Spatoglossum Asperum Research Articles

Sulfated xylogalactofucans from Spatoglossum asperum: Production, structural features and antiviral activity

In cultured cells, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infectivity is successfully inhibited by sulfated polysaccharides. Herein, we utilized an amalgamated extraction-sulfation procedure to produce two xylogalactofucan sulfates (S203 and S204) from Spatoglossum asperum using ClSO3H.Pyr/DMF and SO3.Pyr/DMF reagents, respectively. Among these xylogalactofucans, the 17 ± 12 kDa polymer (S203) with 14 % sulfate exhibited activity on several HSV variants, including an acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 strain. This is the first report of the anti-HSV activity of a sulfated xylogalactofucan of S. asperum. The effective concentration 50 % (EC50) value of S203 against HSV-1 strain F was 0.6 μg/mL with a selectivity index of 833. The backbone of this polymer (S203) is made up mostly of (1 → 4)-linked-α-l-Fucp units having sulfate groups typically at O–3 and sometimes at O–2 positions. Oligosaccharides containing Xyl, Gal and Fuc units confirms that they are an integral part of a single polymer, another novelty of this study.The EC50 values of the native xylogalactofucan (S202) and the SO3.Pyr/DMF modified polymer (S204), containing 2 % and 6 % sulfates, were >100 and 3.3 μg/mL, respectively. Introduction of sulfate groups enhanced their capability to inhibit the infection of cells by HSV-1. These findings suggest feasibility of inhibiting HSV attachment to cells by blocking viral entry with polysaccharide having specific structure.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized from marine algae Spatoglossum asperum: Antioxidant properties and seed germination enhancement

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown promising potential in plant growth under stressed conditions but marine algae synthesized AgNPs still remain least explored. In the current study, AgNPs have been synthesis by using the aqueous extract of marine brown alga Spatoglossum asperum as a reducing medium and their application in the growth of Vigna radiata seeds under salt stress conditions was studied. The antioxidant potential of AgNPs in comparison with algal extract was also assessed. The AgNPs synthesized using the algal extract was characterized by means of UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray (XRD) diffraction analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The FE-SEM and EDS results confirmed the formation of multi-shaped (spherical, cubical and nano-clusters) particles with average size of 43.65 nm. Developed AgNPs showed a surface plasmon resonance band at 425 nm and a face-centric cubic crystallographic structure with an average crystallite size of 23.05 nm. The FTIR spectrum ensured the involvement of di and polysulphides in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The results revealed that the algal synthesized AgNPs showed superior antioxidant activity compared to the algal extract alone and significantly enhanced seed germination in Vigna radiata under both normal and saline conditions. These findings suggest that Spatoglossum asperum derived AgNPs could play a pivotal role in agriculture and environmental sustainability.

Deciphering Bisphenol A degradation by Coelastrella sp. M60: unravelling metabolic insights through metabolomics analysis

Microalgae, owing to their efficacy and eco-friendliness, have emerged as a promising solution for mitigating the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA), a hazardous environmental pollutant. This current study was focused on the degradation of BPA by Coelastrella sp. M60 at various concentrations (10-50 mg/L). Further, the metabolic profiling of Coelastrella sp. M60 was performed using GC-MS analysis, and the results were revealed that BPA exposure modulated the metabolites profile with the presence of intermediates of BPA. In addition, highest lipid (43%) and pigment content (40%) at 20 and 10 mg/L of BPA respectively exposed to Coelastrella sp. M60 was achieved and enhanced fatty acid methyl esters recovery was facilitated by Cuprous oxide nanoparticles synthesised using Spatoglossum asperum. Thus, this study persuades thepotential of Coelastrella sp. M60 for BPA degradation and suggesting new avenues to remove the emerging contaminants in polluted water bodies and targeted metabolite expression in microalgae.

