Spatial Distribution Of Pollutants Research Articles

An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Relationship between Satellite-Derived AOD and Ground-Level PM10

Air pollution can endanger human health, especially in urban areas. Assessment of air quality primarily relies on ground-based measurements, but these provide only limited information on the spatial distribution of pollutants. In recent years, satellite derived Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has been used to approximate particulate matter (PM) with varying success. In this study, the relationship between hourly mean concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10) and instantaneous AOD measurements is investigated for Berlin, Germany, for 2001–2015. It is found that the relationship between AOD and PM10 is rarely linear and strongly influenced by ambient relative humidity (RH), boundary layer height (BLH), wind direction and wind speed. Generally, when a moderately dry atmosphere (30% < RH ≤ 50%) coincides with a medium BLH (600–1200 m), AOD and PM10 are in the same range on a semi-quantitative scale. AOD increases with ambient RH, leading to an overestimation of the dry particle concentration near ground. However, this effect can be compensated if a low boundary layer (<600 m) is present, which in turn significantly increases PM10, eventually leading to satellite AOD and PM10 measurements of similar magnitude. Insights of this study potentially influence future efforts to estimate near-ground PM concentrations based on satellite AOD.

Research on the Nutrient and Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics of Sediment in Zaoxia River in Shenzhen City

This paper mainly investigated the black-smelly Zaoxia River in Shenzhen city and analyzed the moisture content, nutrients and heavy metal levels in river sediments. The results showed that total phosphorus, total nitrogen and heavy metals in the sediment of Zaoxia River Shenzhen City exceeded the standard, and the pollution levels ranged from moderate to serious. Meantime, water content, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, heavy metals were closely related. The order of potential ecological risk of a single heavy metal was Cd> Cu> Ni> Pb> Cr> Zn. Finally, based on the spatial distribution of pollutants, the proposed range of environmental dredging was given in this study.

Application of an Interpolation Method in Pollution Survey by Matlab

In order to make a pollution survey assessing the levels of Cd and Hg, this study drew the pollution spatial distribution map by using inverse distance weighting interpolation to analyze 33 sampling points in a phosphorus chemical plant. The results indicated that the content of Cd in 89.5% areas and Hg in 73.2% areas were above the standard. According to the pollution spatial distribution maps, the points of high Cd value are concentrated in brimstone pools and the points of high Hg value concentrated in brimstone pools, phosphoric acid workshop and storage.

A hybrid Grey-Markov/ LUR model for PM10 concentration prediction under future urban scenarios

Exploring the spatial distribution of air pollutants under future urban planning scenarios is essential as urban sprawl increases in China. However, existing published prediction models usually forecast pollutant concentrations at the station level or estimate spatial distribution of pollutant in a historical perspective. This study has developed a hybrid Grey-Markov/land use regression (LUR) model (GMLUR) for PM10 concentration prediction under future urban scenarios by employing the forecast of Grey-Markov model as surrogate measurements to calibrate the spatial estimations of LUR model. Taking the agglomeration of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (CZT) in China as a case, the superiority of GMLUR was tested and spatial distribution of PM10 concentrations based on four potential land use scenarios for the year 2020 were predicted. Results show that GMLUR modelling outperforms LUR modelling with clear lower average relative percentage error (5.13% vs. 24.09%) and root-mean-square error (5.50 μg/m3 vs. 21.31 μg/m3). The economic interest scenario identifies the largest demands of future built-up (2 306.50 km2) and bare (34.88 km2) areas. Built-up area demands for the business as usual scenario, resource-conserving scenario, and ecological interest scenario are 362.67, 1 042.22, and 1 014.70 km2, respectively. Correspondingly, the economic interest scenario identifies the severest PM10 pollution with the highest mean predicted concentration of 53.78 μg/m3 and the largest percent (19.43%) of area exceeding the Level 2 value (70 μg/m3) of Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CNAAQS); these are significantly higher than those of the business as usual scenario (49.63 μg/m3, 6.28%). The resource-conserving scenario (46.79 μg/m3) and ecological interest scenario (46.76 μg/m3) are cleaner with no area exceeding the Level 2 value of CNAAQS. It can be concluded that GMLUR modelling provides a feasible way to evaluate the potential outcome of future urban planning strategies in the perspective of air pollution.

Spatial distribution of wintertime air pollution in major cities over eastern China: Relationship with the evolution of trough, ridge and synoptic system over East Asia

Hourly air quality index (AQI) data from the Ministry of Environment Protection of China are used to investigate spatial distribution of air pollution in major cities over eastern China (ECN) in winter 2015. The wintertime averaging identifies a pollution center in east Shanxi (IV, the identifier number in Fig. 1), south Hebei (III), west Shandong (V) and Henan (VI) provinces with mean AQI > 100. Four typical types of air pollution spatial distribution are identified. The low level southerly winds are found to be associated with the occurrence of regional air pollution episodes over ECN. The spatial distribution of air pollution is mainly related to the low level meridional wind, which is determined by the specific evolution process of the trough, ridge and synoptic system. The longitudinal position, the deepening (or weakening) and the southward extension (or northward retreat) of the trough over East Asia are the crucial factors determining where the regional air pollution could occur. The influence of precipitation on air pollution is complicated; the initial stage of precipitation with limited precipitation amount promotes the secondary formation and hygroscopic growth of aerosol due to increased supply of moisture, thus favors an aggravation of air pollution; in contrast, only the persisting and intensifying of precipitation are accompanied with more effective wet scavenging and an improvement of air quality. Fireworks emission is found to exacerbate air pollution during the Spring Festival, resulting in a unique distribution of air pollution over a large area of China, suggesting that prohibiting fireworks is necessary under adverse synoptic situation.

Characteristics of Nutrients and Eutrophication Assessment of Shenzhen Offshore Waters

Based on the data obtained in the coastal waters of Shenzhen from the Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center,the distribution of DIN, DIP were analyzed, and the temporal spatial variations of nutrient level and organic pollution situation were evaluated using methods such as single factor index, eutrophication index,and water organic pollution evaluation index. The results show that the nutrient level of the eastern waters was lower than that of the western. The Dapeng Bay and Daya Bay comply with the first-class seawater standard, the Zhujiang Estuary and Shenzhen Bay exceed the fourth-class seawater standard. And there were some similarities between the eutrophication and organic pollution spatial distribution, and the eutrophication and organic pollution were observed in the western waters. The correlation analysis suggested there was a negatively correlation between salinity and major pollutants (P<0.01), implying the relationship between terrigenous pollution and the content of environmental elements.

Heavy Metal Pollution Delineation Based on Uncertainty in a Coastal Industrial City in the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Assessing heavy metal pollution and delineating pollution are the bases for evaluating pollution and determining a cost-effective remediation plan. Most existing studies are based on the spatial distribution of pollutants but ignore related uncertainty. In this study, eight heavy-metal concentrations (Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were collected at 1040 sampling sites in a coastal industrial city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The single pollution index (PI) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) were calculated for every surface sample (0–20 cm) to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution. Ordinary kriging (OK) was used to map the spatial distribution of heavy metals content and NIPI. Then, we delineated composite heavy metal contamination based on the uncertainty produced by indicator kriging (IK). The results showed that mean values of all PIs and NIPIs were at safe levels. Heavy metals were most accumulated in the central portion of the study area. Based on IK, the spatial probability of composite heavy metal pollution was computed. The probability of composite contamination in the central core urban area was highest. A probability of 0.6 was found as the optimum probability threshold to delineate polluted areas from unpolluted areas for integrative heavy metal contamination. Results of pollution delineation based on uncertainty showed the proportion of false negative error areas was 6.34%, while the proportion of false positive error areas was 0.86%. The accuracy of the classification was 92.80%. This indicated the method we developed is a valuable tool for delineating heavy metal pollution.

Review of the Spatial Distribution, Source and Extent of Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil in China: Impacts and Mitigation Approaches.

Background.China has undergone a rapid industrial revolution and urbanization during the past three decades. This expansion is largely responsible for the release of a large amount of heavy metals into soils and is increasingly raising concerns over the potential effects on human health and the environment. The problem is drawing increasing attention, especially after an extensive nationwide soil survey report in 2014. A number of studies have examined soil contamination by heavy metals in China. However, most of these studies have been small in scale and it is therefore challenging to get a general overview of the level of contamination across the entire country.Objectives.The present study is aimed at presenting a synthesized overview of the extent, pattern, and impact of heavy metal contamination of soils in China, including mitigation approaches.Methods.Eighty-six journal articles and other literature such as reports, internet sources, and statistical yearbooks were narratively and critically synthesized to compile a holistic summary of sources of heavy metals, the extent of pollution, spatial distribution and impact of heavy metal contamination in China. The major findings from these studies are presented, along with mitigation approaches applicable to China.Discussion.A synthesis of major findings from recent scientific journals shows that about 10.18% of farmland soils which supports 13.86% of grain production in China is affected by heavy metals. The main sources of pollution are anthropogenic activities. Even though the spatial distribution of pollution is highly variable owing to natural and human factors, provinces with intensive industrial activities such as Henan, Shandong, and Sichuan are more highly polluted than others. These regions are top grain producing areas and hence require close follow-up for development of feasible approaches to mitigating crop contamination and associated health risks emerging in parts of China. The government recently launched a program aimed at determining sound reclamation strategies.Conclusion.Mitigation of heavy metal contamination in China requires coordination of different actors and integration of all feasible reclamation approaches.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Impacts of Traffic Tidal Flow on Pollutant Dispersion in a Non-Uniform Urban Street Canyon

A three-dimensional geometrical model was established based on a section of street canyons in the 2nd Ring Road of Wuhan, China, and a mathematical model describing the fluid flow and pollutant dispersion characteristics in the street canyon was developed. The effect of traffic tidal flow was investigated based on the measurement results of the passing vehicles as the pollution source of the CFD method and on the spatial distribution of pollutants under various ambient crosswinds. Numerical investigation results indicated that: (i) in this three-dimensional asymmetrical shallow street canyon, if the pollution source followed a non-uniform distribution due to the traffic tidal flow and the wind flow was perpendicular to the street, a leeward side source intensity stronger than the windward side intensity would cause an expansion of the pollution space even if the total source in the street is equal. When the ambient wind speed is 3 m/s, the pollutant source intensity near the leeward side that is stronger than that near the windward side (R = 2, R = 3, and R = 5) leads to an increased average concentration of CO at pedestrian breathing height by 26%, 37%, and 41%, respectively. (R is the ratio parameter of the left side pollution source and the right side pollution source); (ii) However, this feature will become less significant with increasing wind speeds and changes of wind direction; (iii) the pollution source intensity exerted a decisive influence on the pollutant level in the street canyon. With the decrease of the pollution source intensity, the pollutant concentration decreased proportionally.

Investigations of temporal and spatial distribution of precursors SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; vertical columns in the North China Plain using mobile DOAS

Abstract. Recently, Chinese cities have suffered severe events of haze air pollution, particularly in the North China Plain (NCP). Investigating the temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants, emissions, and pollution transport is necessary to better understand the effect of various sources on air quality. We report on mobile differential optical absorption spectroscopy (mobile DOAS) observations of precursors SO2 and NO2 vertical columns in the NCP in the summer of 2013 (from 11 June to 7 July) in this study. The different temporal and spatial distributions of SO2 and NO2 vertical column density (VCD) over this area are characterized under various wind fields. The results show that transport from the southern NCP strongly affects air quality in Beijing, and the transport route, particularly SO2 transport on the route of Shijiazhuang–Baoding–Beijing, is identified. In addition, the major contributors to SO2 along the route of Shijiazhuang–Baoding–Beijing are elevated sources compared to low area sources for the route of Dezhou–Cangzhou–Tianjin–Beijing; this is found using the interrelated analysis between in situ and mobile DOAS observations during the measurement periods. Furthermore, the discussions on hot spots near the city of JiNan show that average observed width of polluted air mass is 11.83 and 17.23 km associated with air mass diffusion, which is approximately 60 km away from emission sources based on geometrical estimation. Finally, a reasonable agreement exists between the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and mobile DOAS observations, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.65 for NO2 VCDs. Both datasets also have a similar spatial pattern. The fitted slope of 0.55 is significantly less than unity, which can reflect the contamination of local sources, and OMI observations are needed to improve the sensitivities to the near-surface emission sources through improvements of the retrieval algorithm or the resolution of satellites.

Spatial distribution of pollutants in the area of the former CHP plant

The quality of atmospheric air and level of its pollution are now one of the most important issues connected with life on Earth. The frequent nuisance and exceedance of pollution standards often described in the media are generated by both low emission sources and mobile sources. Also local organized energy emission sources such as local boiler houses or CHP plants have impact on air pollution. At the same time it is important to remember that the role of local power stations in shaping air pollution immission fields depends on the height of emitters and functioning of waste gas treatment installations. Analysis of air pollution distribution was carried out in 2 series/dates, i.e. 2 and 10 weeks after closure of the CHP plant. In the analysis as a reference point the largest intersection of streets located in the immediate vicinity of the plant was selected, from which virtual circles were drawn every 50 meters, where 31 measuring points were located. As a result, the impact of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia levels could be observed and analyzed, depending on the distance from the street intersection.

KAJIAN PERSEBARAN SPASIAL KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI KARANG MUMUS, SAMARINDA, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Problem of river pollution caused domestic waste human activity as residences, home industries and market. Karang Mumus River is Subwatershed Mahakam through Samarinda City. Purpose of this research is to analysethe spatial distribution of Karang Mumus River pollution, namely BOD, COD and TSS. Method used field survey, water sampling each river segment, laboratory analysis and make spatial distribution of pollution by ArcGIS application. Result of this research is to find the highest BOD, COD and TSS content on the residence side especially in flood plain area, home industries of tofu - tempeh and urban activity such as market, hospital, and Mall. Spatial distribution of BOD and COD find upstream and downstream has high content, then TSS hight content find in downstream area. Dominant activity in upstream area are home industries tofu- tempeh and in the downstream area are many residence in the flood plain area with their activity and also urban area.

Dust emission and dispersion from mineral storage piles.

Dust pollution is a complex problem of growing interest because of its environmental, health, economic and political impact. Environmental impact assessment methods for dust pollution management are often based on the simulation of dust dispersion, which requires a precise characterization of the source term and of the source parameters. The source term model should be as simple and as accurate as possible and requires low time consumption in order to be easily connected to a more complex algorithm for the dispersion calculations. This work focuses on dust emissions from mineral storage piles, which are usually modelled as source terms by means of the algorithm proposed in the AP-42 US EPA standard. Unfortunately, this algorithm tends to overestimate emissions, and when coupled with a Gaussian dispersion model, it leads to inaccurate results in terms of estimation of both concentration and spatial distribution. This paper proposes a new methodology drawn from the original standard US EPA AP-42 https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch13/ scheme with the purpose to account for the actual dynamics of erosion and to enhance the accuracy of the concentration and the pollutant spatial distribution assessment, thereby considering the effects of the wind interactions. The standard EPA methodology and the new one were compared by means of the AERMOD and CALPUFF dispersion models. Results are superimposable in terms of concentration values, leading to a quantification of the same order of magnitude, although with a different and more variable spatial distribution.

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment from Daye Lake

The surface water and surface sediments were collected from Daye Lake in April 2014. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The pollution potential health risk and ecological risk of heavy metals in water and sediment were assessed by the health risk assessment model and the potential ecological risk index method. The results showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cu and Pb) was 49.27 μg·L-1, 2.19 μg·L-1, 12.18 μg·L-1, 12.13 μg·L-1(water) and 78.46 mg·kg-1, 77.13 mg·kg-1, 650.13 mg·kg-1 and 134.22 mg·kg-1 (sediment). Enrichment coefficient indicated that the enrichment of Cd, Cu and Pb was more serious, especially the accumulation of Cd was the most obvious. Compared to typical lakes in China, the contents of heavy metals in water and sediment were relatively high. The spatial pollutant distribution of the heavy metals in water and sediment all presented that the concentrations of the heavy metals were relatively higher in east and west of Daye Lake, relatively more uniform in the middle, and their origins were mainly from human activities. The results of environmental risk indicated that the carcinogens and chemical non-carcinogens health risk values of heavy metals by drinking water pathway were 9.77E-08~1.63E-05a-1. Therefore, the pollution of Ni and Cd should be the primary control target for environmental health risk management. The descending order of pollution degree of four metals in sediment was Cd> Cu> Pb> Ni, and Cd was the main contributor of the potential ecological risk elements.

Contamination and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil of Xiangxi River water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

ABSTRACTThe Three Gorges Reservoir is the largest hydroelectric project in China. It forms water-level-fluctuating (WLF) zones with a water level difference which can reach 30 m and a total area of 349 km2 along the Yangtze River. To determine the pollution level and spatial distribution of heavy metals in WLF regions, Xiangxi River (XXR), the largest first-order tributary, was selected as the study area. Both single-factor and multi-factor evaluation methods were employed to assess the contamination indices of heavy metals in soil. The results showed that the pollution degree for sampling sites varied from slight to moderate pollution levels, where 64% were in slight pollution degree and 4% were in moderate pollution degree. Approximately 68% of the sites were polluted. The ranking of 6 different kinds of heavy metals according to pollution degree was Cd > Pb > Cr > Hg > Ni > Cu. While Cd and Pb contributed the most to the pollutions, the contributions of the other four remained minor. Furthermore, a spatial distribution map of the comprehensive contamination index for the XXR basin is generated. The concentrations of heavy metals in sediments along 4 transects showed an overall decreasing trend with increasing elevation.

Comparisons of ground-based tropospheric NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; MAX-DOAS measurements to satellite observations with the aid of an air quality model over the Thessaloniki area, Greece

Abstract. One of the main issues arising from the comparison of ground-based and satellite measurements is the difference in spatial representativeness, which for locations with inhomogeneous spatial distribution of pollutants may lead to significant differences between the two data sets. In order to investigate the spatial variability of tropospheric NO2 within a sub-satellite pixel, a campaign which lasted for about 6 months was held in the greater area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Three multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) systems performed measurements of tropospheric NO2 columns at different sites representative of urban, suburban and rural conditions. The direct comparison of these ground-based measurements with corresponding products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard NASA's Aura satellite (OMI/Aura) showed good agreement over the rural and suburban areas, while the comparison with the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) onboard EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites' (MetOp-A and MetOp-B) observations is good only over the rural area. GOME-2A and GOME-2B sensors show an average underestimation of tropospheric NO2 over the urban area of about 10.51 ± 8.32 × 1015 and 10.21 ± 8.87 × 1015 molecules cm−2, respectively. The mean difference between ground-based and OMI observations is significantly lower (6.60 ± 5.71 × 1015 molecules cm−2). The differences found in the comparisons of MAX-DOAS data with the different satellite sensors can be attributed to the higher spatial resolution of OMI, as well as the different overpass times and NO2 retrieval algorithms of the satellites. OMI data were adjusted using factors calculated by an air quality modeling tool, consisting of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale meteorological model and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) multiscale photochemical transport model. This approach resulted in significant improvement of the comparisons over the urban monitoring site. The average difference of OMI observations from MAX-DOAS measurements was reduced to −1.68 ± 5.01 × 1015 molecules cm−2.

A study on physico- chemical status and spatial distribution of pollutants in ground water proximity to Uyyakondan channel using modeling software - GIS

Tiruchirappalli is one of the most important industrial cities in Tamil Nadu and situated on the river bank of the Cauvery. Uyyakondan channel is about 65.5 km long, running through the heart of Tiruchirappalli as a tributary of river Cauvery. The channel water is used for domestic and irrigation purposes. A total of 40 ground water and 5 surface water samples were collected from in and around Uyyakondan channel. The water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, DO, COD, BOD, Cl, PO4 and K as prescribed by APHA, using standard techniques and compared with WHO (2009). The ground water quality information maps of the entire study area were prepared by using software GIS for all the above parameters. The results obtained by this study will be helpful for identifying the spatial distribution of pollutant in the study area.

Analysis of factors affecting the ecological status of the large water bodies on the basis of monitoring and integrated 3D models

The paper presents water monitoring methods used to determine and predict the ecological status of large water bodies based on calibrated 3D water quality models. State monitoring system of quality of water was discussed and critically reviewed. Mobile measurements technique to collect vast number of measuring points across the large water body during one day cruise to make maps of pollutants distributions was described. Maps of water quality parameters show dynamic changes of spatial distributions of pollutants both in time and along the length of the lake which proves that one point measurements cannot be representative for the large water body. Critical evaluation of calibration principles and accuracy of the most frequently used water quality models, WASP and GEMSS are presented. On the basis of CFD calculations, close correlation between water quality and hydrodynamics in large water bodies regarding the physicochemical aspects and biological production was proved. Neglecting the effect of hydrodynamic on eutrophication process introduce large element of uncertainty in determination of nutrients flow in the large water bodies. An example of scenarios for improving the ecological potential of dam reservoirs to obtain significant reduction of selected nutrients concentration in the lake is discussed.

A three-year investigation of daily PM2.5 main chemical components in four sites: the routine measurement program of the Supersito Project (Po Valley, Italy)

The Supersito Project (www.supersito-er.it) has been active in the Emilia-Romagna region, southern part of the Po Valley (Italy), since 2011. Focal aim of the project is to enhance the knowledge on atmospheric aerosol and its impact on human health. In the framework of Supersito, major chemical components of daily PM2.5 were investigated over a period of more than three years at four sampling sites, representative of dissimilar territorial conditions: one rural background (SPC) and three urban background sites in the coastal (RN), central (MS) and inner area (PR) of the region.In all the sites, organic and elemental carbon and water soluble inorganic ions accounted for more than 70% of PM2.5 mass, during all seasons. Nitrate and organic carbon (OC) were the main components of winter PM2.5, while summer aerosol was mainly contributed by OC and sulphate. OC was dominated by primary sources, with a potentially important contribution from biomass burning, in winter, while secondary processes dominated OC production in summer.A substantial homogeneity was observed on a regional scale in terms of spatial distribution of pollutants, with EC only presenting significant differences between urban and rural areas during winters. Nonetheless, differences were observed between the coastal and the inner part of the region, with the former being systematically characterized by higher concentrations of carbonaceous compounds and lower concentrations of ammonium nitrate. The coastal area was likely influenced by the aged OC from the Po Valley outflow in addition to local sources, while the scarcity of local sources of ammonia limited the formation of ammonium nitrate.In the studied area, local and regional meteorology - mostly governed by geographical collocation and orography – was responsible for PM2.5 mass and composition no less than local and regional emission sources.

Evaluation and mapping spatial distribution of bottom sediment heavy metal contamination in Burullus Lake, Egypt

Burullus Lake is one of most important lakes in north Delta of Egypt. It is exposed to huge amounts of serious pollutants especially heavy metals. The sediments within the lake aid in the dispersion of these metals. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate and map the spatial distribution of heavy metals in Burullus Lake sediments. Accordingly, 37 locations were randomly distributed within the lake. Sediment samples were taken from these locations. These samples were analyzed for seven metals including Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd and Pb. Also, five indices were used to identify the status of metal pollutants in the Lake. These indices are: enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DC), pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Ordinary Kriging was used to interpolate the spatial distribution of the studied elements within the lake. The obtained results indicated that cadmium was the most enriched element in the lake sediments due to industrial and agricultural wastes drained into the lake. The Igeo index revealed that Cd and Pb were the common pollutants in lake sediments. The DC values ranged between low (near El-Boughaz) and moderate (near drainage areas). The spatial distribution of pollutants within the lake indicated that the highly polluted areas are located close to the drains, whereas as the less polluted areas were close to El-Boughaz.