Spearman's Rho Test Research Articles

The Relationship Between Age and Blood Sugar Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatient at Wonogiri Health Center, North Lampung in 2024

Background & Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status, carbohydrate intake, and fiber intake on blood sugar levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Wonogiri Health Center. Method: This study was conducted in December 2024. This research design uses analytic observational quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study were patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Wonogiri Health Center work area as many as 57 respondents. Bivariate analysis of this study using the Spearman Rho test. Result: his study shows that there is no significant relationship between age and blood sugar levels of respondents (Sig. > 0.05). This happens because each individual has differences regarding other risk factors such as lifestyle, physical activity that may affect the condition of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age and blood sugar levels of respondents.

The Effect of Aetoxylon sympetalum Essential Oil Treatment on Focus Endurance Level of First-Year Medical Students

First-year medical students tend to experience stress, which can affect how they maintain focus on their work. One alternative treatment that can be done is through relaxation techniques using aromatherapy in the form of essential oils. Crocodile agarwood (Aetoxylon sympetalum) is one of the plants that can provide anxiolytic and antidepressant effects that can be associated with these problems. This study aims to determine the effect of giving Aetoxylon sympetalum essential oil on the level of ability to maintain the focus of first-year students of the medical faculty. This quasi-experiment research method with a nonequivalent control group design was conducted on 34 samples which were divided into control and treatment groups with the same number to see the effect of essential oil on both groups. The research data were analyzed using Spearman's rho test and showed a significance value of 0.004 and a correlation coefficient value of 0.661, meaning that a significant correlation was obtained, the level of correlation between variables was strong and unidirectional. So it can be concluded that the more often inhaling Aetoxylon sympetalum essential oil, the ability to maintain focus will increase.

Relationship Between Stress And Ear-Nose-Throat Disorder Exam Values In Medical Education Students Of The Faculty Of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University

Stres academic is one of significant challenges? for student medicine, especially Because burden dense and demanding curriculum? high academic. Stress? This can influence performance academic in a way direct and also No directly. Research This focus on relationships between level stress and results exam module Disturbance Ear Nose Throat (ENT-KL) in students medical class of 2022 at Sam Ratulangi University . Research This aiming For analyze connection between level stress experienced? students and results mark exam module ENT-KL disorders, as well as give outlook related interventions that can done For support welfare students. Research use design observational analytic with cross-sectional approach. The sample consists of of the 204 students who met the requirements criteria inclusion. Stress level measured use Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) instrument, while mark exam module obtained from notes academic official. Analysis done using the Spearman-rho correlation test to determine connection between level stress and results mark exam. Most of student be at the level stress moderate (71.1%) and successful to obtain A grade (92.6%) on the exam module. The Spearman-rho test shows No existence connection significant between level stress and value test (p = 0.756; r = 0.022). Findings This show that level stress No in a way direct influence achievement academic student in module this. Research results This indicates that although level stress currently often experienced by students, this is the No always become barrier for achievement academic. Support institutional, such as training management stress and counseling, can help student with level stress tall For reach balance between pressure academic and performance.

Static Posture Instability as a Sensitive Biomarker for Motor Abnormalities in Pre-ataxic Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 Patients.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a neurodegenerative disorder, with balance instability as a feature of the disease. Balance instability often manifests before the onset of obvious ataxic symptoms in patients. However, current clinical scales exhibit limited sensitivity in characterizing changes in pre-ataxic patients. Our research aims to identify appropriate postural characteristics for tracking motor changes in pre-ataxic patients with SCA3 over time. The posturographic platform assessed 102 participants (34 pre-ataxic SCA3 patients, 34 ataxic patients with SCA3, and 34 healthy controls) to measure their postural balance. Multivariate comparative analyses assessed the differential postural characteristics across the three groups. The Taiwanese formula was employed to estimate the age of onset for pre-ataxic patients. A Spearman's rho test was employed to assess correlations between postural characteristics and the time manifestation for pre-ataxic patients. Compared to the healthy control group, we observed significant abnormalities in the static posture of pre-ataxic patients (P < 0.01). Compared to the pre-ataxic group, ataxic patients have significant abnormalities in all variables (P < 0.05). The sway range standard deviation (SD), total sway area, and limits of stability were positively correlated with the estimated time to onset. The total sway area is more closely associated with time to manifestation, whereas the sway range SD in the medial-lateral direction of the center of foot pressure is the most sensitive indicator of postural instability in pre-ataxic patients. Static posture instability is a sensitive diagnostic parameter that may assist in capturing disease progression in the pre-ataxic stage of SCA3. © 2025 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Evaluating governance structures in the implementation of early childhood policies: A pathway to sustainable development