Network pharmacology integrated molecular docking of fucoidan against oral cancer and in vitro evaluation- A study using GEO datasets

Oral cancer is a widespread health concern in rural India due to a lack of awareness, delayed diagnosis and limited access to affordable treatment options. The current chemotherapy has notable side effects, underscoring the need for new drug candidates with improved bioavailability and specificity. In this current research, fucoidan, a sulphated polysaccharide, was extracted from the brown algae Spatoglossum asperum, and shown to be cytotoxic in vitro against oral cancer cells (KB cell line) at an IC50 of 107.76 µg/ml, suggesting its potential as a drug candidate. This study further aimed to explore the potential therapeutic implications of fucoidan in managing oral cancer using network pharmacology. PharmMapper, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and SuperPred were initially used to identify fucoidan protein targets. The identified targets were further screened against Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE23558, GSE25099 and GSE146483), OMIM, TCGA and GeneCards datasets to identify oral cancer-specific protein targets. The interactions between the selected proteins were visualised using STRING and Cytoscape. Subsequently, Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used for gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis of candidate targets. The cancer-related network was assessed using CancerGeneNet, while life expectancy based on the expression of the top 10 CytoHubba ranked hub genes was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier plots. Finally, EGFR, AKT1, HSP90AA1 and SRC were selected for docking and molecular dynamics simulation with fucoidan, using Maestro and GROMACS, respectively. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Effects of extracting solvents on phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of some seaweeds from the Bay of Bengal offshore Island

Seaweed is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, searching of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents as alternatives to a synthetic counterpart is of great interest. The effects of various extracting solvents (viz. methanol, ethanol, and acetone) on the phytochemical content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of seven seaweeds consisting of three brown seaweeds (Sargassum natans, Sargassum fluitans, Spatoglossum asperum), three red seaweeds (Hypnea pannosa, Hypnea musciformes, Porphyra linearis) and one green seaweed (Ulva lactuca) were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of crude extracts was evaluated by total antioxidant activity (TAA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Seaweed extracts were also tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion method. The total phenolic content (TPC) of seaweed extracts varied significantly (P < 0.05) ranging from 51.08 ± 0.72–74.62 ± 1.15 mg GAE/g. Methanolic extracts of S. natans showed significantly the highest TPC, total flavonoid content (79.22 ± 5.21 mg QE/g), and TAA (57.79 ± 4.35 mg AA/g) than other seaweed extracts. Methanolic extracts of S. natans also exhibited the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects (EC50 = 0.74 ± 0.04 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg/ml, respectively). While, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of S. natans showed significantly the highest effective concentration (ECA0.50) value (0.19 ± 0.02 mg/ml and 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/ml, respectively) of CUPRAC. Pearson's correlation test and principal component analysis showed the relation between TPC and various antioxidant activity assays of seaweed extracts. The seaweed methanolic extracts showed a comparatively higher zone of inhibition against all the bacterial strains than other solvent extracts. However, all the solvent extracts of U. lactuca were almost inactive against all the bacterial strains. The results of this study demonstrated that methanolic extracts of brown seaweeds showed comparatively better antioxidant and antibacterial activity, which could be used in the food and pharmaceutical applications.

Nutrient Composition, Physicobiochemical Analyses, Oxidative Stability and Antinutritional Assessment of Abundant Tropical Seaweeds from the Arabian Sea.

