Special Defense Research Articles

ORGANIZATIONAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY IN UKRAINE

The article provides a description of the innovative project Brave1 as the first coordination platform created for the purpose of effective cooperation between stakeholders in the defense tech industry, which works towards ensuring the development of 12 main priority areas for the dissemination of innovative technological developments in Ukraine.The role and quantitative characteristics of the redistribution of the fund of financial resources for the implementation of innovative projects through the mechanism of functioning of the studied platform are substantiated. The functionality of institutions related to the organizational and financial support of innovative development of weapons and military equipment under martial law, including through a platform with the participation of state budget funds, has been determined.The article outlines the main advantages and disadvantages of the current platform and identifies aspects that limit the level of inclusive access for certain categories of potential developers. The conducted research has made it possible to identify the essential features of Brave1 that are characteristic of the functioning of a specialized defense tech ecosystem, which provides access to all stakeholders involved to professionally provide them with organizational, informational, expert, financial and other types of support necessary to promote the development of innovative defense projects in Ukraine.The article summarizes a number of problematic aspects of the innovation platform's functioning and highlights the principles that are important for ensuring the provision of support to producers. The system of such principles includes the principles of transparency, efficiency, priority, objectivity and cyber resilience.They should be taken into account in the interaction of Brave1 participants in order to promote the development of efficiency and effectiveness of innovative technological solutions in the field of security and defense of Ukraine. The need to create new specialized clusters to provide organizational and financial support to national defense industry manufacturers is substantiated.

Study of directions of unification of technology transfer in ukraine with the regulation of the European Union

Problem setting. In modern economic conditions, the key to effective economic development of any country is the development of the production sphere of the national economy. At the same time, its level depends on the penetration of knowledge-intensive, advanced and breakthrough technologies. Most economically developed countries even implement integrated state policies aimed at stimulating and scaling technology transfer processes. Thanks to this, the number of those technologies that are implemented in the sphere of public production increases, and the share of highly competitive products increases significantly. The economic system of Ukraine is no exception to this rule. Thus, since 2006, Ukraine has had a special official document the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer”. Its main task is to determine the requirements of how the state (in the form of authorized bodies) will contribute to the scaling process of technology transfer. The course announced by Ukraine for joining the European Union (hereinafter referred to as “the EU”) imposes on it special obligations regarding the unification of regulatory approaches to the identification of technology transfer with EU requirements. The specified situation determines, on the one hand, the relevance of scientific research on this topic, and places on scientists the task of forming relevant proposals. It is science that should shape them and determine effective directions, methods and forms of unification of the principles of functioning of Ukraine with EU requirements and thereby stabilize and intensify the transfer of technologies. Purpose of research is to develop methods and techniques for unifying the regulatory approach to defining the essence of technology transfer in Ukraine with the requirements of the European Union. This will make it possible to formulate recommendations for the Ukrainian public authorities when they implement managerial decisions within the framework of the State technology policy and form the basis for proposals for amending its national regulatory acts. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following interrelated tasks: (1) to analyze the state of regulatory support for technology transfer under EU law; (2) to study the state of regulatory support for technology transfer under Ukrainian law; (3) to formulate proposals on the main directions of unification of legal regulation of technology transfer under Ukrainian law with the requirements of EU law. Analysis of recent research and publications. An analysis of recent research and publications on the topic shows that many scholars have considered the general issues of state intervention in the national economy. The problem of the essence of technology transfer has been studied both at the level of independent economic systems and within international organizational entities. Article’s main body. The object of this research is a set of regulatory methods and techniques for determining the content and essence of such a category as technology transfer. Both the requirements of Ukraine and the regulatory approaches of the European Union are studied. The analysis and generalization of the existing world and international approaches to the identification of the essence of technology transfer established that they are not unified among themselves and differ significantly from each other. It has been proven that this does not meet the needs of technology transfer participants and does not meet the strategic goals of Ukraine’s development. The expediency of expanding the existing concept of determining the essence of technology transfer defined in Ukraine is substantiated. Recommendations on directions for the unification of regulatory approaches to the definition of technology transfer with the European Union have been formed. The need to amend the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer” in order to bring it into line with the requirements of the European Union has been proven. Conclusions and prospects for development. It was determined that the current legislation of Ukraine contains a narrower approach to determining the essence of technology transfer. Recommendations on the unification of the requirements of Ukraine with the requirements of the EU, on the issue of identification of technology transfer, have been formed. The expediency of expanding the forms of technology transfer is substantiated by supplementing them with the following: – Transfer of technology during the implementation of special interstate defense and industrial programs. – Transfer of technology within the framework of grant funding and cooperation. – Transfer of technology during the implementation of public procurement. – Transfer of technology as a contribution to the integral property complex (statutory or accumulated capital) of economic entities. – Transfer of technology during the creation of startups.

