Special Class Research Articles

Multiple object tracking training affects the executive function in basketball players: the role of instant feedback

BackgroundThe present study aims to investigate the potential impact of eight sessions of Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) training on the executive function in basketball players. The purpose of the study was primarily to observe the effects of MOT training with and without feedback on the executive function of basketball players.MethodsA sample of fifty-eight participants was selected from college students enrolled in a university basketball special selection class. The participants were divided into three equal groups. The first group received MOT training with instant feedback and was called feedback group, the second group received MOT training without instant feedback and was called no feedback group, and the third group did not receive any intervention and was called control group.ResultsAfter eight sessions of MOT training, feedback group demonstrated the best performance in the Go/No-go task and the 3-back task. After eight sessions of MOT training, there was no significant difference in test scores on the Stroop task between the feedback and no feedback groups. There was also no significant difference in test scores between the feedback and no feedback groups on the 2-back task after eight sessions of MOT training. The findings of this study suggest that MOT training can effectively enhance the executive function of basketball players.ConclusionsMOT training was found to enhance the executive function of basketball players, irrespective of whether they received instant feedback. However, the feedback group exhibited superior improvements in the Go/No-go task and the 3-back task.

Restrained Global Defensive Alliances in Graphs

A defensive alliance in a graph G is a nonempty set of vertices S ⊆ V (G) such that for every vertex v ∈ S, |N[v] ∩ S| ≥ |N(v) ∩ (V (G) ∖ S)|. A defensive alliance S is called global if every vertex in V (G) ∖ S is adjacent to at least one member of the alliance S. In this paper, the concept of restrained global defensive alliance in graphs was introduced. In particular, a global defensive alliance S is a restrained global defensive alliance if the induced subgraph of V ∖ S has no isolated vertex. Here, some properties of this alliance were identified, and its bounds were also determined. In addition, the restrained global defensive alliance number was also formulated, along with characterizations of some special classes of graphs, specifically complete, complete bipartite, and path graphs.

Improving Junior High School Students' Response and Science Learning Outcomes in Special Sports Class Through Animated Learning Media

This research aims to improve student responsiveness and science learning outcomes in special sports classes by using animated learning media. Through this research, it is hoped that student responses during teaching and learning activities will increase and science learning activities will become enjoyable so that ultimately, they can improve science learning outcomes. This research is a three-cycle Classroom Action Research. Each cycle consists of four stages. The research subjects were 36 class VIII students (special sports class) at one of the state junior high schools in Samarinda. The research instruments used were student responsiveness observation sheets during teaching and learning activities, learning activity observation sheets, and learning outcomes instruments (post-test questions). The resulting data is then analyzed for the average value. In the first cycle learning outcomes reached 42% and student responsiveness to teacher activities in teaching and learning was only 56% (less). In cycle 2 learning outcomes reached 72% and student responsiveness to teacher activities in teaching and learning increased to 68%. In cycle 3 the science learning results for the special sports class finally reached classical completeness of 88% and responsiveness to teacher activities in teaching and learning reached 93% (exceeding the classical completeness standard). The results of this research show that animated learning media can improve responsiveness and science learning outcomes in special sports classes.

Comparison of Physical Education Learning Motivation between The Science Department and The Social Sciences Department

This study aims to determine whether there are differences in motivation to study physical education between science majors and social studies majors at SMA Negeri 1 Subang. The research method used is non-experimental (ex post facto) with a comparative design, namely the research is directed to compare one sample group with another group. In this study, researchers wanted to compare the level of motivation to learn science majors with social studies majors at SMA Negeri 1 Samarinda. The population in this study were students of class XII IPA and XII IPS SMA Negeri 1 Samarinda, totaling 364 students with a sample taken of 20% of the population, namely 69 respondents. The instrument used in this study was a motivational questionnaire which was tested for validity and reliability by the author with the results of 25 valid items out of 27 existing item items and a reliability level of 0.902. In this study, the hypothesis was tested using the independent sample t-test formula with a result of 0.002 < 0.05, so with these results there was a significant difference between the motivation to study physical education majoring in science and social studies at SMA Negeri 1 Samarinda (exceeding the classical completeness standard). The results of this research show that animated learning media can improve responsiveness and science learning outcomes in special sports classes.