Foods enriched with nutritional compounds and biological activities, especially antioxidants, are considered healthier for human and/or animal consumption. Seaweeds are rich sources of biologically active metabolites and are used as functional foods. In this study, proximate compositions, physicobiochemical characteristics and oil oxidative stability were analyzed for 15 abundant tropical seaweeds (four green-Acrosiphonia orientalis, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Ulva fasciata, Ulva lactuca; six brown-Iyengaria stellata, Lobophora variegate, Padina boergesenii, Sargassum linearifolium, Spatoglossum asperum, Stoechospermum marginatum; and five red-Amphiroa anceps, Grateloupia indica, Halymenia porphyriformis, Scinaia carnosa, Solieria chordalis). All seaweeds were analyzed for the proximate composition, including moisture content, ash content, total sugar content, total proteins, total lipids, crude fiber, carotenoid content, total chlorophyll content, proline, iodine content, nitrogen-free extract, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Green seaweeds showed higher nutritional proximate composition, followed by brown and red seaweeds. Among the different seaweeds, Ulva, Caulerpa, Sargassum, Spatoglossum and Amphiroa showed high nutritional proximate composition compared to other seaweeds. High cation scavenging, free radical scavenging and total reducing activities were observed for Acrosiphonia, Caulerpa, Ulva, Sargassum, Spatoglossum and Iyengaria. It was also observed that 15 tropical seaweeds contained negligible amounts of antinutritional compounds, including tannic acid, phytic acid, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Nutritionally, green and brown seaweeds provided higher sources of energy (150-300 calories per 100 g) compared to red seaweeds (80-165 calories per 100 g). Additionally, this study also confirmed that tropical seaweeds improved the oxidative stability of food oils and, therefore, might be recommended as natural antioxidant additives. The overall results confirm that tropical seaweeds are potential sources of nutrition and antioxidants and may be explored as functional food, dietary supplementation or animal feed. Additionally, they may also be explored as food supplements for fortifying food products, as food toppings or for garnishing and seasoning foods. However, a human or animal toxicity analysis is required before any conclusive recommendation for daily food or feed intake can be made.

Bio-fabrication of gold nanoparticles from brown seaweeds for anticancer activity against glioblastoma through invitro and molecular docking approaches

This research aimed to investigate the mechanism of glioblastoma-killing action of brown seaweed Spatoglossum asperum fabricated gold nanoparticles (Sa-AuNPs) as a novel medication. UV spectroscopy revealed the surface plasmon resonance peak at 530 nm for the stability of bio-fabricated Sa-AuNPs. The XRD and SEM analysis affirmed the Sa-AuNPs were crystalline condition and cubic shapes with 20 nm size. The reducing and capping agents of organic compounds present in the Sa-AuNPs were identified by FTIR, NMR and Mass spectroscopic analysis. In addition, Sa-AuNPs showed excellent antioxidant activity through maximum inhibition of DPPH radicals (73.21%) and hydrogen peroxide radicals (68.9%). The biosynthesized Sa-AuNPs showed potent cytotoxic activity against LN-18 Glioblastoma cells (IC50 = 13.38 μg/mL). Furthermore, 11 genes involved in glioma cancer (as protein) and 10 compounds in the S. asperum (as Ligand) were picked for molecular docking. The docking result showed, among the 10 selected compounds, stigmast-5-en-3-ol has an effective binding affinity with 11 genes and effectively targeted EGFR, IDH and PTEN. This study concludes that Sa-AuNPs have potent antioxidant and anticancer activity due to the presence of bioactive molecules involved in the nanoparticle's reduction process. The research provides strong support for the prospective development of innovative treatments for glioblastoma.

Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using brown algae Spatoglossum asperum and its antioxidant and anticancer activities through in vitro and in silico studies

Green synthesized metal nanoparticles play a significant role in biomedical applications. This investigation focused on eco-friendly synthesized iron nanoparticles using marine brown algae Spatoglossum asperum which was evaluated for its anticancer and free radical scavenging activity against glioblastoma. The formation of iron nanoparticles confirmed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 400 nm by UV visible Spectrum. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of iron nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the functional groups in the algae extract that are involved in the ferrous ion oxidation into iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs). Scanning electron microscope images indicated that the produced nanoparticles were spherical and 16 nm in size, as had been predicted. The S. asperum-mediated Fe3O4NP has shown potential antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrayl and H2O2 activity and its scavenging inhibition was 80.13% and 62.21% determined at 50 µg/mL. The anticancer activity of the synthesized Fe3O4NP against human glioblastoma cells (LN-18) was analyzed and the Fe3O4NPs half inhibitory concentration was found to be 19.24 µg/mL. The findings of the investigation evaluated the binding affinities of different proteins expressed in glioblastoma with bioactive compounds in the S. asperum by performing molecular docking by autodock vina version 4.2. The results of the present investigation revealed that S. asperum-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant potential and effectively suppressed the proliferation of glioblastoma cancer cells.

EFFECTIVE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF BROWN SEAWEED Spatoglossum asperum J. AGARDH

Brown seaweeds are a ridiculous source of diversity of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotinoids, marine algae supply several external and internal ecological incomes. Spatoglossum asperum is a common brown seaweeds, rich sources of polyphenols, carotinoids vitamins, proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides, minerals, fibers. Its focused for phytochemical, physico-chemical parameter, fluorescence and Inorganic elements analysis, in results of phytochemical analysis presences of tannin, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and poly-phenol. Physicochemical parameter total ash 11.7%, moister content 1.23%, and extractive value 1.8%. Pphytochemicals secondary metabolites major role Fluorescence brown seaweed powder extraction different chemical phyto-components observed in visible light, short UV 254 nm, long UV 365 nm elimination of colouring observed. Phenolic, flavonoids compounds and are well known for their extraordinary bioactivities, including total antioxidants, scavenging and reducing. Concluded that the extraordinary medicinal property potential of the brown seaweed S. asperum, and also recommends brown seaweeds to be a part of daily diet.

ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTENTAL OF Spatoglossum asperum (BROWN SEAWEED); INSILICO MODEL

This study used GC-MS analysis and computational biology to examine the diabetic effect of bioactive substances obtained from brown seaweed. Using AutoDock/Vina in Pymol 4.2, the molecular docking of Spatoglossum asperum on the human PPAR- protein was determined and compared to that of the well-known PPAR- agonist Gilbenclamide. The analysis the active components of seaweed extracts is the main focus of the current investigation. 12 substances were discovered using GC-MS analysis and evaluated using AutoDock/Vina against PPAR. Docking tests showed that the existing phytochemical 9-Octadecenoic Acid (Z)-, Octadecyl Ester, obtained from seaweed, has the highest fitness score of -398.9 kcal/mol and may therefore be a potent anti-diabetic drug. This study could result in the creation of brand-new marine nutraceuticals that use brown seaweed to treat a number of diseases.

Antidiabetic effects of marine brown algae Spatoglossum asperum J. Ag. ethanolic extract on 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes activity an in vitro approach

Marine algae have emerged as good alternative source of medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, it’s used for anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, etc., In this study, anti-diabetic effect of brown seaweed Spatoglossum asperum was focused, We aimed systematically to examine the ethanolic extract effects of S. asperum (EESA) as an anti-diabetic agent using 3T3-L1 in vitro assay, focused through molecular works; protein extraction, DNA isolation, gene analysis, western blot, ROS measurement, senescence associated β-galactosidase and deoxy glucose uptakes. In results for p21/β-actin H2O2+EESA treated cells showed very good potential results showed (0.44), same combination reduced the toxic level (0.60) in p53/β-actin, awfully superior results showed (0.39) in p16/β-actin. In adiponectin (1.16), tnf-α (0.68), il6 (0.42), RFU (211.5), same combination in COMET assay observed that DNA damage (4.95), glucose uptake noticed (68.45%), mRNA expression in p53 showed (0.07), p21 (1.8), adiponectin (3.25), tnf-α obtained (1.95), il6 expression obtained (2), p16 expression (2). From the results concluded that the capability to supplement glucose absorption in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and augment glucose consumption activity through the appearance of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT 4).

Antioxidant, Scavenging, Reducing, and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Selected Tropical Brown Seaweeds Confirm the Nutraceutical Potential of Spatoglossum asperum.