Конституционные права детей: судебное признание и включение в конституционные тексты

At present, children's rights are subject to special protection and defence. However, it was not always so. Children's constitutional rights have not kept pace with world constitutionalism. An analysis of the constitutional traditions of different states shows that the consolidation of children's rights has undergone a long period of legal consolidation and the most important place in this process is occupied by the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, which approved the recognition of children's rights and their inclusion in the constitutional texts of all new Constitutions of states.

The role of the protective shield against UV-C radiation and its molecular interactions in Nostoc species (Cyanobacteria)

Cyanobacteria possess special defense mechanisms to protect themselves against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This study combines experimental and computational methods to identify the role of protective strategies in Nostoc species against UV-C radiation. To achieve this goal, various species of the genus Nostoc from diverse natural habitats in Iran were exposed to artificial UV-C radiation. The results indicated that UV-C treatment significantly reduced the photosynthetic pigments while simultaneously increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Notably, N. sphaericum ISB97 and Nostoc sp. ISB99, the brown Nostoc species isolated from habitats with high solar radiations, exhibited greater resistance compared to the green-colored species. Additionally, an increase in scytonemin content occurred with a high expression of key genes associated with its synthesis (scyF and scyD) during the later stages of UV-C exposure in these species. The molecular docking of scytonemin with lipopolysaccharides of the cyanobacteria that mainly cover the extracellular matrix revealed the top/side positioning of scytonemin on the glycans of these lipopolysaccharides to form a UV-protective shield. These findings pave the way for exploring the molecular effects of scytonemin in forming the UV protection shield in cyanobacteria, an aspect that has been ambiguous until now.

GLAD TIDINGS FOR INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Dear Reader, It is indeed heartening to note that the Indian Government has notified Rules for fast-track launch of new, breakthrough drugs including block-buster molecules, waiving or bypassing clinical trials in India under Chapter V of the Rules, where the relevant drug has already been approved in specified countries, such as the European Union, US, UK, Japan, Australia and Canada. This decision was announced through an executive order specifying the list of developed countries under Rule 101 of the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules (NCDT) 2019, issued by the DCGI, Dr. Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi. For the time being, the list of drugs covered under the order for approval of new drugs, under Chapter X are restricted to those for treatment of orphan drugs (rare diseases), new drugs for special defence purposes and those used in pandemic diseases, gene and cellular therapy products. It is further to be noted that drugs having significant therapeutic advances over the standard care, are also covered under this notification waiving domestic clinical trials. Indirectly, this waiver will not only help State Government and other public procurement agencies such as DGHS and Ayushman Bharat to reduce expenditure in their budgets, but also do away with animal trials in India in line with Indian and global initiatives. This initiative to selectively waive clinical trials will be a boon to research-based Indian Pharma companies too, for introducing generic equivalents of these drugs having significant therapeutic benefits to patients.

Dual Cross‐Linked Magnetic MXene Aerogel with High Strength and Durability Enables Multifunctionality

AbstractThe construction of lightweight yet robust, durable magnetic transition metal carbides and/or nitride (MXene) aerogels is highly desired for assembling high‐performance, multifunctional architectures. However, the fabrication and application of magnetic MXene aerogels is severely restricted by their inferior mechanical strength and poor water/oxygen resistance. Here, sustainable cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are employed for assisting in the physical and chemical dual cross‐linking to strongly bind the MXenes and MOF‐derived magnetic nanoparticles. The dual‐crosslinked magnetic MXene aerogels (D‐MMAs) achieve a density as low as 12 mg cm−3, and acquire a significantly improved mechanical strength of up to 1311% over physically crosslinked ones, as well as remarkably improved hydrophobicity, and oxidation stability. Furthermore, the multifunctional integration of efficient and tunable electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption, remarkable photothermal conversion, thermal insulation, prominent oil‐water separation, thin/thick oil and dye absorption capability, and the remote magnetic controllability is accomplished. Notably, the D‐MMA performs a maximum absorption intensity of −63.9 dB, and accomplishes a specific reflection loss of −1105 dB mm−1, comparable to the best MXene‐based EMW absorbers ever reported. Given its facile, scalable, and sustainable manufacturing approach, the multifunctional D‐MMAs hold great application prospects in various fields of next‐generation electronics, special equipment protection, defense, and aerospace.

