Spatial Point Of View Research Articles

An entropy-stable Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics algorithm for large strain thermo-elasticity

This paper presents a novel Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics computational framework for the simulation of large strain fast solid dynamics in thermo-elasticity. The formulation is based on the Total Lagrangian description of a system of first order conservation laws written in terms of the linear momentum, the triplet of deformation measures (also known as minors of the deformation gradient tensor) and the total energy of the system, extending thus the previous work carried out by some of the authors in the context of isothermal elasticity and elasto-plasticity (Lee et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2019). To ensure the stability (i.e. hyperbolicity) of the formulation from the continuum point of view, the internal energy density is expressed as a polyconvex combination of the triplet of deformation measures and the entropy density. Moreover, and to guarantee stability from the spatial discretisation point of view, consistently derived Riemann-based numerical dissipation is carefully introduced where local numerical entropy production is demonstrated via a novel technique in terms of the time rate of the so-called ballistic free energy of the system. For completeness, an alternative and equally competitive formulation (in the case of smooth solutions), expressed in terms of the entropy density, is also implemented and compared. A series of numerical examples is presented in order to assess the applicability and robustness of the proposed formulations, where the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics scheme is benchmarked against an alternative in-house Finite Volume Vertex Centred implementation.

On three-dimensional flow structures and oscillatory instability due to free surface heat loss in half-floating zones under microgravity

Present work describes a numerical investigation concerning the response of oscillatory thermo-capillary convection to free surface heat loss in a cylindrical half floating zone of high Prandtl number liquid (Pr=67) under microgravity conditions. Unsteady and three-dimensional computations have been carried out in the liquid domain using the finite volume method (FVM) to reveal the oscillatory thermo-fluid dynamic regimes at the onset of instability. The influence of different free surface heat loss conditions on the bifurcation from the basic steady axisymmetric state has been discussed in terms of critical azimuthal wavenumber, m. The dynamic evolution of the temperature disturbances at supercritical conditions are characterized by ‘pulsating’ and ‘rotating’ modes of spatio-temporal convection. The development of counter-propagating hydrothermal waves in azimuthal direction is found to be followed by an even mode of convection characterised by m = 2. The liquid bridge system exhibiting the well-known transition from periodic (m=2) to quasi-periodic behaviour (m=1) with an increase in Biot number, Bi has been analysed from both spatial and temporal points of view. The existence of both symmetric and asymmetric modes of the supercritical state for different Bi are presented. The dominant fluid dynamic information of 3D oscillatory state are extracted from a specific set of disturbance temperature data by employing a data-driven computational technique ‘dynamic mode decomposition’ (DMD). Various neutral, stable and unstable dynamic modes responsible for bifurcation to the 3D supercritical state are depicted with the help of DMD spectrum and the frequency spectrum.

Proximate and Underlying Deforestation Causes in a Tropical Basin through Specialized Consultation and Spatial Logistic Regression Modeling

The present study focuses on identifying and describing the possible proximate and underlying causes of deforestation and its factors using the combination of two techniques: (1) specialized consultation and (2) spatial logistic regression modeling. These techniques were implemented to characterize the deforestation process qualitatively and quantitatively, and then to graphically represent the deforestation process from a temporal and spatial point of view. The study area is the North Pacific Basin, Mexico, from 2002 to 2014. The map difference technique was used to obtain deforestation using the land-use and vegetation maps. A survey was carried out to identify the possible proximate and underlying causes of deforestation, with the aid of 44 specialized government officials, researchers, and people who live in the surrounding deforested areas. The results indicated total deforestation of 3938.77 km2 in the study area. The most important proximate deforestation causes were agricultural expansion (53.42%), infrastructure extension (20.21%), and wood extraction (16.17%), and the most important underlying causes were demographic factors (34.85%), economics factors (29.26%), and policy and institutional factors (22.59%). Based on the spatial logistic regression model, the factors with the highest statistical significance were forestry productivity, the slope, the altitude, the distance from population centers with fewer than 2500 inhabitants, the distance from farming areas, and the distance from natural protected areas.