Brown seaweeds have shown high potential of bioactivity and provide health benefits as an important functional food ingredient. Therefore, four abundantly growing tropical brown seaweeds—Iyengaria stellata, Spatoglossum asperum, Sargassum linearifolium, and Stoechospermum polypodioides—were collected from the Saurashtra Coast of the Arabian Sea. They were analyzed for metabolite profiling, biochemical activities (including total antioxidant, reducing, scavenging, and anti-proliferative characteristics), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A concentration-dependent antioxidant, reducing, and scavenging activities were observed for all four brown seaweeds. The S. asperum and I. stellata extracts showed maximum total antioxidant activity. S. asperum also showed high scavenging and reducing activities compared to other studied brown seaweeds. Further, S. asperum contained high total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to other brown seaweeds collected from the same coast. A multivariate correlation study confirmed a positive correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and biochemical activities (total antioxidant, scavenging and reducing) for all brown seaweeds. About 35% anti-proliferative activity was observed with S. asperum extract on Huh7 cells; in contrast S. polypodioide showed about 44% proliferation inhibition of Huh7 cells. Similarly, 26% proliferation inhibition of HeLa cells was observed with S. asperum extract. Overall, S. asperum possesses high total flavonoid and phenolic amounts, and showed potential antioxidant, scavenging and reducing characteristics. The study confirmed the nutraceutical potential of S. asperum and that it could be a promising functional food ingredient.

Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Property and Agar Yielding Potential of Macroalgae from Coasts of Cox’s Bazar and St. Martin’s Island of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Macroalgae are gaining popularity as unconventional food sources because of their essential nutrients and bioactive metabolites. Nutrient composition, phytochemical profile, and antioxidant property of five macroalgae have been investigated. The proximate composition analysis revealed the highest protein (19.99%) and fiber (26.82%) in Gracilaria tenuistipitata, crude fat (3.85%) in Spatoglossum asperum, and ash (14.71%) in Hypnea boergesenii. Mineral analysis indicated substantially high calcium and sodium in H. boergesenii (756.924 and 17.62 mg % DM, respectively), potassium in S. tenerrimum (523.77 mg% DM), iron in Enteromorpha intestinalis (98.27 mg% DM), copper in S. tenerrimum (2.24 mg% DM), and zinc in S. asperum (1.90 mg% DM). Chlorophyll and carotenoid were highest in E. intestinalis (1.57 mg/g) and S. asperum (0.19 mg/g), respectively. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids in algae. Agar extraction with 6% NaOH resulted in maximum agar yield from G. tenuistipitata. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay indicates that H. boergesenii exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 value, 91.06 ± 6.44 μg/mL). Together, these findings indicate that marine algae could be a rich source of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds with pharmacological potential suggesting their use as promising functional food ingredients for human well-being.

Impact of advanced extraction technologies and characterization of freeze-dried brown seaweed polysaccharides

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the extraction efficiency methods followed by freeze-drying of bioactive brown seaweed polysaccharides (BSPs). Brown seaweeds such as Sargassum wightii, Spatoglossum asperum, Colpomenia sinuosa, Padina tetrastromatica were considered in this study. Conventional solvent extraction (CSE), and advanced extraction techniques such as microwave-aided (MAE), ultrasound-aided (UAE), and enzyme-aided extractions (EAE) were attempted. MAE (2.5 GHz, 15 min) and UAE (50–60 kHz, 30 min) require minimum time and found to be thermal effective compared to the CSE method. EAE exhibited the maximal extraction efficiency of BSPs and S. wightii shown high polysaccharide content (54.99%). The antioxidant activity of all the extracted polysaccharides was evaluated and found to be maximum with P. tetrastromatica. Prebiotic activity assays were attempted on all EAE polysaccharides. Based on antioxidant and prebiotic activity, enzyme-assisted P. tetrastromatica extract was chosen to study for its characteristics using sophisticated analytical techniques. This study signifies the intertwined characteristics of antioxidant properties and shelf life along with its prebiotic activity of freeze-dried bioactive compounds for its desired purpose as a functional ingredient.

Anti-proliferative and ROS-inhibitory activities reveal the anticancer potential of Caulerpa species.

