problems were identified, such as the failure to guarantee the basic rights of foreign seafarers, the lack of working time regulations, the confiscation of passports and problems with employment contracts, and illegal activities due to dualisation. In order to solve these problems, this study proposed the following measures to improve the human rights of foreign seafarers. First, in order to resolve the problem of basic rights not being guaranteed due to the dualisation of the legal system, improvements are needed at the legislative level to guarantee minimum wage and prevent illegal wage arrears and deductions. Second, in order to solve the problem of the lack of clear regulations on seafarers' working hours, rest time regulations must be established in response to the application of minimum standards for seafarers and the extension of working hours. Thirdly, there is a need to introduce other forms of identification to replace passports or to establish a system for seafarers working at sea. In addition, in order to protect the health, safety, and human rights of seafarers, provisions for termination of employment contracts in special situations based on clear standards are necessary. Fourth, in order to solve the problem of illegal activities in the name of transmission fees or management fees due to dualisation, it is necessary to include provisions related to foreign seafarers in the Seafarers Act and take measures to strengthen the functions and responsibilities of relevant agencies. In addition, the government needs to strengthen specific regulations to ensure that the agreement process between transmission companies and the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives, which are agents for transmission fees and management fees, is conducted fairly. Fifth, practical management and supervision must be strengthened to prevent human rights violations arising from inconsistencies between the provisions of the Seafarers' Act and reality. In addition, it is necessary to provide a space for exchanging information by supporting the community of foreign seafarers, and to establish regulations to clearly prevent and monitor human rights violations of seafarers.&#x0D; At a time when the need for a policy to protect the human rights of foreign seafarers is being actively discussed, it is expected that the results of this study will be used as a basis for research on the respect and protection of the human rights of foreign seafarers.