Within the symbolic world of the prehistoric hunters: A GIS-based and 3D model analysis of sites with complexes of linear incisions in western Sicily

The prehistoric peopling of Sicily has left scattered traces of symbolic activities through well-known rock art expressions in caves and rock shelters located all around the island (among the most significant, the sites of Addaura, Racchio and Genovese). A peculiar phenomenon is the incision of linear signs, often grouped on the same rocky walls, hidden in fissures or placed at the entrance of the underground chambers of caves. In this report, we investigate a sample of these graphic expressions from a spatial and technical point of view. A GIS-based approach presents the territorial pattern providing insight, on a macroscale, into the intentional positioning of the sign complexes. A 3D model of the rock panels, coupled with the spatial analysis performed in a GIS environment, is presented here as a research protocol to ascertain and comprehend the physical gestures involved in the production.

Encouraging Individuals to Adapt to Climate Change: Relations between Coping Strategies and Psychological Distance

Experts agree that the environmental situation in relation to climate change requires that populations mobilize. In this respect, research on psychological distance shows that the fact of perceiving an event as concrete leads individuals to adapt to this environmental issue. The first aim of this research study is to identify the different types of environmental coping as regards climate change. The second objective is to study the relations between psychological distance relative to climate change and environmental coping strategies via a quasi-experimental protocol. In order to do this, 345 participants were assigned to a group where climate change was presented as more or less distant from a spatial, temporal, social or hypothetical point of view. On the one hand, the results enable the identification of two second-order factors regarding coping strategies in relation to climate change: Strategies centered on accepting climate change and those centered on minimizing its gravity. On the other hand, covariance analyses and path analyses show that, in general, a small psychological distance in relation to climate change is likely to be associated with more strategies centered on accepting climate change and fewer strategies focused on minimizing its gravity. This study leads us to ponder the pertinence of considering the psychological distance model, notably during awareness-raising campaigns.

Well-being in urban and rural areas, challenges, general policies, and their monitoring: Some evidence for Germany before and during the COVID-19 pandemic1

Major changes in society, the economy, the natural environment and the government haven taken place. The current pandemic demonstrates even more their social importance and positive or negative effects worldwide. In particular, an increasingly cross-generational awareness of sustainability, new information and communication channels and growing international interdependencies as well as comprehensive policies fostering well-being are gaining worldwide importance and pervade all activities. Germany has – as many nations worldwide – besides its national strategies committed to implement major strategies at United Nations’ and European Union’s levels. In the following, it will be examined which differences exist in the living conditions from a spatial point of view. Using selected indicators and current data mainly from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, an urban-rural comparison is made for Germany at the lowest federal level ‘Kreise’ (NUTS 3 of the European spatial classification). Even if it is still unclear what the long-term consequences of the drastic measures of the current global COVID-19 pandemic will be, current trends will be briefly presented. Furthermore, this study presents the latest data mainly before the worldwide outbreak of the pandemic and thus will offer starting points for later analysis of opportunities and risks for urban or rural areas post COVID-19.

武汉城市圈生态网络时空演变及管控分析

武汉城市圈正历经城乡发展转型升级和空间格局调整，生态用地受到一定挤压和切割占用，生态系统功能和景观生态格局受到一定程度的扰动，为贯彻生态文明建设和绿色低碳环保发展的要求，构建以生态廊道、生态节点所组成的整体城市圈的生态网络空间体系。基于形态学空间格局方法和最小累积阻力模型构建4个时期（1990、2000、2010和2018年）的生态网络，利用景观连通性指数和重力模型对源地和廊道进行重要性评价，并提出武汉城市圈生态网络管控的建议。结果表明：（1）1990-2018年，武汉城市圈生态源地总体上表现为逐渐减少的趋势，从16个减少为10个；从空间上看，大型源地斑块并未发生变化，主要分布在研究区南部和北部，林地和水域是生态源地的主要组成景观，但细碎斑块大量减少对区域生态网络具有较大影响。（2）4个时期研究区的生态廊道分别为66条、120条、99条和45条，廊道数量呈现减少的趋势；重要廊道主要分布在研究区北部和东南部，对南北之间的物质和能量交换具有重要作用。（3）景观连通性南北高东西低，中部地区受人类活动干扰综合阻力大，东西部生态节点较少，物种迁移阻碍较大。（4）通过建设踏脚石、修复生态断裂点和廊道差异化保护策略以增强区域景观连通性，促进生物多样性保护，提升生态网络的稳定性。"两型社会"试验区设置后武汉城市圈生态网络水平呈现优化态势，但生态源地之间的相互作用关系还有待增强。研究结果为城市圈未来的国土空间规划和重要生态系统保护和修复工程提供科学参考。;Ecological land is being squeezed and fragmentized, and ecosystem functions and landscape ecological patterns are disturbed to some degree by transforming and upgrading of urban and rural development and spatial pattern adjustment in Wuhan metropolitan area. In order to implement the requirements of ecological civilization construction and green, low-carbon and environmental protection development, this article constructs the ecological network space system of the whole urban circle composed of ecological corridors and ecological nodes. Based on the morphologically spatial pattern method and the minimum cumulative resistance model, the ecological network of Wuhan metropolitan area was constructed in 4 periods (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2018), and the importance of source sites and corridors was evaluated using the landscape connectivity index and the gravity model, and proposed recommendations for ecological network management and regulation. The results show that: (1) from 1990 to 2018, the ecological source areas of Wuhan metropolitan area indicated a gradual decrease, from 16 to 10; from a spatial point of view, the large-scale source patches, which was mainly distributed in the south and north of the study area, did not change, and forest and water were the main components of the ecological source landscape, but the large reduction of fractured patches had a large impact on the regional network. (2) There were 66, 120, 99 and 45 ecological corridors in the study area in the four periods, and the number of corridors showed a decreasing trend. Important corridors were mainly distributed in the north and southeast of the study area. The exchange of matter and energy played an important role. (3) Landscape connectivity was high in the north and south, and low in the east and west. There were few ecological nodes and the large obstacles to species migration in the east and west, while high comprehensive resistance and low landscape connectivity appeared in the central region. (4) Measures are taken to enhance regional landscape connectivity, and promote biodiversity protection and the stability of the ecological network, such as the construction of stepping stones, restoration of ecological breakpoints, and differentiated protection strategies for corridors. After the development of the two-oriented society experimental zone, the level of the ecological network of the Wuhan metropolitan area has been optimized, but the interaction between ecological sources needs to be strengthened. The research results provide a scientific reference for the future land and space planning of the city circle.

Urbicidio: violencia bélica contra las urbes

La colaboración enfatiza el carácter corpocéntrico de los edificios desde el giro espacial en la filosofía y el giro forense en la antropología del último siglo. Analiza el cambio en la ejecución de la guerra y la metamorfosis en la forma de habitar humana frente al urbicidio o violencia bélica contra las edificaciones de una urbe. Resalta la relevancia material y socioespacial del inmueble en la íntima relación con el cuerpo humano, lo cual permite señalar que el edificio no es un accidente del habitar ni un daño colateral en el conflicto.

Epistolary cognition: The family letters of Rosalie Calvert

This article argues for the distinctive nature of cognition involved in correspondence, arguing that this cognition is highly creative and in corollary, arguing that this cognition is positioned within social and cultural conditions that must be considered in a full analysis. The author argues that letters are often written from the perspective of an “embodied epistolary present,” the letter writer’s temporal, spatial, and corporeal viewpoint depicted through the use of present tense and other markers. The author further elaborates the relationship between correspondence and common ground. The embodied epistolary present facilitates the “imagined copresence” of writer and recipient (possible through conceptual blending), which the author describes as “the fictitious conceit that a recipient is present to serve as an interlocutor during the writer’s embodied compositional present.” Like the face-to-face conversation that it simulates, epistolary discourse depicted with imagined copresence relies on the common ground shared by the writer and recipient; the author argues that the common ground also shapes other discourse modes present in correspondence including narrative episodes and reporting. The author further shows that epistolary discourse reflects cultural norms, shaping what writers include and elide. To demonstrate all these points, the author draws examples from the letter collection Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, 1795–1821, edited by Margaret Law Callcott (1992). Calvert was a plantation mistress in postrevolutionary Maryland who corresponded with intimate relatives in Belgium; as such, Calvert’s letters demonstrate both the imaginative work that letters deploy and the common ground that shapes epistolary content.

