Spatial Polarization Research Articles

Condition Factor Analysis in the Region of South Bohemia

Socio-economic transformation in many post-communist states has influenced the dynamic process in such states with the differentiation trends. Such process often causes disparities in different regions, creates relations and ties, often contradictory, and spatial socio-economic polarization in the regions. The above-mentioned processes and their impacts are demonstrated on the example of the South Bohemian region, in particular the LAG territory. Using the methods of correlation analysis, the author demonstrates the conditionality of the indicators in the area of interest. Different links and relations of socio-economic, infrastructural and natural factors to the emergence of disparities in different LAGs are analyzed. The most important factors of the emerging disparities within the region and the LAGs include the relations between the progressiveness of the economic structure and population density and between the demographic structure of the region and the infrastructure, as revealed by the analysis.

Пространственные аспекты и предпосылки агломерирования старопромышленных территорий Западного Урала

Introduction: the article examines the materials of Gornozavodsk local economic micro-district to identify the processes that shape the classical poly-centered conurbation on this territory. Objectives: analysis of Gornozavodsk conurbation specific features, historical development of this old industrial territory in the Western Urals, as well as the overall social, economic, and infrastructural challenges of future opportunities for the mining and metallurgical area of Prikamye. Methods: comparative and comprehensive analysis of the prerequisites and agglomeration evolution in the old industrial territory of the mining and metallurgical Prikamye, statistic data analysis, analysis of the regulatory documents on the territory spatial development, identification of the strategic potential for Gornozavodsk conurbation. Results: spatial aspect and prerequisites to shape and develop the agglomeration processes in the neighboring municipalities in the mining and metallurgical Prikamye have been identified; strategic priorities for dealing with the traditional challenges in the social and economic development in the old industrial territories have been formulated in terms of their neighboring and associated performance. Conclusions: the current conditions of the uneven spatial development and polarization of the social and economic processes update the need to identify priority “growth points”, to enhance agglomeration aspects of the territorial interaction, to consolidate the efforts by the federal, regional, and municipal authorities and systemic companies in strategic development of the industrial territories in the Western Urals.

Spatial shrinking and polarization of rural space in the Republic of Tatarstan in the context of population depopulation

The article analyzes the directions and intensity of rural population depopulation from the standpoint of its influence on the transformation of settlement in the Republic of Tatarstan from the 1970s to the present. Three periods of changes in the distribution of the rural population were identified: soviet (1970–1991), de-urbanization (1991–2000) and suburbanization (weakly expressed in the 2000s and clearly pronounced since the 2010s). The first period under consideration fell on the peak of the decline in the rural population, but the pole near the regional center depopulated less intensively than the distant periphery. The de-urbanization period did not have clear territorial trends in changes in the number of inhabitants. In the 2010s. There is a steady increase in the population in the areas of neighbors of the largest cities of the republic. A more detailed study showed that this increase is largely associated with the settlement of urban-type residential complexes. 1970 to 2019 the share of rural residents living in areas bordering the city of Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny increased from 15.1 to 25%. Similar polarization processes are taking place at the municipal level. The period considered from 2002 to 2019 showed the process of increasing the share of the population of the administrative center from the total population of the district. In more than half of the cases, this process took place due to population growth in the centers of municipalities and the decline of the rest of the population. The population in other municipalities decreased in the administrative centers less intensively than outside them.

Similarity of regions in terms of the structure of the elderly population – proposition of a measure

Purpose – The article presents a proposal for a measure of the similarity of regions in terms of the structure of the elderly population. Research method – Using the proposed measure, the similarity of population structures aged 60 and above was assessed for the regions of Poland in 2017, where the age groups: 60-74, 75-84 and 85 plus were defined as components of the structure. Results – The research results demonstrate that Poland’s voivodeships differ with respect to the structure of people aged 60 and above. The spatial polarization of the country with respect to the components of the structure of an elderly population can be observed. Originality / value – Identification of the regional differentiation of the situation in terms of the size and age structure of the elderly population can be helpful in planning activities within the silver economy policy adapted to the situation in each region.

SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION ON PEOPLE'S EVERYDAY LIFE

The everyday activities of people urge the necessity of mobility in space, where spaces differ in their transportation characteristics, which leads to a different impact of transporation on the everyday life of the people who live in them. The Municipality of Sveti Ivan Žabno was chosen for the study as a case study of spatial differences in transporation characteristics. In this municipality there is a pronounced spatial polarization in terms of transportation characteristics. Thus, depending on the distance from the main transportation routes, it is possible to distinguish the areas with more favorable and less favorable transportation characteristics. The aim of this paper is to define the spatial differentiation of the impact of transportation on the everyday life of people living along and away from the main roads in the Municipality. The methodology of the study is based on the qualitative method of the interview and the use of GIS. Research has shown that young people and older people had more difficulties with transportation than adults. This was particularly pronounced in the part of the Municipality further away from the main transportation routes, where the possibility of using public transportation was difficult and the problem of the difficulty of people's participation in everyday activities was pronounced. Along the main roads the question of safety of pedestrians and cyclists arose due to the lack of sidewalks and cycle paths.

INNOVATION, INNOVATION POLICIES, AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

Innovation policies have become an important element in national and regional innovation systems. This study presents a framework to analyze innovation policies and outputs, in terms both of knowledge and economic benefits, in China, with a focus on Jiangsu. We classify local innovation policies into seven major categories and twenty-one subcategories as well as five categories of national policies based on their characteristics. We find that main local policies vary largely depending on the level of economic development, and the spatial evolution of national policies is not homogenous, concentrated in the relatively more -developed region of southern Jiangsu (Sunan). Our analysis using a vector error correction model shows that the time lag effect of various policies on economic output is longer than on knowledge output, and cumulative local policies have a significant impact on both types of outputs. The model also confirms the important roles of innovation subjects, intellectual property, and talents related policies on outputs. Last, the questionnaire identifies the reasons for unsatisfactory implementation of policies, such as low level of policy awareness, insufficient financial support, and imperfect innovation and entrepreneurial ecological environment. Our study reveals innovation policies in China favor more-developed regions, which reinforces the digital divide and spatial polarization. Our study suggests that China’s regional innovation policies need to be better integrated, should pay more attention to less-developed regions, and improve the role of the market in the allocation of innovation resources.

Regional dispersion of potential accessibility quotient at the intra-European and intranational level. Core-periphery pattern, discontinuity belts and distance decay tornado effect

The regional differences in the level of accessibility and GDP per capita in Europe are the subject of many scientific analyses and much applied research. Using the road network for the whole continent and the division of Europe into transport areas on the basis of NUTS 3, we have concentrated on the potential quotient as a research method. The quotient is a ratio of economic and population potential, and its level and spatial distribution differ based on the dimensions of accessibility: spatial scope (intra-European and intra-national) and impedance. Depending on the variants of the above-mentioned accessibility dimensions, we focus on analysis of the core-periphery pattern. Based on a comparison of the level of GDP per capita with the level of potential quotient, we define the discontinuity belts in the cross-border areas and in urban agglomerations, i.e. areas particularly sensitive to migratory movements or commuting to work. In turn, the analysis of regional differences in the level of the potential quotient for different travel durations and, as we call it in the paper, the value of the CATCH-time, leads us to show the so-called tornado effect which is associated with declining spatial polarisation as a result of the extension of trip distribution towards longer trips. The typology presented describing the relationship between GDP per capita and the level of potential quotient at different spatial scales and for different trip durations allows the identification of regions particularly exposed to migration or interregional commuting flows and is a good premise for defining inner peripheries.

Optical Polarization Sensitive Ultra-Fast Switching and Photo-Electrical Device.