The evaluation of general governance structures plays a crucial role in the implementation of early childhood policies, serving as a fundamental pillar for sustainable development. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between governance structures and the effectiveness of policies directed at child welfare in less sustainable rural communities in the Peruvian high-lands. The research was conducted with a sample of 260 officials and key stakeholders involved in the management and execution of these policies in the central highlands region of Peru. The study design was quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational in scope. Da-ta were collected using structured questionnaires that measured the perceptions of stakeholders regarding governance and its impact on early childhood policy outcomes. The data were ana-lyzed using the Spearman Rho test, yielding a correlation coefficient of r=0.528 and a significance level of p=0.003. These results allowed for the rejection of the null hypothesis and confirmed that governance structures have a significant impact on the effectiveness of early childhood policies. The instruments used to measure the variables demonstrated high reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.91 for governance and 0.80 for policy implementation effectiveness. The findings underscore that adopting inclusive and well-articulated governance structures can sub-stantially improve early childhood policy outcomes, promoting comprehensive development in children and strengthening the foundations for sustainable development, especially in rural communities with resource limitations.

Development of an andragogical model for optimizing di-dactic competencies in the public sector

The importance of the andragogical approach plays a fundamental role in the realm of profes-sional training, particularly in the public sector, emphasizing the improvement of the didactic competencies of trainers according to their employment regime. This research aimed to estab-lish the relationship between the andragogical approach and the optimization of didactic compe-tencies among professionals at a training center belonging to a public entity in Peru. The study was conducted with a sample of 120 public sector trainers, employing a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional research design with a correlational scope. Questionnaires were used to collect data, which were analyzed using the Spearman Rho test, yielding a correlation coefficient of r = 0.529 and a significance level of 0.002. These results allowed for the rejection of the null hypothesis and confirmed the hypothesis that the andragogical approach has a signifi-cant impact on improving didactic competencies. The instruments used to measure the variables showed high reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.890 and 0.873 for the andragogi-cal approach and didactic competencies, respectively. It was concluded that implementing an ef-fective andragogical approach can significantly contribute to strengthening professional compe-tencies, creating an enriching and efficient training environment for trainers in the public sector, depending on the developed model and context.

The Association of Occupation and Income with The Incidence of Stunting

Stunting is the most common form of child malnutrition worldwide, affecting 161 million children aged 0 to 5 years. One way to look at a community's general health condition is through the socioeconomic status within that group. This study aimed to determine the relationship between occupation and income with the incidence of stunting in the Ngalang sub-district. The design of this study was cross-sectional with a population of 85 parents who had toddlers aged 0-60 months with stunting conditions in Ngalang Village, Gunungkidul Yogyakarta. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with the Slovin method with an error tolerance of 10percent, so the sample size was 46 parents and stunted toddlers who met the inclusion criteria. Data were analysed using Spearman's rho test. The results showed that the father's job was p equal 0.021, the mother's job was p equal 0.70, and the family income was p equal 0.023. There is an association between father's occupation and family income on the condition of stunted toddlers. However, there is no relationship between the mother's job and the condition of stunted toddlers in Ngalang Village. The advice given in this study is that families with stunted toddlers should look for opportunities to increase family income, such as finding additional work or starting a small business from home.

Fibromyalgia severity and symptoms are associated with the disorders of gut-brain interaction.

Fibromyalgia remains an idiopathic common disorder characterised by widespread pain with no universally accepted treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome is prevalent among women living with fibromyalgia. The prevalence of other disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) and associations with fibromyalgia symptoms and severity is unknown. To evaluate the prevalence of the range of DGBI and associations with the symptoms and severity of fibromyalgia in women. A prospective observational study was conducted in New Zealand in 2022. A comprehensive survey included validated measures to identify DGBI (Rome IV) and items assessing the severity of fibromyalgia and pain symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life, mental health and migraine. Analysis was conducted employing Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. A total of 111 adult women with fibromyalgia enrolled in the study. Of these, 98 (93%) met the criteria for at least one DGBI, and 67 (68%) satisfied criteria for more than one. All groups of DGBI, and 11 specific DGBI were significantly associated with measures of pain, fibromyalgia severity, sleep problems and migraine (p < 0.05). Severity of pain and symptoms associated with fibromyalgia, including sleep problems, were also significantly associated with the functional bowel disorder severity index. This study demonstrated that the prevalence of DGBI in women with fibromyalgia extends beyond irritable bowel syndrome. Presence of multiple DGBI correlates with pain, severity indices of fibromyalgia and sleep problems. Further research is required to examine the aetiology of DGBI in this population. This observational study has identified important relationships between the broader DGBI, fibromyalgia pain and associated symptoms, particularly migraine and sleep disturbance. Notable correlations between the severity indices of each are demonstrated, suggesting that improvements in one domain may reduce pain and improve overall well-being. These findings highlight the importance of addressing each clinical feature of the condition when supporting patients with fibromyalgia.

Peer support and healthy lifestyle among adolescents in urban areas in Indonesia

Unhealthy lifestyles among adolescents in urban areas are still a problem. Peers are role models in adolescent's lifestyle. However, little is known about the peer support in eating behavior, sedentary lifestyle and physical activities, which thus needs to be explored. This study aims to analyze the relationship between peer support and adolescent lifestyle. This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample size of 105 adolescents using proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire. The Spearman rho test was performed to identify the relationship between peer support within a sedentary lifestyle and eating behavior, while to identify the relationship between peer support and physical activity using pearson, the level of significance was determined as p≤0.05. The results showed that there was a relationship between peer support and eating behavior (p=0.012; r=0.243) as well as adolescents' physical activity (p=0.001; r=0.324). There is no relationship between peer support and a sedentary lifestyle both on weekdays (p=0.181; r=0.131) and on weekends (p=0.735; r=0.033). The results show that peers have an important role in improving healthy lifestyle patterns in adolescents, especially in eating behavior and physical activity, so peer involvement interventions to improve healthy lifestyles in adolescents are recommended.

Cybersex behavior and related factors among adolescents in Indonesia

Cybersex behavior can lead to potential harm and addiction among adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze factors that influence cybersex behavior among adolescents. The design used in this study was a cross-sectional. Data was collected from students at senior high school from March to June 2022 using simple random sampling. Total sample was 140 students. The questionnaire were parental sexual communication questionnaires, family monitoring questionnaires, peer interaction questionnaires, internet addiction test (IAT), internet sex screening test. Data was analyzed using Spearman's Rho test. The results showed that parental sexual communication was in the low category (55.7%), family monitoring was in the low category (39.3%), most of the adolescent’s peer interaction was at a moderate level (88.6%), the use of social media was moderate (85%), cybersex behavior was at risk was 97.1%. The results show that there was a relationship between parental sexual communication and cybersex behavior (p=0.002); peer interaction and cybersex behavior (p=0.002), social media and cybersex behavior (p=0.000); family monitoring and cybersex behavior (ρ=0.000) among adolescents. Parental monitoring and communication, social media use education and look for positive peer are important factors to prevent cybersex behavior among adolescents.

Hubungan Lama Penggunaan Gadget dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong

Prolonged use of gadgets can affect elementary school students' learning achievement. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between the length of gadget use and the learning achievement of class IV and V students at SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong. Method: This research uses a quantitative correlation design with the Spearman rho statistical test. The questionnaire used to assess the length of gadget use consists of 7 questions. To assess student learning achievement, it is seen from the final semester grades. This research was conducted on class IV and V students of SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong, totaling 58 respondents. The sampling method used was total sumpling. Results: Based on the results of data analysis, it is known that 72.4% of respondents used gadgets in the short category and the remaining 27.6% used gadgets in the long category. Based on statistical tests using the Spearman rho test, the p value = 0.307 &gt; a value (0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion is that there is no relationship between the length of gadget use and the learning achievement of class IV and V students at SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong. The suggestion given is that future researchers can look for other factors that can influence learning achievement.