Amplitude reconstruction of acoustic emission signals on the base of its mathematical modeling as a stochastic process

The problem of random oscillations generated by inner defect within the neighborhood of the boundary of the elastic massive body under the pre-failure stage is considered. The investigation is based on results of the invariants’ method in acoustic emission (AE) theory consisting in the stability conditions of the mean of statistic distribution parameters of signal characteristics under the same pre-failure stage. The mathematical model of arising wave process of displacement oscillations in the massive body is constructed and the correctness of its using is studied. The problem in question is reduced to the investigation of a boundary integral equation in special stochastic process classes. The task of reconstructing from AE signals and describing the nature of the random process of defect radiation at the free boundary of the body is set. Some numerical are presented.

Signature-based standard basis algorithm under the framework of GVW algorithm

The GVW algorithm, one of the most important so-called signature-based algorithms, is designed to eliminate a large number of useless polynomial reductions from Buchberger's algorithm. The cover theorem serves as the theoretical foundation of the GVW algorithm, and up to now, it applies only to a certain class of monomial orders, namely global orders and a special class of local orders. In this paper we extend this theorem to any semigroup order, which can be either global, local or even mixed. Building upon the pioneering idea of the Mora normal form algorithm, we propose a more comprehensive and general proof for the cover theorem while bypassing the need to choose a minimal element from an infinite set of monomials in all the existing proofs. Therefore, the algorithm for signature-based standard bases is presented for any semigroup order under the framework of the GVW algorithm, and an example is given to provide an illustration of the algorithm.

Positivity and convexity in incomplete cooperative games

Incomplete cooperative games generalize the classical model of cooperative games by omitting the values of some of the coalitions. This allows for incorporating uncertainty into the model and studying the underlying games and possible payoff distributions based only on the partial information. In this paper, we conduct a systematic investigation of incomplete games, focusing on two important classes: positive and convex games. Regarding positivity, we generalize previous results from a special class of minimal incomplete games to a general setting. We characterize the non-extendability to a positive game by the existence of a certificate and provide a description of the set of positive extensions using its extreme games. These results also enable the construction of explicit formulas for several classes of incomplete games with special structures. The second part deals with convexity. We begin with the case of non-negative, minimal incomplete games. We establish the connection between incomplete games and the problem of completing partial functions and, consequently, provide a characterization of extendability and a full description of the set of symmetric convex extensions. This set serves as an approximation of the set of convex extensions.

Germ granule compartments coordinate specialized small RNA production

Germ granules are biomolecular condensates present in most animal germ cells. One function of germ granules is to help maintain germ cell totipotency by organizing mRNA regulatory machinery, including small RNA-based gene regulatory pathways. The C. elegans germ granule is compartmentalized into multiple subcompartments whose biological functions are largely unknown. Here, we identify an uncharted subcompartment of the C. elegans germ granule, which we term the E granule. The E granule is nonrandomly positioned within the germ granule. We identify five proteins that localize to the E granule, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) EGO-1, the Dicer-related helicase DRH-3, the Tudor domain-containing protein EKL-1, and two intrinsically disordered proteins, EGC-1 and ELLI-1. Localization of EGO-1 to the E granule enables synthesis of a specialized class of 22G RNAs, which derive exclusively from 5’ regions of a subset of germline-expressed mRNAs. Defects in E granule assembly elicit disordered production of endogenous siRNAs, which disturbs fertility and the RNAi response. Our results define a distinct subcompartment of the C. elegans germ granule and suggest that one function of germ granule compartmentalization is to facilitate the localized production of specialized classes of small regulatory RNAs.

Leanness Computation: Small Values and Special Graph Classes

Let u and v be vertices in a connected graph G = (V, E). For any integer k such that 0 ≤ k ≤ dG (u, v), the k-slice Sk (u, v) contains all vertices x on a shortest uv-path such that dG (u, x) = k. The leanness of G is the maximum diameter of a slice. This metric graph invariant has been studied under different names, such as "interval thinness" and "fellow traveler property". Graphs with leanness equal to 0, a.k.a. geodetic graphs, also have received special attention in Graph Theory. The practical computation of leanness in real-life complex networks has been studied recently (Mohammed et al., COMPLEX NETWORKS'21). In this paper, we give a finer-grained complexity analysis of two related problems, namely: deciding whether the leanness of a graph G is at most some small value ℓ; and computing the leanness on specific graph classes. We obtain improved algorithms in some cases, and time complexity lower bounds under plausible hypotheses.