Seaweeds are considered a promising functional food and safe for human consumption as they have significant health benefits. Five abundant tropical seaweeds, Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Grateloupia indica, Sargassum linearifolium, and Spatoglossum asperum rich in metabolites, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds, were analyzed for the anti-proliferative and ROS inhibitory activities including transcript expression of cancer-linked key genes and apoptosis. C. racemosa var. macrophysa showed the maximum effective activities with a lower dose of extract, about 130 ± 30 and 23 ± 1μgml-1 EC50 dose for HeLa and Huh-7, respectively, followed by C. scalpelliformis, showing EC50 dose about 200 ± 10 and 140 ± 30μgml-1, respectively. Similarly, about 56% and 54% ROS inhibition were determined with Caulerpa spp. for HeLa and Huh-7 cells, respectively. Results indicated that tropical green seaweed Caulerpa spp. (C. racemosa var. macrophysa and C. scalpelliformis) have substantial potential of ROS inhibition. Further, it was observed that different cancer-linked marker proteins encoding genes were deferentially expressed with seaweed extracts in different cell lines. Overall, it is concluded that Caulerpa spp. are rich in antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. Caulerpa spp. have potential to be explored further for cancer preventive properties or functional food or nutraceuticals applications.

Molecular phylogeny of Punctaria mageshimensis reveals evidence for its transfer to Spatoglossum as S. mageshimense (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)

SUMMARYTaxonomy of the little‐studied brown algal species Punctaria mageshimensis (Ectocarpales s.l.) was reexamined by molecular phylogeny and morphology. In the genetic analyses of newly collected specimens using plastid rbcL and psaA gene sequences, the specimens morphologically referable to P. mageshimensis were phylogenetically distant from Ectocarpales s.l. and were included in the clade of Spatoglossum (Dictyotales). Morphological reexamination of the type specimen and newly collected specimens confirmed its systematic position in Dictyotales: Branched thallus; cushion‐shaped rhizoidal holdfast occasionally forming secondary holdfast at the bottom of the thallus; many discoidal plastids without pyrenoid per cell; tetrasporangium‐like reproductive structures with dark, homogeneous cell content; occurrence of hair tufts. Genetically P. mageshimensis was most related to a reported sequence of Spatoglossum asperum, but P. mageshimensis was considerably different from S. asperum as well as other known Spatoglossum species in the deep habitat and in having scarcely‐branched lanceolate and considerably thickened thallus. In conclusion, we propose the transfer of P. mageshimensis to Spatoglossum as S. mageshimense comb. nov.

Phenolic, flavonoid, and amino acid compositions reveal that selected tropical seaweeds have the potential to be functional food ingredients

Seaweeds are a rich source of metabolites, including polyphenols, flavonoid, and amino acids, and have been used as food or food supplements in Asian countries since ancient times. Different metabolites are being reported from seaweeds worldwide, but there has been little reported, so far, on tropical seaweeds of the Arabian Sea coast. Eighteen abundant tropical seaweeds (7 green, 4 brown, and 7 red) were collected from the Saurashtra Coast of the Arabian Sea (Gujarat, India), and their phenolic, flavonoid, and amino acid compositions were studied. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy revealed the presence of important polyphenols and flavonoids. High‐performance liquid chromatography detected ascorbic acid and 19 natural flavonoids, including gallic acid, catechins, myricetin, proanthocyanin, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, and lutein. The highest amount of ascorbic acid (26.3 mg/g DW) was detected in Ulva fasciata, followed by Ulva lactuca (20 mg/g DW) and Grateloupia indica (11.5 mg/g DW). All green and red seaweeds contained gallic acid, with the highest amount (9 mg/g DW) in Amphiroa anceps, followed by Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa (8.5 mg/g DW) and Caulerpa corynephora (4 mg/g DW). The highest catechin content was found in A. anceps (14 mg/g DW), followed by C. racemosa var. macrophysa and Spatoglossum asperum (11 mg/g DW). Amino acids are primary metabolites that are important in the human diet. Among the green seaweeds, the highest amounts of leucine (0.2 mg/g protein), lysine (0.5 mg/g protein), methionine (0.4 mg/g protein), phenylalanine (0.2 mg/g protein), valine (1.3 mg/g protein), proline (48 mg/g protein), and tyrosine (28 mg/g protein) were detected in Caulerpa spp. The highest amounts of the sulfur‐rich amino acids, methionine (1 mg/g protein), and cysteine (9 mg/g protein), were found in the red seaweed Gracilaria corticata. This study reveals that tropical seaweeds, including Caulerpa spp., Spatoglossum asperum, Stoechospermum polypodioides, Gracilaria corticata, and Grateloupia indica, are promising as functional food ingredients or dietary supplements for daily intake. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present study demonstrates that tropical seaweeds, especially Caulerpa species (corynephora, racemosa and chemnitzia), S. asperum, S. polypodioides, G. corticata, and G. indica are rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including ascorbic acid, gallic acid, catechins, myricetin, proanthocyanin, and essential amino acids. These metabolites are natural antioxidants and own high bioactivity. The article reveals the functional food or nutraceutical potential of tropical seaweeds. As practical perspective, tropical seaweeds such as Caulerpa has potential to be processed further as a functional food or may be explored for the extraction of nutraceuticals.

The Link of Marine Products with Autophagy-Associated Cell Death in Cancer Cell

In this review, we describe a role of marine natural products in induction and inhibition of autophagy linked to cancers. Some of the compounds from marine organism showed ability to induce autophagy that directs death in cancer cells, as well as some of the others might prevent pro-survival autophagy process. The marine products could regulate various autophagy genes, ranging from upstream such as SIRT1 until to the downstream gene in the pathway. In general, marine natural products induce autophagy through the endoplasmic reticulum stress, PI3K /Akt/ mTOR, and p53 signaling. It is even more interesting that the marine compounds are also able to inhibit pro-survival autophagy, for example, polyphenol from Spatoglossum asperum. However, the antilogy should be kept in mind that a small number of marine compounds are known to induce pro-survival autophagy in cancer cells. Marine life represents more than a half of the world biodiversity and offers a great source of bioactive compounds as drug candidates, including anti-cancer. Nowadays, autophagy has become one of primarily interesting topics in cancer research. Dysregulation of autophagy has been linked to several diseases, predominantly in cancer. There is paradox regarding the role of autophagy in cancer where autophagy can either lead to tumor promotion or suppression. This review showed that some of the marine natural product have activity to induce autophagy that may link to cell death or survival process. Thereof, better understanding on autophagic signaling in tumor cells upon various bioactive compounds from marine organisms is needed to ensure their potential chemotherapeutic tools against human cancers.

Caulerpin from a New Source Spatoglossum asperum: a Brown Alga

Caulerpin, an orange-red algal pigment possessing a unique bis-indole structure, has been found in 80% of the species of the green alga genus Caulerpa. Caulerpin and the corresponding diacid have been shown to be plant growth regulators and posses various biological activities. Caulerpin has also been reported from the red alga Chondria armata. This is the first report of the isolation of caulerpin from brown seaweed Spatoglossum asperum J. Ag. The compound was purified by column chromatography and was characterized on the basis of spectroscopic techniques.

INVESTIGATION ON IN VIVO ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF MARINE BROWN ALGA SPATOGLOSSUM ASPERUM J. AGARTH

Objective: In the present study, evaluation of the methanol extract of Spatoglossum asperum, brown marine algae on the analgesic activity using animal model was focussed.Methods: Acetic acid-induced writhing test on Wistar albino rats at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight of algal extract have been carried out. It showed significant analgesic activity by reducing the number of acetic acid-induced writhing.Results: The animals at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight exhibited, 70.52% of the animals were protected using S. asperum extract, on the other hand, the standard, diclofenac protected 84.21% of the animals. The results are statistically significant at p&lt;0.001, and the investigation revealed dose-dependent significant activity in comparison with standard and control.Conclusion: Hence, it can be concluded that the methanol extracts of the brown alga S. asperum have potent analgesic activity at moderate doses.