Ultra-fast electrical switches activated with an optical-polarized light trigger, also called photo-polarized activated electrical switches, are presented. A set of new transistor circuits is switched by light from above, illuminating deep V-grooves, whose angle is sensitive to the polarization of the incident. Thus, this application may serve for encryption/decryption devices since the strongest electrical responsivity is only obtained for very specific spatial polarization directions of the illumination beam. When this V-groove is sufficiently narrow, the device mainly responds to one polarization and not to the other. In such a way, electrons are generated only for one specific polarization. While the nature of the data remains electronic, the modulation control is optic, creating a photo-induced current depending on the polarization direction. This coupled device acts as a polarization modulator as well as an intensity modulator. The article focuses on the integration of several devices in different configurations of circuitry: dual, triple, and multi-element. Case studies of several adjacent devices are presented with varying critical variables, such as the V-groove aperture dimensions. Analytical models and complementary numerical analyses are presented for the future smooth integration into Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

Coherent THz transition radiation for polarization imaging experiments

THz radiation is reflected by conducting materials and has the capability to penetrate a wide variety of non-conducting materials. With such abilities, THz radiation has great potential for imaging applications, e.g., screening and inspection for packaged electronics chips and electronics circuit boards. High intensity THz radiation have been produced by the accelerator-based radiation source at the Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The coherent THz transition radiation was generated from short electron bunches of around 8 MeV and an Al-foil tilted by 45°. Characterization of the backward transition radiation properties was conducted, including spatial distribution, polarization and radiation spectrum. The THz radiation was then used to create THz images of a print circuit board by reflective THz imaging setup. THz imaging with polarized transition radiation is demonstrated. With selected radiation polarization, reflective THz imaging can be improved.

Role of Higher Education Institution in Spatial Polarization of Youth

Role of Higher Education Institution in Spatial Polarization of Youth

Spectral classification of ecological spatial polarization SAR image based on target decomposition algorithm and machine learning

With the development of science and technology, the classification of polarimetric SAR images has become an important part of the research of target recognition and image interpretation. However, for the research method is relatively simple and the accuracy is low, this paper carries out the work from the two aspects of feature extraction and feature classification of the ground object, and analyzes and studies the application and value of the polarimetric SAR system. The basic algorithm of polarization SAR image classification is proposed. A polarimetric SAR image feature classification method based on polarization target decomposition and support vector machine is proposed. Four kinds of scattering features and Freeman decomposition are obtained by Cloude decomposition. The simulation results show that the accuracy of using combined features is about 6.5% higher than that of single features. A polarization classification model based on polarization target decomposition and limit learning method is proposed. The simulation experiment shows ELM learning. The algorithm is indeed much faster than SVM learning. In this paper, a polarimetric SAR image classification method based on improved scattering mechanism coefficients is proposed, and the effectiveness of the polarimetric SAR image classification method based on improved scattering mechanism coefficients is verified. Experimental results show that after feature selection, the method of combining Freeman decomposition and Wishart classifier can get better classification results.

Spatial Distribution of Macrophages During Callus Formation and Maturation Reveals Close Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Newly Forming Vessels.

Macrophages are essential players in the process of fracture healing, acting by remodeling of the extracellular matrix and enabling vascularization. Whilst activated macrophages of M1-like phenotype are present in the initial pro-inflammatory phase of hours to days of fracture healing, an anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage phenotype is supposed to be crucial for the induction of downstream cascades of healing, especially the initiation of vascularization. In a mouse-osteotomy model, we provide a comprehensive characterization of vessel (CD31+, Emcn+) and macrophage phenotypes (F4/80, CD206, CD80, Mac-2) during the process of fracture healing. To this end, we phenotype the phases of vascular regeneration—the expansion phase (d1–d7 after injury) and the remodeling phase of the endothelial network, until tissue integrity is restored (d14–d21 after injury). Vessels which appear during the bone formation process resemble type H endothelium (CD31hiEmcnhi), and are closely connected to osteoprogenitors (Runx2+, Osx+) and F4/80+ macrophages. M1-like macrophages are present in the initial phase of vascularization until day 3 post osteotomy, but they are rare during later regeneration phases. M2-like macrophages localize mainly extramedullary, and CD206+ macrophages are found to express Mac-2+ during the expansion phase. VEGFA expression is initiated by CD80+ cells, including F4/80+ macrophages, until day 3, while subsequently osteoblasts and chondrocytes are main contributors to VEGFA production at the fracture site. Using Longitudinal Intravital Microendoscopy of the Bone (LIMB) we observe changes in the motility and organization of CX3CR1+ cells, which infiltrate the injury site after an osteotomy. A transient accumulation, resulting in spatial polarization of both, endothelial cells and macrophages, in regions distal to the fracture site, is evident. Immunofluorescence histology followed by histocytometric analysis reveals that F4/80+CX3CR1+ myeloid cells precede vascularization.