PP The Role of Officers from the Special Child Development Institution Class II Banda Aceh in Dealing with the Adjustment Problems of Juvenile Inmates

PP The Role of Officers from the Special Child Development Institution Class II Banda Aceh in Dealing with the Adjustment Problems of Juvenile Inmates

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) assurance: early evidence

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has emerged to offer traditional financial services such as lending, borrowing, and trading without intermediaries (e.g., banks). DeFi transactions are typically executed using a special digital class of contracts called smart contracts. These contracts are self-executing and hard-coded directly on a blockchain. We observe the emergence of a new class of voluntary audits that evaluate the integrity of these contracts. Using a hand-coded sample of about 8,500 smart contract audit reports, we provide some of the first evidence showing that (1) these audits are pervasive, (2) the audit firm market is composed of new technical audit firms, (3) the scope of these audits can span a variety of contract features, (4) the audit inputs and outputs differ substantively from those of conventional financial audits, and (5) the market reacts positively to the release of these audit reports, suggesting that these reports are value-relevant. These findings highlight the demand for novel assurance services driven by blockchain technology.

A Liouville theorem for elliptic equations with a potential on infinite graphs

We investigate the validity of the Liouville property for a class of elliptic equations with a potential, posed on infinite graphs. Under suitable assumptions on the graph and on the potential, we prove that the unique bounded solution is u≡0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$u\\equiv 0$$\\end{document}. We also show that on a special class of graphs the condition on the potential is optimal, in the sense that if it fails, then there exist infinitely many bounded solutions.

Critical review of metal-ceramic composites fabricated through additive manufacturing for extreme condition applications

Metal-Ceramic composites are a special class of materials, including elements as matrix and reinforcements. These composites, especially metal matrix composites, are of great significance in several high-end engineering applications due to their tunable conductivity, strength, and toughness. This review paper summarizes studies carried out to fabricate metal-ceramic composites by additive manufacturing. Various metal matrix composites such as titanium matrix composites, cobalt matrix composites, iron matrix composites, nickel matrix composites, and aluminum matrix composites are elaborated in detail. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of applications, trends, opportunities, and outlook for additive manufacturing of Metal-Ceramic composites.

Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders

Abstract A general quasilinear sixth-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an important class of ODEs. The primary objective of this study is to establish a numerical method for solving a general class of quasilinear sixth-order partial differential equations (PDEs) and ODEs. However, the Runge–Kutta method (RKM) approach for solving special classes of ODEs has been generalized as an effort to solve the general class of ODEs. Nonlinear algebraic order condition (OCs) equations have been obtained up to the tenth order using the Taylor-series expansion methodology which is used to derive the novel generalized Runge–Kutta method (GRKM). In this study, a GRKM integrator has been derived for solving a general class of quasilinear sixth-order ODEs and then this method is modified subsequently to solve a class of PDEs. Accordingly, the proposed GRKM is modified to solve a quasilinear sixth-order PDE by converting it to a system of sixth-ODEs using the method of lines. Nine problems have been implemented to prove the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. Simulation results of these problems showed that the proposed numerical GRKM is an accurate and efficient method. In contrast, by comparing the proposed GRKM numerical approach with the classical RK method, the numerical results demonstrate that the direct integrator outperforms the indirect classical RK method in terms of algorithm complexity and function evaluations, proving that the numerical GRKM is efficient.

Carbon Nanodots: Preparation, Properties, Application (A Review)

Carbon nanodots are a special class of nanoparticles with a size of 1 nm, consisting mainly of carbon and having pronounced fluorescent properties. They have been discovered 20 years ago, and since then have found numerous applications as fluorescent sensors, photocatalysts, fluorescent inks, etc., which has led to the rapid development of methods for their production and study. This review summarizes modern ideas about the synthesis, isolation, optical properties and application of carbon nanodots. The main directions for further research in this area are formulated.

An Analysis of Inclusive Education Provisions in Matabeleland North Province in the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education in Zimbabwe

The aim of this study was to explore the issues, realities and challenges regarding the provision of special needs education in Matabeleland North Province of Zimbabwe. Inclusive Education Provision is making sure that teaching and the curriculum, school buildings, classrooms, play areas, transport and toilets are appropriate for all children at all levels. The literature pointed on limited resources, including funding, specialized staff, assistive technologies and accessible facilities as in existence in rural schools. Teachers’ preparedness has been put to question in Matabeleland schools as they seem to lack the necessary training to effectively teach students with diverse needs in their schools. The research was exploratory as no attempts were made to establish causal relationships and guided by the qualitative approach. A case study design was used to collect, present and analyse data. The population included purposively selected special schools and schools with special classes, resource units, integrated classes and inclusive classes in Matabeleland North Province. Purposive sampling was preferred and representative sample composed of ten school heads, five specialist teachers and ten parents. Open-ended questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect and gather data respectively. The study concluded that schools have made attempts in enhancing inclusive education provisions in Matabeleland North Province, although it is important to note that there are still challenges and areas for improvement. For successful inclusion, it was concluded that the Provincial Education Office requires a comprehensive approach that involves addressing attitudinal barriers, providing adequate resources and training, promoting collaboration and ensuring accessible environments as there is no commitment to continuous improvement and on-going dialogue among all stakeholders involved in the education of students with special educational needs. The study recommended that schools need to foster an inclusive school culture that values diversity, inclusivity and respect for all students without discriminating them. It was also recommended that schools need to involve parents and the community in the inclusive education processes.

Study on the interior equilibrium point of a special class of 2 × 2 × 2 asymmetric evolutionary games.

Many behavioural interactions in real life involve three individuals. When each individual has two alternative strategies, they can be abstracted into mathematical models by means of asymmetric games. In this paper, we explore a special class of asymmetric games satisfying fixed conditions. Firstly, we analyse two solitary interior equilibrium points and provide the judgement condition for their instability based on the Jacobi matrix local stability analysis method. Secondly, we analyse the interior equilibrium points that are continuously distributed within a line and probe into their stability conditions based on generalized Hamiltonian systems theory. Under the circumstances, the stable interior equilibrium point is surrounded by closed orbits in phase space, which presents an observable stable state where two strategies coexist and fluctuate in each of the three game populations. This work enriches the study of asymmetric games' evolutionary dynamics.

Nonergodicity of the geodesic flow on a special class of Cantor tree surfaces

A Riemann surface equipped with its conformal hyperbolic metric is parabolic if and only if the geodesic flow on its unit tangent bundle is ergodic. Let X X be a Cantor tree or a blooming Cantor tree Riemann surface. Fix a geodesic pants decomposition of X X and call the boundary geodesics in the decomposition cuffs. Basmajian, Hakobyan, and Šarić proved that if the lengths of cuffs are rapidly converging to zero, then X X is parabolic. More recently, Šarić proved a slightly slower convergence of lengths of cuffs to zero implies X X is not parabolic. In this paper, we interpolate between the two rates of convergence of the cuffs to zero and find that these surfaces are not parabolic, thus completing the picture.

통합교육 지원 순회교육 실태 및 요구 조사

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of operation and demands for a better direction as itinerant education for supporting integrated education is legally enacted. To this end, focus group interviews (FGI) were conducted with special education teacher. These teachers were in charge of integrated education support itinerant education for special education students attending schools without special classes at special education support centers of all local education support offices under the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education. As a result of the completed interviews, five major themes, 16 minor themes, and 54 meaning units were derived. Based on the research results, directions for better integrated education support and itinerant education were discussed and suggested.

Smooth Solutions of the tt* Equation: A Numerical Aided Case Study

An important special class of the tt* equations are the tt*-Toda equations. Guest et al. have given comprehensive studies on the tt*-Toda equations in a series of papers. The fine asymptotics for a large class of solutions of a special tt*-Toda equation, the case 4a in their classification, have been obtained in the paper [Comm. Math. Phys. 374 (2020), 923-973] in the series. Most of these formulas are obtained with elaborate reasoning and the calculations involved are lengthy. There are concerns about these formulas if they have not been verified by other methods. The first part of this paper is devoted to the numerical verification of these fine asymptotics. In fact, the numerical studies can do more and should do more. A natural question is whether we can find more such beautiful formulas in the tt* equation via numerical study. The second part of this paper is devoted to the numerical study of the fine asymptotics of the solutions in an enlarged class defined from the Stoke data side. All the fine asymptotics of the solutions in the enlarged class are found by the numerical study. The success of the numerical study is largely due to the truncation structures of the tt* equation.