Insulin Can Delay Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation In Vitro-Implication for Diabetic Wound Care?

Diabetes is a worldwide evolving disease with many associated complications, one of which is delayed or impaired wound healing. Appropriate wound healing strongly relies on the inflammatory reaction directly after injury, which is often altered in diabetic wound healing. After an injury, neutrophils are the first cells to enter the wound site. They have a special defense mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), consisting of released DNA coated with antimicrobial proteins and histones. Despite being a powerful weapon against pathogens, NETs were shown to contribute to impaired wound healing in diabetic mice and are associated with amputations in diabetic foot ulcer patients. The anti-diabetic drugs metformin and liraglutide have already been shown to regulate NET formation. In this study, the effect of insulin was investigated. NET formation after stimulation with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or calcium ionophore (CI) in the presence/absence of insulin was analyzed. Insulin led to a robust delay of LPS- and PMA-induced NET formation but had no effect on CI-induced NET formation. Mechanistically, insulin induced reactive oxygen species, phosphorylated p38, and ERK, but reduced citrullination of histone H3. Instead, bacterial killing was induced. Insulin might therefore be a new tool for the regulation of NET formation during diabetic wound healing, either in a systemic or topical application.

Probing the human epidermis by combining ToF-SIMS and multivariate analysis.

The mammalian organism is continuously exposed to various biological and chemical threats from its surroundings. In order to provide protection against these threats, mammals have developed a specialized defense system at the interface with their environment. This system, known as the epidermis, is mainly composed of stratified keratinocytes organized in a complex self-renewing structure providing a mechanical and chemical barrier at the skin surface. However, numerous skin-related pathologies can interfere with the proper formation and function of the epidermal barrier. The pathogenesis of these alterations is often very complex. Understanding the changes induced in epidermal tissues by these pathologies at a molecular level is key for their treatment and prevention. In this context, this work aims at developing a thorough and reproducible characterization methodology of the human epidermis by applying ToF-SIMS to the study of an in vitro epidermal model known as reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). Indeed, although the potential of ToF-SIMS for the characterization of the mammalian skin has already been demonstrated, very few studies focus their efforts on the human epidermis itself. Here, we performed static ToF-SIMS characterizations of RHE cryosections, combining both high mass and high lateral resolution acquisitions. In addition, principal components analysis was used as a multivariate analysis tool. This contributed to the decorrelation of the complex datasets obtained from these biological systems and allowed capturing of their most statistically representative spectral features. Remarkably, this tool proved to be successful in extracting meaningful biological information from the datasets by yielding principal components distinguishing the cornified layers from the metabolically active epidermal cells. Finally, on the basis of multiple ToF-SIMS acquisitions, we showed that this methodology allows for the convenient production of experimental replicates, a key feature often difficult to achieve in ex vivo approaches.

Kerjasama Internasional Korea Selatan Dengan Indonesia (Studi Kasus Peningkatan Status Kerjasama Dari Strategic Partnership Menjadi Special Strategic Partnership Tahun 2017)

This research analyzes the bilateral cooperation relationship between Indonesia and South Korea regarding the increase in the status of cooperation from Strategic Partnership to Special Strategic Partnership. In this case, the focus of research is on the factors that made Indonesia agree to increase the status of cooperation to become a Special Strategic Partnership with South Korea. In addition to the existence of a free and active policy which is the basis of Indonesia's foreign policy, which makes Indonesia free to make friends and establish cooperation with any country, there is also a foreign policy. During the reign of President Joko Widodo, that accelerated infrastructure development, which of course required investment from other countries, and South Korea became one of the countries that invested in Indonesia. By conducting qualitative research, namely by reviewing the literature, and by using the concept of international cooperation, this thesis finds the factors that made Indonesia agree to increase the status of cooperation with South Korea to become a Special Strategic Partnership, namely, economic factors, defense and security factors, and social culture factors.

Laticifer growth pattern is guided by cytoskeleton organization.