Hierarchical Clustering with Spatial Constraints and Standardized Incidence Ratio in Tuberculosis Data

In this paper, we propose presenting a solution based on socio-epidemiological variables of tuberculosis, considering a clustering with spatial/geographical constraints; and, determine a value of alpha that increases spatial contiguity without significantly deteriorating the quality of the solution based on the variables of interest, i.e. those of the feature space. For the application of Ward’s hierarchical clustering method, two dissimilarity matrices were calculated, the first provides the dissimilarities in the feature space calculated from the socio-epidemiological variables D0 and the second provides the dissimilarities in the calculated constraints space from the geographical distances D1, together with an α mixing parameter and the non-uniform weight w assigned to the calculation of the dissimilarity matrix defined by the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of TB and that contributed significantly to the increase in clarity, both from a spatial and socio-epidemiological point of view. The method is shown to be feasible in epidemiological studies in the joint understanding of factors of different dimensions, aggregated from a spatial perspective. It is analysis tool that allows making a better understanding of the socio-epidemiological reality of the municipality.

Crowdsourcing Data for the Elaboration of Noise Maps: a Methodological Proposal

In recent decades, the awareness that noise pollution caused by traffic, industry and recreational activities constitutes one of the main environmental problems is growing. In order to control the environmental noise, many regulations propose the creation of noise maps according to standard procedures that involves the data acquisition, analysis and elaboration. In this paper, crowdsourcing noise data collection is described. It involves volunteers that can record sound pressure levels thanks to specific applications on their mobile devices, such as the “NoiseCapture” app developed in France by CNRS and IFSTTAR, and upload the measurement, with their GPS location data, on a continuously updated map. This approach mainly contributes to citizens’ greater awareness about noise pollution in an urban area. Beside this mode of data acquisition, the paper focuses on the analysis of the acquired data with the kernel density estimation technique, implemented in a GIS environment. The results allows the elaboration of sound density maps, defined from the spatial and temporal point of view, that can support the appropriate mitigation actions.

INTEGRATION OF HISTORICAL GIS DATA IN A HBIM SYSTEM

Abstract. The integration between BIM (Building Information Modeling) and GIS (Geographic Information System) is currently a highly debated research topic. However, the effective integration of the two workflows in a unique information system is still an open research field, especially when dealing with Cultural Heritage (CH).The paper describes an ongoing research on the development of a web information system able to integrate BIM and GIS data, with particular focus on the analysis of the historicized city and its main buildings over time. Three main aspects, in particular, are considered more relevant: (i) conceptual data organization to integrate GIS and BIM in a single environment; (ii) integration of data belonging to different historical periods for analyses over time (4D); (iii) integration into the system of datasets already structured in pre-existing HGIS and HBIM.Most (if not all) of the attributes must be linked with both 2D and 3D entities. The system should be queryable and with the possibility to edit the information regardless of the actual focus of the current user, either if he is more BIM or GIS oriented. This is one of the main requirement for the system not to be just a simple viewer of BIM and GIS data in a unique software environment. The system can manage, from a spatial point of view, different scales of detail, allowing the connection between data from the architectural scale to the territorial one and, from a temporal point of view, data belonging to different periods. All these features have been designed to meet, in particular, the requirements of CH and realize a Historical BIM-GIS system. Besides, the web architecture allows sharing information even between actors with different digital skills, without the need for specific software installed, and ensures portability and access from mobile devices.

644. Conmemoración, patrimonio y espacio. Los lugares de memoria histórica y democrática de Andalucía

La memoria histórica en Andalucía, nacida como en el resto de España de una reivindicación de justicia y reparo a las víctimas de la Guerra Civil y el franquismo, ha experimentado en los últimos años un recorrido que la aproxima al marco conceptual del patrimonio cultural. Además, paralelamente, esta memoria ha encontrado en el espacio un recurso en el que argumentar y tutelar su mensaje. Este trabajo pretende mostrar cómo este proceso no es, ni sencillo en su implementación, ni claro en lo conceptual y protocolario. Para ello analiza los reconocimientos espaciales que ha tenido la memoria histórica en Andalucía (primero Lugares de Memoria Histórica y después Lugares de Memoria Democrática), así como las distintas consideraciones espaciales asociadas que merecen tales reconocimientos. Como resultado, además de la reflexión general desde el punto de vista espacial del proceso, se aportan propuestas que mejoren la inclusión en el ámbito patrimonial del legado de esta memoria.

Arte contemporáneo y arqueología del desastre en las fosas comunes de la Guerra Civil española

El objeto de este estudio son proyectos contemporáneos producidos por artistas visuales implicados en los procesos de exhumación de las víctimas de la Guerra Civil española. El objetivo es iniciar una línea de investigación sobre un tipo de prácticas artísticas que, si bien no es significativo en número, se perfila como un capítulo dentro del arte español actual. Los principales resultados se refieren a características temporales, espaciales y formales. El afloramiento de estos trabajos, documentados in situ por las generaciones de la posmemoria, se produce iniciado el siglo XXI tras un largo periodo de transición democrática silenciada. Desde el punto de vista espacial, el artista trabaja a pie de fosa de la mano de diferentes organizaciones, colectivos, y profesionales de diversos ámbitos del conocimiento. En tercer lugar, la materialización de los proyectos se lleva a cabo mediante publicaciones e instalaciones en espacios culturales, conformando narraciones alejadas del monumento conmemorativo. La pertinencia del estudio radica en la aportación del artista en la construcción de la Historia a partir de la acumulación de la memoria colectiva en los lugares específicos en los que ocurrieron una serie de hechos traumáticos ocultos, literal y metafóricamente, bajo una historiografía hegemónica.

Socially evaluated impacts on a technologically transformed urban river

Urban rivers are natural elements in the urban landscape that are technologically changed to solve flood and pollution problems, and as a result of these interventions in the riverbed, they can be sources of well-being or problems for different segments of a city's population. As such, alternatives for assessment from different temporal and spatial viewpoints are necessary. Here we examine the importance of an urban river which has been technologically transformed over time, through the perception of families who live alongside it. Historical background was initially used to provide context, followed by binary logistic regression to analyze survey data (stratified sample of 710 inhabitants, significance level = 0.05). The results show that perceptions varied by the type of riverbed where each respondent lived (straightened, natural, or underground) and how long residents had lived near the river, and that the technologies used influence perceptions of impacts on the quality of life in riverside populations. The findings of this study provide possibilities for evaluating urban rivers as assets that generate diffuse effects capable of intensively impacting the quality of life of various residents in different ways, with intensities moderated by the nature of the corrective technologies used in each segment of the river, as well as priorities for conservation policies developed in each community or riverside micro-society. The conclusion is that high-impact technological solutions tended to be highly effective, and despite the ongoing deterioration of water quality and escalating risk, part of the population continues to value the river as a public natural resource and believes that solutions should come from government efforts.

Spatial Relationships of Soil Physical Attributes with Yield and Lateral Shoot Growth of Garlic

Some compaction states cause changes in soil structure, resulting in increased soil density and soil resistance to penetration (RP). The objective of this study was: a) to analyze the variability of the studied attributes of the plant and the soil; b) define the linear and spatial correlations between plant and soil attributes; and c) to identify the best attributes that correlate spatially with garlic yield (GY) and lateral shoot growth (LSG) for the elaboration of spatial variability maps. The attributes evaluated were GY, apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC), mechanical resistance to penetration (MRP), soil volumetric moisture (SVM), plant water potential (WP), and LSG. The reach values of spatial dependence to be considered in future studies using the same attributes should be between 8 m for apparent soil EC and 23 m for RP. From a spatial point of view, garlic LSG could be estimated by indirect cokriging with soil RP. Values greater than 3000 kPa of soil RP indicated the sites with the lowest GYs.