Correlation Between Parenting Pattern of Working Moms and Children's Independence at Kindergarten Hang Tuah 1 Surabaya

Social and economic changes in modern society have increased the number of parents working outside the home. This phenomenon has a significant impact on family dynamics and parenting patterns. One important aspect that needs to be investigated is how working parents affect the development of children's independence. Independence is an important aspect of child development, including the ability to make decisions, solve problems, and take responsibility for their actions. This study aims to explore the correlation between the parenting pattern of working moms and children's independence aged 5-6 years. This research is an observational study (non-experimental) with a cross-sectional research design. This study aims to examine the correlation between parenting patterns of working mothers (independent variable) and the independence of children aged 5-6 years (dependent variable). The research was conducted at Hang Tuah 1 Surabaya Kindergarten. The instruments used in this study were a modified Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version (PSDQ) and a questionnaire for children's independence. The statistical test used in this study is Spearman analysis. After processing the data using the spearman's rho test the results obtained p = 0.036 &lt;0.05. These results, show that there is a correlation between parenting patterns of working mothers and the independence of children aged 5-6 years at Hang Tuah 1 Surabaya Kindergarten. Working mothers should provide attention, affection, and warmth so that children's independence both in the home and school environment will be higher.

PENGARUH BEBAN KERJA DAN JOB- INSECURITY TERHADAP STRES KERJA PADA KARYAWAN DI PT. INTIDRAGON SURYATAMA MOJOKERTO

Workload and job insecurity are two main factors that support each other and influence stress that occurs in employees. A workload that is too high can make employees feel stressed and overwhelmed. This can cause stress both physically and mentally plus feelings of insecurity at work. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of workload and job insecurity on work stress among employees at PT. Intidragon Suryatama Mojokerto. The research design used correlational analytic with a cross sectional approach. The total population was 2500 respondents, a sample of 97 respondents was taken using random sampling techniques. The measuring tool used questionnaire, the results are processed through the stages of editing, coding, scoring, tabulating and analyzed by using the Spearman Rho test. The research results showed that there was no influence of workload on job stress (pvalue= 0.50), there was an influence of job insecurity on job stress (pvalue=0.036). The higher the level of job insecurity, the higher the level of work stress, conversely, the higher the workload does not guarantee that the work stress felt by employees will be higher

The Correlation Of Waist Circumference And Waist Hip Circumference Ratio With Vital Lung Capacity in Collage Students

Final college students tend to lack physical activity accompanied by unhealthy lifestyles, this habit can disrupt body metabolism and potentially cause obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for various conditions including cardiorespiratory disorders. This is related to the accumulation of fat in the abdomen affecting the limitation of respiratory muscle performance. This study aims to determine the correlation between waist circumference and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with lung vital capacity in students. This observational study used a cross-sectional study with the proportionate stratified random sampling method on final-year students of Physiotherapy S1, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Data collection was done using anthropometric measurements of waist circumference and waist-hip ratio using Medline and lung vital capacity using a spirometer. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate with the Spearmen's Rho test. The study's results obtained 127 students, consisting of 37 men and 90 women. Waist circumference of 58,3% of normal subjects, waist-hip ratio of 77,2% normal, and lung vital capacity value of 79,8% of normal subjects. The results of the hypothesis test of this study showed no significant relationship between waist circumference and waist-hip ratio with lung vital capacity with a value of p&gt; 0,05 (p = 0,091 and p = 0,341). The correlation test of waist circumference was negatively correlated but not significant (r = -0,151 &amp; r = 0,085). As the negative correlation value states, the higher the waist circumference, the lower the lung vital capacity. In contrast, the waist-hip ratio did not correlate significantly with lung vital capacity. This study concludes that there is no relationship between waist circumference and waist-hip ratio with lung vital capacity.

The Correlation Between Digital Literacy And Scientific Literacy Abilities With Students’ Learning Outcomes On Chemistry Material In Everyday Life

The development of science and technology in the 21st century demands the cultivation of literacy culture as an essential life skill. Digital literacy and scientific literacy are crucial literacy skills that need to be developed. Digital literacy emphasizes the ability to critically understand and use digital information, while scientific literacy involves a deep understanding of science and the ability to apply it in everyday life. The objectives of this study are to determine: (1) students’ digital literacy abilities; (2) students’ scientific literacy abilities; (3) students’ learning outcome criteria; (4) the correlation between digital literacy and learning outcomes; and (5) the correlation between scientific literacy and students’ learning outcomes on chemistry material in everyday life. This study employed a correlational research design with a quantitative approach. The subjects of the study consisted of 55 tenth-grade students from MAN 1 Nganjuk, selected using purposive sampling from a total population of 96 students. The data collection techniques included a digital literacy skills questionnaire, an essay test for scientific literacy, and a multiple-choice test for learning outcomes, each comprising 20 items. The instruments had been validated, with reliability values of 0.900, 0.854, and 0.863, respectively. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics and the Spearman rho test. The results of the study showed that: (1) the average level of students’ digital literacy is categorized as “good” with a score of 76.87; (2) the level of scientific literacy is categorized as “good” with an average score of 68.09; (3) the average learning outcome score is 85.27, categorized as “very good”; (4) there is a correlation between digital literacy and learning outcomes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.464, categorized as “moderate”; and (5) the correlation between scientific literacy and students’ learning outcomes in chemistry is strong, with a correlation coefficient of 0.611.

