Spatial Linkages Research Articles

A Study on the Spatial Correlation Effects of Digital Economy Development in China from a Non-Linear Perspective

Accurate analysis of the spatial correlation effects, spatial aggregation patterns, and critical factors in the development of China’s digital economy is of great significance to the high-quality development of China’s economy. Based on the monthly data of “The Tencent Internet Plus” digital economy index for 31 provinces in China from 2018 to 2020, the non-linear Granger causality test and social network analysis were applied to reveal the spatial correlation effects of China’s digital economy. The quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) was used to empirically examine the factors influencing the formation of non-linear spatial association networks. The results show that the spatially linked relationships of the digital economy in 31 Chinese provinces exhibit a significant non-linear spatially correlated network structure. Block model analysis reveals that the development of the digital economy between the four major sectors is closely linked, and the national linkage effect is significant. The results of the secondary assignment procedure indicate that capital stock, information infrastructure, and geographical proximity have a significant positive impact on the formation of spatial linkages in the digital economy. In contrast, technological innovation has a significant negative impact.

Evaluating the impact of different spatial linkages on forum outcome interdependencies in polycentric systems

AbstractIn complex polycentric systems, decisions regarding the governance of certain subsystems (e.g., watersheds) are often determined by networks of diverse actors who participate across a range of forums tackling interconnected collective actions issues (e.g., water quality, biodiversity, flood management). Compounding this structural complexity are the multifaceted interdependencies that exist between forums across a system. Drawing on the Ecology of Games Theory (EGT), this article investigates the impact of different types of network linkages on outcome interdependence between forums. Using a series of spatial autoregressive models on data collected in a Tampa Bay water governance system, I find evidence that co‐membership and organizational networks serve as pathways for outcome spillovers between forums. Building theory that helps elucidate how different types of network relationships may influence outcomes across a system is critical for the continued development of EGT and the governance of polycentric systems.

The Spatial Spillover Effects of Environmental Regulations on Forestry Ecological Security Efficiency in China

The report of the 20th national congress of the communist party of China (NCCPC) announced the long-term goal of promoting green development by adhering to ecological priorities and expanding green areas. Ensuring forestry ecological security is necessary to achieve this. This article studies the impact of environmental regulations (ER) on forestry ecological security efficiency (FESE) based on provincial panel data from 2005 to 2019 using a spatial econometric model, which evaluates the spatial spillover effect of FESE and analyzes the improvement path of FESE. This study shows the following: (1) China’s FESE is at a low level. (2) The current increase in FESE is heavily based on scale expansion; it is necessary to further release the technological dividend, and the coordinated development of technical efficiency and scale efficiency promotes forestry development. (3) FESE has a negative spatial spillover effect, emphasizing spatial linkage effects and achieving optimal allocation of production factors. (4) The indirect effect of ER on FESE is linear in the positive direction and the direct effect of the quadratic term ER on FESE is inverted “U” shaped. The provincial governments separately formulate ER to form a horizontal linkage for pollution control, improve the forestry ecological compensation system, incorporate a green economy assessment into political performance, and comprehensively coordinate environmental policy implementation to promote FESE.

A Zigzag-Based Thickness-Accommodating Foldable Prismatic Structure With a Single-Degree-of-Freedom

Abstract Origami inspires various designs of foldable prismatic structures with zero-thickness facets. However, there is a difficulty in directly applying them to thick materials. This paper presents a novel design of the foldable prismatic structure inspired by the zigzag pattern, which can accommodate the thickness of materials easily by placing hinges on the top or bottom surfaces of panels. The foldable prismatic structures are constructed by connecting multiple zigzag strips, in which each strip is made up of uniform-thickness hexagonal panels. By identifying the relationship between the foldable structure and spatial linkages, we analyze the mobility of the assembly based on the matrix method with DH notations. The result reveals that the foldable prismatic structure is equivalent to a network of spherical 4R linkages and Bennett linkages, and its motion has a single-degree-of-freedom. Based on the proposed foldable prismatic structure, a foldable manipulator is developed to demonstrate its potential engineering applications. The actuation strategy is designed by employing a motor-cable-driven system and torsional spring hinges. The physical prototype of the foldable manipulator is fabricated, and experimental results prove that our designs are feasible and effective.

Cross-Regional Cooperation and Counter-Market-Oriented Spatial Linkage: A Case Study of Collaborative Industrial Parks in the Yangtze River Delta Region.