Hierarchia i relacje miast w województwie lubuskim

In socio-economic geography any regional settlement system makes one of its majorfactors of development. It is towns that play a specific role in this system, the meaning of which canbe approached from different perspectives. This paper focuses on the hierarchies and relationshipsbetween towns in the Province of Lubuskie seen from the spatial point of view. The volume and sequence rule of Zipf ’s law as well as the gravitation model have been used as the statistical tools. Thedata valid as in 2015 were accounted for in the analysis. Results from the empirical studies show thatdespite a similar urban density in Lubuskie Province and generally across Poland, the town system in theregion is visibly specific. Apart from two largest cities playing a regional and cross-regional function,i.e. Zielona Góra and Gorzów Wlkp., the issue of how small and middle-sized towns function in theprovince comes to the fore.

A Novel Approach to the Unsupervised Extraction of Reliable Training Samples From Thematic Products

Supervised classification algorithms require a sufficiently large set of representative training samples to generate accurate land-cover maps. Collecting reference data is difficult, expensive, and unfeasible at the large scale. To solve this problem, this article introduces a novel approach that aims to extract reliable labeled data from existing thematic products. Although these products represent a potentially useful information source, their use is not straightforward. They are not completely reliable since they may present classification errors. They are typically aggregated at polygon level, where polygons do not necessarily correspond to homogeneous areas. Finally, usually, there is a semantic gap between map legends and remote sensing (RS) data. In this context, we propose an approach that aims to: 1) perform a domain understanding to detect the discrepancies between the thematic map domain and the RS data domain; 2) use RS data contemporary to the map to decompose the thematic product from the semantic and spatial viewpoints; and 3) extract a database of informative and reliable training samples. The database of weak labeled units is used for training an ensemble of classifiers on recent data whose results are then combined in a majority voting rule. Two sets of experimental results obtained on MS images by extracting training samples from a crop type map and the 2018 Corine Land Cover (CLC) map, respectively, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Sustainable Spatial and Temporal Development of Land Prices: A Case Study of Czech Cities

Only a limited number of studies have examined land price issues based on official land price maps. A very unique timeline of official land price maps (2006–2019) allowed research to be conducted on four Czech cities (Prague, Olomouc, Ostrava, and Zlín). The main aim of the research was to describe the links between land price, land use types, and macroeconomic indicators, and to compare temporal changes of these links in four cities of different size, type, and structure by using spatial data processing and regression analysis. The results showed that the key statistically significant variable in all cities was population size. The effect of this variable was mostly positive, except for Ostrava, as an example of a developing city. The second statistically significant variable affecting land prices in each city was discount rate. The effect of other variables differed according to the city, its characteristics, and stage of economic development. We concluded that the development of land prices over time was slightly different between the studied cities and partially dependent on local spatial factors. Nevertheless, stagnation in 2010–2011, probably as a consequence of the global economic crisis in 2009, was observed in each city. Changes in the monitored cities could be seen from a spatial point of view in similar land price patterns. The ratio of land area with rising prices was very similar in each city (85%–92%). The highest land prices were typically in urban centers, but prices rose only gradually. A much more significant increase in prices occurred in each city in their peripheral residential areas. The results of this study can improve understanding of urban development and the economic and spatial aspects of sustainability in land price changes.

Modern residential energy inequalities in Indonesia: spatial and income analyses

ABSTRACT This study put forward the inequality issues in modern residential energy consumption from both income and spatial viewpoints, with special regard to the Indonesian case. Energy inequality was viewed from the perspective of energy justice in both distribution and recognition. This study employed qualitative analysis with Theil’s, Gini, and mixed-Gini index methods. The energy usage inequalities have declined, both overall and by the dimensions of spatial and income levels, except in urban areas. However, this paper found that some groups were susceptible to fall into energy-poor, especially residents in rural areas, remote areas, and eastern Indonesia. Besides improving a more stable electricity grid, the government should continue the energy-saving solar lighting (LTSHE) program and promote small-scale decentralized technologies. LPG distribution should be improved. A program such as the cheap clean stove needs to be developed to reach those without access to clean cooking fuel.