Assessing critical flood-prone districts and optimal shelter zones in the Brahmaputra Valley: Strategies for effective flood risk management

Frequent flooding has become a persistent issue in floodplain regions, causing significant disasters during each rainy season due to insufficient disaster management planning. This study proposes a methodology to prioritize flood susceptibility areas at the district level and identify suitable sites for flood shelters using a combination of machine learning algorithms and multi-criteria analysis, supported by geospatial technology. Flood shelter suitability mapping was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), while flood susceptibility zones were assessed using four different machine learning models: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Naive Bayes. The integration of machine learning models with the AHP technique is vital in situations where conventional numerical models face challenges due to limited data, such as river discharge and water levels. The methodology includes a multicollinearity assessment to ensure the independence of selected flood-causing factors, information gain ratio to identify the most influential factors, Spearman's rho test to verify correlations between the machine learning models, and ROC-AUC along with statistical regression for validating the accuracy of the flood susceptibility maps. The findings indicate that the SVM algorithm, given its strong performance and effective training datasets, is recommended for areas with similar physical characteristics. The district-wise priority map generated from the weighted results of flood susceptibility assessments will be useful for flood management and mitigation strategies. Additionally, the study found that applying the AHP technique to determine flood shelter suitability, after assessing flood-prone areas, enhanced the efficiency of the flood management process. This research offers valuable insights for authorities to better address flooding and improve flood prevention and management efforts in floodplain regions, contributing to broader climate change adaptation strategies.

The relationship between radiomorphometric indices and fractal dimension analysis: a cone-beam computed tomography study.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between radiomorphometric indices and fractal dimension (FD) analysis in jawbone radiographic density using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The study included 87 CBCT datasets from dental patients aged 50-79. Four radiomorphometric indices (Computed Tomography Cortical Index (CTCI), Computed Tomography Mental Index (CTMI), Computed Tomography Index-Superior (CTI-S), and Computed Tomography Index-Inferior (CTI-I)) along with age, gender, remaining teeth, and mandibular bone height were evaluated. FD was assessed in trabecular bone near the mental foramen (ROI 1) and on the mandibular cortical bone (ROI 2). Relationships between indices and variables were analyzed using Pearson chi-square, Fisher's exact, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's rho tests. ANOVA showed significant differences in mandibular bone height (p = .004) and FD at ROI 2 (p = .000) across three mandibular cortex types (C1, C2, C3). Spearman's rho indicated significant correlations between FD at ROI 2 and CTMI, CTI-S, CTI-I (p = .000), and between mandibular bone height and CTMI (p = .010). The correlations of FD at ROI 2 ranged from strongest to weakest with CTCI, CTMI, CTI-S, and CTI-I. High-risk osteoporosis radiomorphometric indices are associated with FD analysis of cortical bone.

Digital Mammography versus Contrast Enhanced Spectral Mammography in the Evaluation of Cases with Suspicious Breast Calcifications and its Impact on Surgeon’s Decision