Realization of linear-mapping between polarization Poincaré sphere and orbital Poincaré sphere based on stress birefringence in the few-mode fiber.

Based on the spatial profiles and polarization states evolution process of the first-order modes resulted from stress-induced birefringence in the few-mode fiber (FMF), we analyze the mapping relationship between the input polarization states represented on polarization PS and the output spatial profiles represented on the orbital PS of the FMF with respect to the magnitude and orientation of birefringence. When the input mode lobe orientation and the phase differences between the four eigenmodes of FMF induced by the stress birefringence satisfy a given condition, the mapping relationship between the input polarization PS and the output orbital PS is linear. Thus, the arbitrary points on the orbit PS can be generated at the output of stressed FMF by controlling the polarization state of the input modes. Then we experimentally verify that, an electrical single-mode polarization controller, a mode converter for converting fundamental mode to higher-order mode, a polarization controller mounting a coil of two-mode fiber and a polarizer can be employed to generate arbitrary first-order spatial modes on the orbital PS by controlling the input single-mode polarization states. The positions on the orbital PS of the generated first-order modes, which are obtained by calculating the three normalized Stokes parameters of output modes, agree well with the simulation ones. The correlation coefficients between the theoretical mode profiles and the experimental ones are higher than 80%. Since the spatial profile evolutions depend on the variations of the input polarization states, a potential advantage of this method is high-speed switching among desired first-order modes by using the commercial devices switching the state of polarization.

Development and characterization of a source having tunable partial spatial coherence and polarization features

Partially coherent fields offer more robustness to losses occurring due to atmospheric propagation, and are, therefore, considered a promising candidate for free-space optical communication (both classical and quantum). The quantification of loss immunity for such fields requires a versatile source having tunable partial coherence and polarization attributes. In this work, we report construction of an optical source having tunable polarization and spatial coherence using an interferometric arrangement along with a variable beam expender. Realization of such source first requires a thorough study of spatial coherence properties of the laser beam passing through a rotating ground glass diffuser for different sizes of the source at the diffuser plane. It is found that spatial coherence of laser beam decreases, as size of the source increases. We also investigate the effect of rotation speed of diffuser on spatial coherence of a laser beam and find that it does not change significantly with rotation speed of the diffuser. This study also validates the van Cittert-Zernike theorem for our multi-scatterer source having linear, circular and spatial polarizations confirming enhancement of coherence with free-space propagation.

Mobility and social exclusion in peripheral regions

ABSTRACT Mobility largely depends on public services and constitutes a key factor for regional development. However, demographic and structural changes challenge public transport networks in peripheral regions and lead to economic shrinkage. This, in turn, undermines the principle of creating or maintaining equal living conditions across Germany and leads to spatial polarization. Limited mobility is closely connected to social exclusion and warrants an in-depth analysis. Our paper examines the commuting patterns of apprentices in rural Brandenburg, Germany. It is based on a survey of apprentices in tourism and the food industry. The study finds that apprentices in rural areas are confronted with public transport deficits but also apply strategies for dealing with these problems. The paper also shows how this relates to social exclusion and to current planning debates regarding co-production and digitalization in the context of public service provision.

Nonlinear propagation characteristics of a radially polarized beam in a uniaxially aligned dye-doped liquid crystal

The nonlinear propagation characteristics of a radially polarized (RP) beam in uniaxially aligned dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) are investigated in experiments and theory. The photothermal effect produces changes in the refractive index of the nonlinear polarization-sensitive medium, in both ordinary and extraordinary directions. The changes promote a self-modulation of the polarization pattern in the incident RP beam as it propagates through the DDLC. The experimental results are explained from theory by modeling the change in the refractive index of the medium. Our results may be applied to spatial polarization modulation, by which an axially symmetric polarized beam is converted into another structured light, such as the full Poincare beam.

Spatial housing market polarisation: National and urban dynamics of diverging house values

AbstractHousing is central in the reproduction of social inequalities. Beyond divides across populations, trends point to increasingly unequal housing‐market dynamics across space. Nonetheless, little systematic evidence exists on the spatial inequality of housing values. In this paper we address this through a detailed investigation of house‐value developments in the Netherlands over time and space. We draw on national registers including longitudinal and geocoded data for the entire housing stock over the 2006–2018 period. Spatial polarisation is examined across different scales at the national, provincial, and urban level. We further investigate how housing‐market inequality trends vary over time, particularly between periods of economic boom and house‐price increases or, conversely, periods of downturn. Our analyses expose a substantial and widespread trend of spatial polarisation. Rising spatial inequality between neighbourhoods is clearly apparent at the national level, within all but one province, as well as for 44 of the 50 largest municipalities. The polarising trend appears structural and pervasive. While boom periods saw the strongest increases, inequality levels, remarkably, remained stable or even saw continued increases over the period of declining house prices. These patterns of spatial polarisation in house values have fundamental societal implications towards uneven wealth accumulation and in amplifying socio‐economic cleavages across populations and space.

Divided access and the spatial polarization of housing wealth

ABSTRACT Recent research has pointed to increasingly divided housing access across advanced economies. This reflects growing labor market inequality and rising intergenerational divides amplifying the importance of parental resources. At the same time, an increasing spatial polarization of housing markets has driven divergence between high-gain versus low-gain submarkets. This paper confronts how divided access to housing collides with growing spatial inequality in housing markets. The research turns to the Netherlands, drawing on full-population register data. First, GIS mapping exposes spatial polarization in house-value development. Second, household-level modeling demonstrates the impact of income, employment position and parental wealth in divided access to housing submarkets. Taken together, spatial polarization and differentiated access appear fundamental to driving inequalities in housing wealth accumulation.

CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL FARMING IN THE PROVINCE OF MAZOVIA

This study aims to identify the conditions for the development of social farming in the province of Mazovia, and to present the opportunities and barriers to the establishment of care farms in Poland. The study involved the method of desk-based literature review and the method of descriptive statistics. The paper provides an analysis of various forms of social farming functioning in the European Union and discusses the possible directions of care farming development depending on the degree of involvement of various institutions. In addition, the study focuses on the most important conditions for the development of care farms in the province of Mazovia, which include the dichotomy of socio-economic development, the spatial polarization of demographic processes and the ageing population. In 2013, the ageing index (the number of persons aged 65+ per 1,000 children aged 0-14) for the province of Mazovia was 993, however, it is expected that in 2035 it will be 1,758, and in 2050 it will reach 2,382. In 2050, the proportion of people aged 65+ in the population of Poland will reach 32.7%. Consequently, the demand for certain services e.g. in the field of health care and social care will be increasing. Unfavourable demographic processes like depopulation and undesirable processes affecting the age structure will mainly affect districts located in the peripheral areas of the province. Even though, currently there are not any care farms operating in Mazovia, there seems to be a great interest in this form of economic activity.

Polar Polarization Mode and Average Radical Flux Intensity Measurements Based on All Optical Spatial Communication Systems

Abstract This study presents the polar polarization mode and average radical intensity flux distribution measurements based on all optical spatial communication systems. The numerical technique that is applied with the simulation model is the diffraction fast Fourier integral transform. Spatial optical sources are used such as continuous wave (CW) laser and vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with spatial connector and spatial aperture. Spatial temporal polarization effects are taken into account. Percentage encircled flux/average flux radical intensity and polar radical polarization are measured with spatial connector distance and spatial aperture width. The encircled flux is constant at 95 % of its value in the case of VCSEL laser source at a radical distance of exactly 10 μm. However, the encircled flux is constant at 92 %of its value in the case of CW laser source at a radical distance of exactly 6 μm. It is noticed that the encircled flux increases with increasing radial distance of spatial apertures that are used with two suggested light sources. The encircled flux is constant at 93 % of its value in the case of VCSEL laser source at a radical distance of exactly 10 μm.