At present, collaborative industrial parks (CIPs) in the Yangtze River Delta Region (YRDR) have become an important spatial strategy for coordinating regional development. However, existing studies tend to focus on individualized micro-studies, ignoring the regional-scale production space reconstruction by the geographical expansion of CIPs. Based on this, this study takes the YRDR, where the development of CIPs is relatively mature, as an example and systematically analyzes their geographic expansion process and driving mechanism. The results found that CIPs in the YRDR have gone through three stages: the exploration period of CIP construction under the guidance of assistance policies; the blowout development period of CIPs under the demonstration effect; and the complete cluster formation period of CIPs. Regional central cities, such as Suzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, and underdeveloped cities, such as Tongling and Xuancheng, are core nodes, with Shanghai-Nantong; Shanghai-Anqing; Nanjing-Huainan; Wuxi-Xuzhou; Suzhou-Suqian; and Jiaxing-Lishui being important elements in the flow channel. The CIP network is basically formed. During this period, the degree of all nodes increased to 134, the network connection rate increased to 2.26, and the network complexity was more significant. Furthermore, CIPs are essentially a form of capital re-territorialization and space restoration organized and coordinated by the government (provincial government or central government). In the meantime, the market and the social environment, such as residents' living standards, urban development foundation, urban transportation, and urban investment, also have an important impact on the geographic expansion of CIPs. In the regression results, the coefficients of popu, finance, labor, and passenger are significantly negative, but the coefficients of wage, gdp, freight, and govrd are significantly positive.

Seeking a sustainable urbanisation path: the characters of interlink of Jilin province within Ha-Chang urban agglomeration based on using rail and road networks big data analysis

Since Jilin Province serves as the most convenient link between Liaoning and Heilongjiang Province, its enhancement of regional spatial linkage holds the prospects of Haerbin-Changchun urban agglomeration in China. The research aims to seek a sustainable urbanisation path by analysing the characters of interlink of Jilin Province with the help of GIS-based space syntax methodology, by using transit network data with higher resolution, broader coverage and finer representation. The results show that (1) the spatial accessibility among Dunhua, Fusong and Hunchun cities should be prioritised to narrow down the spatial inequality among leading cities. (2) The regional connectivity of Shuangliao-Ji'an belt should be given more attention compared to other belts. (3) As the topological forms and national boundaries have direct influence upon city clusters, the southern cluster strengthens its outward connection with Liaoning Province, while the eastern one should include Antu-Yanji, Tumen and Antu cities to enhance its inward connection with cities along north-south direction.

Spatial connection network characteristics and development trend forecast of natural gas industry's sustainable development resilience in China.

Objectively recognizing and improving the sustainable development resilience of China's natural gas industry will help achieve the low-carbon transformation goal of China's energy system. Taking 31 Chinese provinces as the research area, this paper measures the sustainable development resilience (SDR) of China's natural gas industry based on the Drive-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model and entropy method, and integrates the gravity correction model and social network analysis methods to identify the spatial linkages and network patterns among core regions, and further explores the development trend of the SDR of China's natural gas industry using grey model (GM(1,1)) moderated by a variable-weight buffer operator. The results show that: (1) There are significant regional differences in the SDR of the natural gas industry across Chinese provinces. The SDR is a high priority in Shanghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Guangdong and Shandong, while it is low major in Tibet, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Ningxia. (2) The spatial connection network density is low in China's natural gas industry, and the network correlation between provinces is poor. In detail, Jiangsu, Guangdong and Shandong are the core of the entire network and the connection lines between provinces are mainly basic in the whole region with poor connection strength, but there is a trend for the better. (3) The changing trend is significantly different in the SDR of Chinese provinces, and the prediction results show a trend of "polarization" in the SDR index of the provinces in the resource endowment area.

Spatial Performance Measurement and the Resource Organization Mechanism of Rural Tourism Resources in Developing Countries: A Case Study on Jilin Province, China

Many developing countries are challenged with the revival of rural vitality against increasing urbanization. Rural tourism is effective in enhancing the countryside’s vitality. Previous studies used qualitative methods to explore the spatial organization of resources, but it was difficult to quantify the effective organization of tourism resources. Taking the example of Jilin Province, China, this study quantitatively measured the use of tourism resources in rural areas at the initial stage and created a developmental model to organize tourism resources more effectively. The organization mechanism has specific reference significance for the optimization model of upgrading rural tourism in developing countries. Spatial performance measurement was used to evaluate the spatial performance of rural tourism resources in the case area. The specific research included analyzing the coupling mechanism of rural tourism resources, constructing an evaluation system, analyzing a resource regulation mechanism, and establishing a rural tourism network model through a complex network analysis method and dynamic simulation. According to the spatial performance analysis, the allocation and linkage of various tourism-related elements are not yet mature. The structural restructuring mode in Jilin Province is mainly divided into internal and external dual-drive guidance, secondary integration, and a characteristic linkage mode. An organizational mechanism for optimizing tourism resources was proposed, which could be referred to for evaluating and optimally organizing the tourism resources in the rural areas of developing countries.

Design of a Compliant Flapping-Wing Mechanism With Flapping–Twist–Swing Motion

This article presents a method for analyzing and optimizing a compliant flapping-wing mechanism (CFWM) with the flapping–twist–swing motion for a flapping-wing aerial vehicle (FWAV). Originating from a spatial five-bar rigid linkage to mimic the flapping-wing motion, the CFWM is proposed by replacing two revolute joints with two-segment combined flexible beams and redesigning the spherical joint based on topology structure decomposition. The goal of this work is to minimize the path deviation between the original rigid linkage and the CFWM and the strain energy stored in the CFWM to reduce the needed input power. To this end, first, kinematic and strain energy models of a CFWM are derived utilizing elliptic integral solutions. Next, the optimization of the CFWM is carried out by minimizing the path deviation and strain energy subject to material failures and geometrical constraints, leading to the development of an FWAV. Experimental tests on the output path of the CFWM and the lift/thrust of the FWAV are implemented. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived models in predicting the deflections of the CFWM and the feasibility of applying CFWMs to FWAVs.

Re-integration of heritage water systems: spatial lessons for present-day water management

Abstract With increasing global challenges such as climate change and urbanisation, it is essential to relook at ingenious ways that water has been managed in the past and continues to be managed. This paper looks at heritage water management systems that have existed for centuries from an exploratory research approach. The ‘mosaic model’ from the landscape ecology scholarship is applied to understand the spatial components and linkages of these systems. The paper starts with the key features of heritage water systems, then moves to establish a close link between green infrastructure and heritage water systems. Finally, we explore a few select cases by applying the mosaic model to understand the heritage water systems. One of these cases is then further demonstrated to provide an insight into the systems and enable its spatial-wise use in the present fabric.

Exact 3D Path Generation via 3D Cam-Linkage Mechanisms

Exact 3D path generation is a fundamental problem of designing a mechanism to make a point exactly move along a prescribed 3D path , driven by a single actuator. Existing mechanisms are insufficient to address this problem. Planar linkages and their combinations with gears and/or plate cams can only generate 2D paths while 1-DOF spatial linkages can only generate 3D paths with rather simple shapes. In this paper, we present a new 3D cam-linkage mechanism, consisting of two 3D cams and five links, for exactly generating a continuous 3D path. To design a 3D cam-linkage mechanism, we first model a 3-DOF 5-bar spatial linkage to exactly generate a prescribed 3D path and then reduce the spatial linkage's DOFs from 3 to 1 by composing the linkage with two 3D cam-follower mechanisms. Our computational approach optimizes the 3D cam-linkage mechanism's topology and geometry to minimize the mechanism's total weight while ensuring smooth, collision-free, and singularity-free motion. We show that our 3D cam-linkage mechanism is able to exactly generate a continuous 3D path with arbitrary shape and a finite number of C 0 points, evaluate the mechanism's kinematic performance with 3D printed prototypes, and demonstrate that the mechanism can be generalized for exact 3D motion generation.

Thick-Panel Origami Tubes With Hexagonal Cross-Sections

Abstract Rigidly foldable origami tubes can be kinematically regarded as assemblies of spherical linkages. They have exhibited excellent properties for deployable structures. Yet, for the engineering applications, the corresponding thick-panel forms have to be designed. In this paper, the spherical 4R linkages in tubes with hexagonal cross-sections are partially replaced by spatial linkages, leading to a method to construct the thick-panel tubes, which can reproduce kinematic motions equivalent to those realized using zero-thickness origami. Based on the D–H matrix method, the rotational symmetric and symmetric tubes are introduced, together with their four types of vertexes, where the specific spherical 4R linkages are replaced by Bennett and Bricard linkages to obtain the thick-panel foldable tubes. The approach can be applied to multilayered tubes with a straight or curved profile, whose manufacture can be simplified by removing extra links. The results can be readily utilized to the design of deployable tubular structures whose thickness cannot be disregarded.

Study on the effect of industrial structure transformation on regional ecological efficiency in ecological economic zone under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy

As the main strategy for the coordinated development of China’s ecological economy in the future, the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy is an important response strategy to solve the two major problems of China’s urbanization process: the industrial structure is biased toward tradition and the economic development is biased toward high carbon. Under this development prospect, how to coordinate ecological development and economic development through the transformation of the industrial structure and form a unified development situation is an important issue for the development of the ecological economy. To solve this problem, the research starts with the theory of industrial structure change and ecological efficiency, puts forward two kinds of ecological efficiency assumptions, and establishes a mathematical model based on the C-D production function and cost function for the impact of industrial structure change on ecological efficiency. On this basis, a spatial model is formed, and empirical analysis is carried out for the important domestic ecological economic zone - the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The research results show that the industrial structure of the eco-economic zone will have a significant positive impact on ecological efficiency. At the same time, under the effect of inter-city cooperation, ecological efficiency has a significant spatial spillover effect. At the same time, the spatial lag factor and spatial error factor of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta are significant at the 10% and 5% levels, and the spatial lag factor and spatial error factor of urban agglomeration in the middle and long reaches are significant at the 5% level. It can be seen that the spatial dependence and linkage of ecological effects are strong, and there is a relatively significant interaction.

Motion singularity analysis of the thick-panel kirigami

Thick-panel kirigami, constructed by cutting open creases on origami structures, can be applied to deployable structures with different Gaussian curvatures. By converting creases to rotational hinges, thick-panel kirigami can be treated as the assembly of spatial linkage, which provides accurate and precise deployment motion. Compared with origami, kirigami structures are able to optimize jagged deployed surfaces by geometry parameter adjustment. However, replacing several creases with slits in structures may lead to shortcomings in kinematics, i.e., motion singularity. In this study, motion singularity of thick-panel kirigami structure is discussed. Starting with kirigami units, bifurcation paths are detected and followed by the predictor-corrector numerical method. We then check the corresponding extension kirigami arrays and explore their complex bifurcation behaviors. The result indicates that the bifurcation motion paths within kirigami structures may lead to incomplete deployment. Physical prototypes are carried out, which successfully validate the singularity analysis. Also, motor- and spring-based hinges are arranged for driving, and the redundant actuator method is considered to avoid bifurcations and accomplish the full deployment. The findings are applicable to the design of kirigami-inspired deployable structures for engineering applications in the future.

A Bibliometric-Based Analytical Framework for the Study of Smart City Lifeforms in China.

Smart cities are the future development direction of cities and are a comprehensive expression of the development of the organic life body of cities. The organic life form of a smart city relates to viewing the city as an organic life self-organizing system based on the wholeness and systemic nature of the smart city life form itself, to construct a holistic spatial linkage of the functions and mechanisms of the city life system, and to enhance the overall vitality of the space. This study is based on the literature of "smart city" research in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, and the current situation and related themes of smart city research in China are discussed through co-word analysis and cluster analysis using software such as SPSS and VOSviewer, among which there are four themes in co-word cluster analysis, namely, intelligent technology supporting smart city research; research on the integration of the social system of a smart city; research on the top-level strategic design and planning and construction of a smart city; and research on the development, evaluation, and concrete practice of smart city construction. Four conclusions are drawn from the development of smart city research in China: Firstly, smart city research has attracted the attention of multiple disciplines, and the research themes are scattered and integrated across disciplinary systems. Secondly, smart city construction, development rules, and characteristics need to be further explored, and the problems, future trends, and policy support for the modernization of China's cities and towns have been focused on engineering and technology, with a lack of practical research in non-technical areas such as humanities and ethics. Thirdly, the philosophical humanism and ecological ethics of smart cities need to be systematized, and their construction and development needs to be humanistic, systematic, and comprehensive, thus contributing to the sustainability, livability, ecology, and wisdom of future urban development. Fourthly, the development of the smart city system is supported by theories related to global cities and innovative cities, and the world city, a product of globalization, is undergoing a transformation into a digital and intelligent organic urban life form.

Industrial linkage of global carbon emissions: A heterogeneous ownership perspective

The roles of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and domestically owned agents in global carbon emissions differ significantly. Industrial linkage analysis of carbon emissions can be applied to identify critical sectors and their contributions where policies need to be improved for this purpose. This study investigates the industrial linkage of domestically owned agents and MNEs in global carbon emissions during the 2005–2016 period from both the demand and supply side via a multiregional input-output method. Industrial linkages are analyzed from the perspectives of both production and spatial linkage. The results show that the forward linkages of domestic agents on the supply side mainly lead to an increase in global carbon emissions. Second, the spatial linkage is more influential than the production linkage in global carbon emissions in most cases. Global carbon emissions are spatially lock-in some specific regions, such as China and South Africa. Third, MNEs transfer energy-intensive industries to developing regions and cause carbon leakage. We highlight that spatial linkage has an important role in global carbon emissions. This study is beneficial for policy-makers in providing a reference for impartially allocating mitigation responsibility.

Analisis Keterkaitan Sektoral dan Spasial Provinsi Banten dalam Perspektif Interregional Input-Output

Banten has an important role in the Indonesian economy. However, the high import of raw materials from abroad indicates that Banten's economy is less related to the production sector inside and outside Banten. Meanwhile, these linkages are needed to accelerate economic development and increase Banten's role in the national economy. This study aims to analyze the interrelationships between economic sectors in the Banten economy and spatial linkages with other provinces in Indonesia. The analysis is carried out through forward linkage and backward linkage analysis, interregional spillover effects, and interregional feedback effects, using the IRIO Indonesia Table 2016. The results show that the Banten economy is not optimal in utilizing domestic industries as suppliers of raw materials. As a result, when Banten experienced an increase in final consumption, it was less able to improve the performance of the domestic and national upstream economic sectors. Conversely, if in other provinces there is an increase in final demand, Banten will receive a very large impact because it has used the production sector in other provinces as a market for its products. As a result, when the Banten production sector experienced an increase in production due to increased production capacity, it was able to improve the performance of the downstream economic sector in the country.

Design of virtual laneway infrastructure: community activation through augmented reality in underutilized spaces in cities pressured to densify

ABSTRACT This study undertook literature studies, site and precinct analyses, and observations of 34 laneways in Perth, Western Australia. Ownership, proximity to residential, and mass transit public transport, critical node linkages, proportions, surface ‘canvas’ area, and development restrictions were assessed eliciting a suitable location to develop an Augmented Reality architectural placemaking ‘projection’ proposition. The ideation presents iterative design process visualizations within a vernacular ‘place’ setting with localized spatial linkages and functionalities, and does not draw to a definitive solution, but a novel, cost-effective, adaptable, and ‘agile’ method of activating ‘lost spaces’ without permanent structural alteration while retaining their original utility.

Spatial Bodies: Vulnerable Inclusiveness within Gyms and Fitness Venues in Sweden

Today, gyms and fitness venues set out, on a superficial level at least, to cater to the individual, no matter what their gender and are therefore often seen as inclusive spaces for physical activity and its concomitant health benefits. However, previous research has shown that gyms as such, as well as certain areas within gyms, are perceived as specifically masculine spaces, often referring to a contextually contingent hegemonic masculinity, thereby deterring those who do not align with this image, especially women, but also certain men. Even when these dividing lines are crossed, a gendered movement schema remains, because there are different social expectations of what, how, and where men and women should exercise. As we will see in this paper, these movement schemas are produced and reproduced through discursive spatial linkages within the gym and fitness culture. In addition to investigating in what ways gendered norms are implicated within the very architecture of gyms in general, one gym, in particular, is used as an example since it is written into its statutes that it should work in a norm-critical way, providing a case study that shows an attempt to disrupt this inhibiting gendered spatial discourse and, thereby, possibly creating a more inclusive gym space.

Spatial correlations and driving mechanisms of low-carbon agricultural development in china

Low-carbon agricultural development in China is a prerequisite for rural revitalization and a key to achieving socio-economic green transformation. This paper used agricultural data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2020, considering both carbon emissions from farming and livestock, agricultural low-carbon total factor productivity (ALTFP) was measured using the RSBM-GML index. Based on this, the network characteristics and driving mechanisms of low-carbon synergistic development in agriculture were explored with the help of an improved gravity model and social network analysis, and the dominant provinces in low-carbon synergistic development in agriculture are identified. The study revealed that the spatially linked network of ALTFP in China exhibits multi-threaded characteristics of spillover to non-adjacent provinces, and the whole network has a sparse structure and hierarchy. The eastern regions such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang are at the core of the network, with closer ties to other regions and a stronger role in allocating resources. While the western regions such as Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Gansu are located at the periphery of the network, with weaker access to the resources. Meanwhile, the spatial proximity of provinces, the widening of differences in urbanization levels and differences in financial support for agriculture, and the narrowing of differences in the educational attainment of rural labor have significantly contributed to the formation of provincial spatial linkages. This study reveals that China’s government needs to give full play to the role of core regions as “leaders”, and promote the balanced and coordinated regional development of low-carbon agriculture in China. In addition, policy makers should further optimize the spatial allocation of agricultural resource elements between provinces. The findings of the study provide reference suggestions for the development of regionally differentiated agricultural low-carbon development plans.