Abstract Background Digital mammography (DM) is still considered the most reliable imaging technique and gold standard for detecting breast microcalcifications. However, differentiating between benign and malignant microcalcifications based on their shape and distribution can be further improved when combined with pathological contrast enhancement in a rapid Contrast Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) modality. Purpose This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CESM in suspicious breast calcifications as well as lesion extent and its impact on surgeon’s decision-making. Methods and materials This study is a prospective study that was approved by the Research Ethical Committees of the Radiology Department at Ain Shams University as well as the Radiology Department at the National Cancer Institute. It included 50 patients (with 54 breast lesions) with suspicious breast calcifications on DM. They were all scheduled for CESM. The identified lesions were classified into enhancing and non enhancing lesions. These lesions were further classified into benign and malignant by biopsy and histopathology, or follow up. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and total accuracy of DM and CESM were calculated and compared when using each of the studied modalities alone and when adding the two modalities together in diagnosis. Further more, Wilcox-signed rank test was used to compare largest diameter of lesions by both DM and CESM in comparison to histopathology in cases who underwent excisional biopsy. Non parametric correlation analysis using spearman rho test was used to test association of tumor size by different measures (DM, CESM and histopathology). Results Out of the 54 identified breast lesions, 19/54, 35% were benign and 35/54, 65% were malignant. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and total accuracy of DM were 91.4%, 70.8%, 62.7%, 93.9%, and 78% respectively as compared to 85.7%, 90.7%, 83.3%, 92.2%, and 89% for CESM. When adding CESM to DM the calculated diagnostic indices were raised to 100%, 70.8%, 64.8%, 100%, and 81% respectively. Regarding size estimation, Results showed that size of tumor by CESM was more correlated to that by pathology, correlation coefficient (r = 0.86), than DM and pathology, (r = 0.588). Mean difference in diameter (compared to pathology) for CESM was 1.28 mm, and 2.8 mm for DM, with no effects on surgical decision making. Cronbach's Alpha as a measure of reliability was 0.740 between size measurement by DM and pathology, indicating acceptable reliability. But it was 0.92 between CESM and pathology, indicating excellent reliability. Conclusion CESM is more specific than DM or when the results are combined. Also, the size of tumor by CESM was more correlated to that by pathology than that between DM and pathology. Yet these minute differences in measurements did not affect the surgical decision making. However, the surgical decision was significantly affected in cases that showed multicentricity detected by CESM but missed in initial mammography reports.

Association of vitamin intake with health-related quality of life in hemodialysis patients.

It is still uncertain whether vitamin intake is associated with better quality of life in hemodialysis patients. This study aims to assess the association between the quantity of supplemented vitamins and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in this population. This cross-sectional study included all patients on chronic hemodialysis from three units. Vitamins and micronutrients assessed were B1, B6, B12, C, D, folic acid, menaquinone, carnitine, zinc, and coenzyme Q10. Quality of life scores included the 8 domains of SF-36 and the 11 domains of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL). Bivariate analysis compared two groups of patients divided based on the median of vitamin intake. Spearman Rho test assessed the correlation between number of vitamins and different dimensions of HRQoL. A total of 183 patients were included. Median number of vitamins supplemented was 2 (1,3); 112 patients had an intake of ≤ 2 vitamins, and 71 patients were taking > 2 vitamins. There was a significant association between higher vitamin intake and the burden of kidney disease that remained significant in the multivariable analysis (p = 0.03), but no correlation between the number of vitamins (0 - 13) and different HRQoL scores. Sub-analyses of each category of vitamins showed no significant difference in HRQoL scores except for Vitamin B and staff encouragement (p = 0.01) and for multivitamins and quality of social interaction (p = 0.03). A higher number of vitamins in hemodialysis patients is associated with an increased perception of the burden of kidney disease. Interventional studies are needed to assess whether selective vitamin supplementation in case of deficiencies is associated with better quality of life.

The Relationship between Maternal Education Level, Exclusive Breastfeeding and History of Infectious Diseases with the Incident of Stunting in Toddlers

Stunting is a problem of chronic malnutrition caused by insufficient nutritional intake over a long period of time due to intake that is not in accordance with nutritional needs. Stunting can occur from the fetus in the womb and only appears when the child is two years old. Nutritional status not only describes the problem of deficiencies in certain nutrients, but is also related to the level of health and chronic diseases a person has. This research aims to determine the relationship between maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding and a history of infectious diseases with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of the Teluk Tiram Community Health Center, Banjarmasin. This type of analytical observational research with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were all mothers of toddlers in Teluk Tiram Village, totaling 770 toddlers. Samples were taken using accidental sampling of 20 people. Primary data in the form of respondent characteristics, mother's education level, exclusive breastfeeding and history of infectious diseases were obtained through interviews using questionnaires and nutritional status was obtained by anthropometric measurements (PB/U or TB/U). Data analysis using the Spearman's rho test. The results of research using the Spearman's rho test showed that there was no relationship between maternal education and the incidence of stunting (p=0.652), there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p=0.126) and there was no relationship between a history of infectious diseases. with the incidence of stunting (p=0.643).