Laticifers are secretory structures that produce latex, forming a specialized defense system against herbivory. Studies using anatomical approaches to investigate laticifer growth patterns have described their origin; however, their mode of growth, i.e., whether growth is intrusive or diffuse, remains unclear. Studies investigating how cytoskeleton filaments may influence laticifer shape establishment and growth patterns are lacking. In this study, we combined microtubule immunostaining and developmental anatomy to investigate the growth patterns in different types of laticifers. Standard anatomical methods were used to study laticifer development. Microtubules were labelled through immunolocalization of α-tubulin in three types of laticifers from three different plant species: nonanastomosing (Urvillea ulmacea), anastomosing unbranched with partial degradation of terminal cell walls (Ipomoea nil), and anastomosing branched laticifers with early and complete degradation of terminal cell walls (Asclepias curassavica). In both nonanastomosing and anastomosing laticifers, as well as in differentiating meristematic cells, parenchyma cells and idioblasts, microtubules were perpendicularly aligned to the cell growth axis. The analyses of laticifer microtubule orientation revealed an arrangement that corresponds to those cells that grow diffusely within the plant body. Nonanastomosing and anastomosing laticifers, branched or not, have a pattern which indicates diffuse growth. This innovative study on secretory structures represents a major advance in the knowledge of laticifers and their growth mode.

WINNING A CIVIL CASE WITHOUT GIVING ANY KIND OF EVIDENCE WHATSOEVER? Jordaan v Bloemfontein Transitional Local Authority [2004] 1 All SA 496 (SCA), 2004 3 SA 371 (SCA)

The standard of proof in a civil case is the well-known preponderance (balance) of probabilities. This requires of the party on whom the onus lies, in order to be successful, to satisfy the court that he is entitled to succeed on his claim or defence, as the case may be (Pillay v Krishna 1946 AD 946 952-953). The onus of establishing a case in accordance with this standard is on the party who makes the assertion since if a person claims something from another in a court of law, he has to satisfy the court that he is entitled to it (Pillay v Krishna supra 951; and Van Wyk v Lewis 1924 AD 438 444). According to Voet (22.3.10) the position is: “He who asserts, proves, and nothe who denies, since a denial of a fact cannot naturally be proved, provided that it is a fact that is denied and that the denial is absolute.” The person who makes the claim, and accordingly bears the onus of proof, is invariably the plaintiff. However, there are situations in which the defendant bears the onus. This ordinarily happens when the defendant is not content with a mere denial of the claim against him but sets up a special defence. In respect of the special defence the defendant becomes the claimant. For the specialdefence to succeed the defendant must satisfy the court that he is entitled to succeed on it (Pillay v Krishna supra 952; Corpus Juris (D.44.1.1); and Voet 22.3.9).The word “onus”, in this context, refers to the duty which is cast on the particular litigant, in order to be successful, of finally satisfying the court that he is entitled to succeed on his claim or defence, as the case may be. This is the meaning of the word in its true and original (primary) sense. In this sense the onus never shifts from the party upon which it originally rested (South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 3 SA 534 (A) 548A-B). In a secondary sense the word means the duty cast upon a litigant to adduce evidence in order to combat a prima facie case made by the opponent. In this sense the onus refers to the burden of adducing evidence in rebuttal. This may shift or be transferred in the course of the case, depending upon the measure of proof furnished by the one party or the other (South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd supra 548).

Prey defence phenotype mediates multiple-predator effects in tri-trophic food webs.

The emphasis on mechanisms governing the interaction among predators (e.g. cooperation, competition or intraguild predation) has driven the understanding of multiple-predator effects on prey survival and dynamics. However, overwhelming evidence shows that prey can adaptively respond to predators, exhibiting multiple defensive phenotypes to cope with predation. Nevertheless, there is still a relatively scarce theory connecting the emergence of prey defences in complex multi-predator scenarios and their ecological consequences. Using a mathematical approach, we evaluated the prevalence of defended prey phenotypes as a function of predator-induced mortality in a two-predator system, and how prey and phenotype dynamics affect trophic cascades. We also evaluated such responses when prey manifests a general defence against both predators (i.e. risk reducing) or a specialized defence against one predator at the expense of defence against the other predator (i.e. risk trade-off), and when such phenotypes induce fitness and foraging costs. We showed that the emergence of defended phenotypes under multiple predators depends on predator-induced mortality rates, the magnitude of phenotype costs and the effect of the defensive phenotype on the performance of all predators. Risk-reducing phenotypes enhance prioritized responses to predators with high killing rates, but prioritized responses are diminished when prey manifest risk trade-off phenotypes. Finally, we showed that resource abundance across the predation gradient directly depends on the prevalence of certain prey phenotypes and their effect on foraging costs. Ultimately, our results depict the implications of prey defences on prey and basal resources abundance in a multiple predators' environment, highlighting the role of the identity of defensive strategies in mediating the strength and nature of trophic cascades, via consumptive or non-consumptive effects.

Nematode Extract-Induced Resistance in Cowpea against M.Incognita

Every plant in the world has a special defence mechanism to protect themselves from their enemies. In India, total crop losses annually 10-40% by plant-parasitic nematodes. These plant parasitic nematodes are roundworms, which are microscopic in nature. Although there are hundred different kinds of plant parasitic nematodes infect plants, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is one of the serious pest for cowpea plants. They manage to evolve sophisticated defence mechanism for their own protection and also creates interrelationship with the roots of their host plant to form giant cells. They also have the capacity to sense and respond to chemical signals of host plant and by this way they orient themselves within the roots and enhances own survival. Present investigation was carried out to establish the biocontrol potentiality of nematode extract (Meloidogyne sp.) on Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) L.walp variety infected with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid& White) Chitwood nematode. The result of in vitro laboratory bioassay showed that application of nematode extract safe for second- stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. The result of in vivo test revealed that nematode extract increased growth of inoculated plants in terms of shoot length, shoot weight and root length as compared with inoculated untreated plants. Application of nematode extract showed reduction in root gall number and number of nematode eggs in inoculated roots. In nematode extract treated plants PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia lyase) activity generally increased in the roots which may interfere with infected juveniles at the time of root penetration. Although there are several current management practices have been identified for plant nematode control such as use of botanicles, cultural practices, physical methods, chemical nematicides etc but application of nematode extract is one of new method which ultimately reduces management cost and enhances crop production.

Understanding of democracy and peace Gershon H.Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University

One of the great changes in the world situation after World War II was the long period of peace without war between democracies and even great powers. However, the world is not easy in the halo of peace. The smoke of local wars such as the Iraq war has not yet dissipated, and frequent terrorist groups is worrying. In Asia, Japan's military influence, which is second only to the United States, cannot be underestimated. Its defense strategy changes from specialized defense to outward defense. This situation brings a new threat to the security of all countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The problem of the "security dilemma" remains one of the major issues in international politics today. In this regard, realism puts forward the theory of potential equalization and deterrence, while liberalism puts forward the theory of world government, collective security, economic interdependence, and democratic peace. Among them, democratic peace theory, as a popular theory in the field of western international relations research, has aroused wide controversy in the academic circles. "Democratic peace theory" believes that there is no or little war between democratic countries, and "non-democratic countries" are the root cause of war, and expanding democracy is the inevitable requirement for maintaining peace. "Democratic peace theory" does not conform with historical facts, it is the theoretical basis for neo-interventionism in promoting human rights diplomacy. The relationship between democracy and peace is complex: peace between international society and international relations requires not only a domestic democracy, but also in international life; democracy is only one of the many reasons affecting international peace, It has limited impact on peace; the "democracy peace theory" advocates established peace is essentially local peace between western countries based on unreasonable international political and economic order, the consolidation of overall world peace and the establishment of just and reasonable new international order call for new democracy.

Rationality Was Lost on the United States Supreme Court in Its Kahler Decision.

In its recent Kahler decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Kansas' abolition of the state's insanity defense was constitutional. It did so by framing the matter as a choice between the state's mens rea defense and a moral capacity defense, then mischaracterizing the mens rea defense as a type of insanity defense. In analyzing the two approaches, the Court missed the fundamental importance of rationality in criminal mental responsibility, a constitutional requirement for other criminal competencies, and a condition well described in the Court's Panetti ruling. The Court's acceptance of the abolition of a special insanity defense is a public policy in the direction of further criminalizing and punishing rather than providing prompt and proper treatment to those with serious mental illness, at a time when increasing modern research demonstrates the success of insanity acquittee dispositions with improved treatment and management resulting in lower rates of relapse and criminal recidivism.

Discovery of coordinately regulated pathways that provide innate protection against interbacterial antagonism.

Bacterial survival is fraught with antagonism, including that deriving from viruses and competing bacterial cells. It is now appreciated that bacteria mount complex antiviral responses; however, whether a coordinated defense against bacterial threats is undertaken is not well understood. Previously, we showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess a danger-sensing pathway that is a critical fitness determinant during competition against other bacteria. Here, we conducted genome-wide screens in P. aeruginosa that reveal three conserved and widespread interbacterial antagonism resistance clusters (arc1-3). We find that although arc1-3 are coordinately activated by the Gac/Rsm danger-sensing system, they function independently and provide idiosyncratic defense capabilities, distinguishing them from general stress response pathways. Our findings demonstrate that Arc3 family proteins provide specific protection against phospholipase toxins by preventing the accumulation of lysophospholipids in a manner distinct from previously characterized membrane repair systems. These findings liken the response of P. aeruginosa to bacterial threats to that of eukaryotic innate immunity, wherein threat detection leads to the activation of specialized defense systems.

Shielding the oil reserves: the scutellum as a source of chemical defenses.

The cereal scutellum is a hub for diverse specialized defense metabolism and pathway discovery.

Simultaneous Observations of a Sporadic E Layer by Digisonde and SuperDARN HF Radars at Zhongshan, Antarctica

AbstractSporadic E (Es) layers could be composed of metallic ions and formed, modified, or transported by the action of convective electric fields in the high latitude ionosphere. In this paper, by utilizing simultaneous observations from Digisonde and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars at Zhongshan Station (ZHS, 69.4°S, 76.4°E), Antarctica, a thin Es layer, which initially formed in the lower F region and descended into the lower E region, with wavelike structures, was recorded by Digisonde on 14 November 2019. The Es layer‐related concurrent ionospheric irregularities were also detected by the SuperDARN ZHS HF radar. By using a global‐scale 2‐D convection map, combined with images from the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager instruments onboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft, it is proposed that the flow shears associated with the duskside convective circulation are responsible for the evolution of the Es layer. Moreover, using the HF radar elevation angle data to measure the scatter height, it is strongly suggested that the Es layer was elongated with convection circulation. The electrodynamic processes responsible for the formation and evolution of the Es layer are discussed.

АНАЛІЗ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ КІБЕРОБОРОНИ. НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The urgency of this work is due to one of the priorities of the national security system of Ukraine to perform the functions and tasks of the defense forces of Ukraine in conditions of destructive activity on the cybersecurity environment of the state. Modern development of information and cyber technologies and global informatization in the world have led to the fact that the information and cybersphere have become the object of various destructive influences on all spheres of society through cyberspace, which complemented existing ones, namely land, sea, air, space and became a sphere conflicts and possible hostilities. States, depending on the degree of their development, build different systems (models) of protection of their information, telecommunications infrastructures, determine the use of technological processes circulating in these systems and protect critical infrastructure from cyber threats, determine the functions, directions and ways of action in cyberspace. Today, more than 60 countries in the world are openly and / or covertly working to improve the functionality of national cybersecurity and cyber defense systems. National and coalition cyber forces are being created, their functions and tasks are being determined, the content and procedure of activity, composition, algorithms for training units, military and civilian specialists are being formed, strategies are being developed, regulatory framework, hardware and software complexes, and special cyber defense software are being improved. and tactics of their application. In general, the development and widespread implementation of communication systems and systems using innovative information and telecommunications technologies in military systems is in accordance with international rules for cyberwarfare, such as the Geneva Convention. At the same time, the main principles of formation of cybersecurity and cyber defense systems of the leading countries of the world are scientifically substantiated legislative, normative-legal, definition-terminological support. Under these conditions, the transformation of the regulatory framework takes into account the constant militarization of national segments of cyberspace, taking into account the criteria (indicators) of threats in cybersecurity and cyber defense of leading countries, the level of system readiness and acquisition of capabilities, etc. To address the issues of regulation and implementation of norms and rules of international organizations in the field of cybersecurity and cyber defense, it is proposed to analyze the current provisions (axiomatics) of the existing legislative, state and departmental regulatory framework, as well as the regulatory framework of international organizations. ITU) on cybersecurity.

The role of salicylic acid in the plant defense mechanism

Pollution and climate change negatively affect plant health. The growing demand for global food production in the agricultural sector is a decisive driving force for the development of new disease control methods that are effective against known pathogens. Plants possess specialized structures, chemicals, and complex defense mechanisms against pathogens. Understanding these defense mechanisms and pathways is critical to developing innovative approaches to protecting crops from disease. Plant stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid, which is involved in plant signaling. Salicylic acid induces pathogenetic gene expression and the synthesis of protective compounds involved in local and systemic acquired resistance. For this reason, salicylic acid can be used against pathogens, heavy metal stress, and salt stress. The applied salicylic acid enhances photosynthesis, growth, and various morphological, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms in stressed plants. In this article, we look at the use of exogenous salicylic acid for the relief of bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases.