Spatial Distinction Research Articles

Spatial and Temporal Distinction of Microelemental Signatures of Missouri River Tributaries

AbstractThe microchemical composition of a fish's calcified structure, such as an otolith, fin ray, or scale, is a ‘biological tag’ that reflects the use of different habitats throughout its life history. Hard‐part microchemistry has the potential to address many fish conservation, management, and behavior questions. In order to use hard‐part microchemistry to address fisheries research questions, elemental signatures of water must be distinct at the spatial scale of interest and ideally temporally stable. The goal of this study was to assess whether spatial differences existed in the concentrations of five elements [barium (137Ba), magnesium (24Mg), manganese (55Mn), sodium (23Na), and strontium (88Sr)] between and within eight Missouri River tributaries and whether those signatures were temporally stable. All elemental concentrations were converted to molar ratios (mmol mol−1) using calcium (43Ca) concentrations as the base. Canonical correspondence analysis showed distinct differences in Mg:Ca, Na:Ca, and Sr:Ca concentrations between the eight tributaries. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests showed that sites within a tributary were distinguished using Mg:Ca and Na:Ca concentrations. However, only Mg:Ca concentrations were temporally stable. Results from this study demonstrate the potential for using hard‐part microchemistry to address various questions at multiple spatial scales in the Missouri River riverscape but also highlight the importance of evaluating water microelemental signatures prior or simultaneous to any hard‐part microchemistry study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Seasonal contamination of surface waters close to an abandoned Sn-W mine, northeast Portugal

The abandoned Ribeira mine consists of Sn-W quartz veins and is located in Tras-os-Montes, northeast Portugal. The mining activities took place on the northern side of the Viveiros stream valley that crosses the mining area. Viveiros is a tributary stream of the Sabor River, which is about 1 km downstream from the mining site. Tailings and rejected materials were deposited on northern hillside of the valley and are exposed to significant weathering and erosion. The Sn-W quartz veins intruded Silurian quartzites and shales and contain cassiterite, wolframite, sphalerite, scheelite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, columbite-(Mn) and bismuthinite. Water samples from the Viveiros stream, Sabor River and tailings seasonal drainages were collected. The water has a sodium bicarbonated to calcium sulphated facies, under maximum tailings influence. The sulphate content is low in these waters (up to 145 mg/L). The pH values are close to neutrality, and the maximum electrical conductivity is 303 μS/cm. The metal and semimetals contents in waters show a seasonal variation characterized by low values in the wet and cold season and high contents in the hot and dry season. The contents of Mn, Cu, Zn and Cd found on the tailings seasonal water drainages are higher than those found in the Viveiros stream and Sabor River in the same season. The highest contents of Cd are associated with the highest contents of Zn. These results point to arsenopyrite and sphalerite dissolution as the principal source of metals and semimetals in these waters. The principal component analysis shows a clear spatial and seasonal distinction between the water collected close to the mine influence in the summer period and the other waters. During this period, the Viveiros stream shows As, Cd and Pb contents (e.g. As 0.29; Cd 0.033 and Pb 0.55 mg/L) higher than those permitted by WHO (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn (WEB version), 2011) and the Portuguese legislation. Lead, Cd and As are potential threats to the environment due to long-term loadings into the aquatic system. The differences found in the geochemistry of impacted mine water and in its contamination are well expressed if seasonality is considered.

Long-term trend of satellite-observed significant wave height and impact on ecosystem in the East/Japan Sea

Significant wave height (SWH) data of nine satellite altimeters were validated with in-situ SWH measurements from buoy stations in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The spatial and temporal variability of extreme SWHs was investigated by defining the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles based on percentile analysis. The annual mean of extreme SWHs was dramatically increased by 3.45m in the EJS, which is significantly higher than the normal mean of about 1.44m. The spatial distributions of SWHs showed significantly higher values in the eastern region of the EJS than those in the western part. Characteristic seasonality was found from the time-series SWHs with high SWHs (>2.5m) in winter but low values (<1m) in summer. The trends of the normal and extreme (99th percentile) SWHs in the EJS had a positive value of 0.0056m year−1 and 0.0125m year−1, respectively. The long-term trend demonstrated that higher SWH values were more extreme with time during the past decades. The predominant spatial distinctions between the coastal regions in the marginal seas of the Northwest Pacific Ocean and open ocean regions were presented. In spring, both normal and extreme SWHs showed substantially increasing trends in the EJS. Finally, we first presented the impact of the long-term trend of extreme SWHs on the marine ecosystem through vertical mixing enhancement in the upper ocean of the EJS.

Assessment of pollutant mean concentrations in the Yangtze estuary based on MSN theory

Reliable assessment of water quality is a critical issue for estuaries. Nutrient concentrations show significant spatial distinctions between areas under the influence of fresh-sea water interaction and anthropogenic effects. For this situation, given the limitations of general mean estimation approaches, a new method for surfaces with non-homogeneity (MSN) was applied to obtain optimized linear unbiased estimations of the mean nutrient concentrations in the study area in the Yangtze estuary from 2011 to 2013. Other mean estimation methods, including block Kriging (BK), simple random sampling (SS) and stratified sampling (ST) inference, were applied simultaneously for comparison. Their performance was evaluated by estimation error. The results show that MSN had the highest accuracy, while SS had the highest estimation error. ST and BK were intermediate in terms of their performance. Thus, MSN is an appropriate method that can be adopted to reduce the uncertainty of mean pollutant estimation in estuaries.

Volcanism and sedimentation along the western margin of the Rio Grande rift between caldera-forming eruptions of the Jemez Mountains volcanic field, north-central New Mexico, USA

The Cerro Toledo Formation (CTF), a series of intracaldera rhyolitic dome complexes and their associated extracaldera tephras and epiclastic sedimentary deposits, records the dynamic interplay between volcanic, tectonic, and geomorphic processes that were occurring along the western margin of the Rio Grande rift between major caldera-forming eruptions of the Bandelier Tuff 1.65–1.26Ma. The Alamo Canyon and Pueblo Canyon Members differ significantly despite deposition within a few kilometers of each other on the Pajarito Plateau. These differences highlight spatial distinctions in vent sources, eruptive styles, and depositional environments along the eastern side of the Jemez Mountains volcanic field during this ca. 400,000year interval. Intercalated pyroclastic fall deposits and sandstones of the Pueblo Canyon Member reflect deposition with a basin. Thick Alamo Canyon Member deposits of block-and-ash-flow tuff and pyroclastic fall deposits fill a paleovalley carved into coarse grained sedimentary units reflecting deposition along the mountain front. Chemistry and ages of glass from fall deposits together with clast lithologies of sedimentary units, allow correlation of outcrops, subsurface units, and sources. Dates on pyroclastic fall deposits from Alamo Canyon record deep incision into the underlying Otowi Member in the southern part of the Pajarito Plateau within 100k.y. of the Toledo caldera-forming eruption. Reconstruction of the CTF surface shows that this period of rapid incision was followed by aggradation where sediments largely filled pre-existing paleocanyons. Complex sequences within the upper portion of the Otowi Member in outcrop and in the subsurface record changes in the style of eruptive activity during the waning stages of the Toledo caldera-forming eruption.

Cooperation in mind: Motor imagery of joint and single actions is represented in different brain areas

In this study brain activity during motor imagery (MI) of joint actions, compared to single actions and rest conditions, was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first neuroimaging study which directly investigated the neural correlates of joint action motor imagery. Twenty-one healthy participants imagined three different motor tasks (dancing, carrying a box, wiping). Each imagery task was performed at two kinds: alone (single action MI) or with a partner (joint action MI). We hypothesized that to imagine a cooperative task would lead to a stronger cortical activation in motor related areas due to a higher vividness and intensification of the imagery. This would be elicited by the integration of the action simulation of the virtual partner to one’s own action. Comparing the joint action and the single action condition with the rest condition, we found significant activation in the precentral gyrus and precuneus respectively. Furthermore the joint action MI showed higher activation patterns in the premotor cortex (inferior and middle frontal gyrus) compared to the single action MI. The imagery of a more vivid and engaging task, like our joint action imagery, could improve rehabilitation processes since a more distributed brain activity is found. Furthermore, the joint action imagery compared to single action imagery might be an appropriate BCI task due to its clear spatial distinction of activation.

O discurso jurídico e seus dois mundos: simbologia, lugar social e razão dualista

This article is an essay on the process of formation of legal discourse, following the space-time grids in the production of its assumptions of legitimacy. The theoretical basis for the research is the semiotic approach of Umberto Eco, based on the sleeping car metaphor. As references to deal with the background that serves as a foundation for legal discourse in Brazil, the article uses Sergio Buarque de Holanda’s book Raizes do Brasil and Jesse Souza’s book Modernizacao seletiv a. It assumes that moderthe spatial distinctions (due to different processes of occupation and colonization) and the diverse experiences of the discourses on time (pre-modern, modern and post-modern) represent the different speeds of social relations. Thus, there would be one and the same discourse but with opposite results when imprinted on different imagined social communities. Keywords: legal discourse, dualistic reason, (de)coloniality, selective modernization.

Funkčná a priestorová diferenciácia brownfieldov v Čechách a na Slovensku

Funkčná a priestorová diferenciácia brownfieldov v Čechách a na Slovensku

Interstices: Fountain as Cultural Bleed in the Welsh Owein and Tishani Doshi's Fountainville

Interstices:Fountain as Cultural Bleed in the Welsh Owein and Tishani Doshi's Fountainville Rebekah M. Fowler In her introduction to New Stories from the Mabinogion, Penny Thomas writes, "Every culture has its myths . . . [which are] a way of describing our place in the world, of putting people and their search for meaning in a bigger picture."1 Myths are, as Tishani Doshi further notes, "vague, changeable, geographically indeterminate, subsisting upon layers and layers of ever-shifting narrative."2 In this paper, I examine how "place in the world" is itself an "ever-shifting narrative" situated in the geography of mythical interstitial spaces within the medieval Welsh tale Owein, or The Lady of the Fountain and Doshi's contemporary retelling of that tale from Thomas' Mabinogion series. In Doshi's version, Fountainville, as in the original, a magical fountain serves as a liminal, interstitial space, as a "middle landscape" into which wilderness and civilization bleed and hybrid identities are formed. In both texts, the impact of a dominant culture and of the wilds on those places at the margins–the rural and the magical–is questioned. The "place in the world" depicted in these tales is a place once nostalgically in balance with nature and the land and often at odds with the desires of the urban, or courtly, place at one end of the middle landscape and with the debased or inhuman wilderness on the other. This middle landscape is presented as a place of conflict and conquest where the places at the ends converge, sometimes conquering and destroying even as they bring the promise of progress. Finally, the texts themselves inhabit an interstitial space where cultures collide and form new literary identities. "Interstitial space" is akin to what Leo Marx, in The Machine in the Garden, refers to as a "middle landscape."3 In this reference, Marx is referring to the landscape in Virgil's pastoral Eclogue I, which provides an "ideal pasture [that] has two vulnerable borders: one separates it from Rome [the city], the other from the encroaching marshland [the wilderness]. It is a space where [the character] Tityrus is spared the deprivations and anxieties associated with both the city and the [End Page 65] wilderness."4 As Corinne Saunders writes in The Forest of Medieval Romance, "The idyllic pastoral grove becomes the familiar topos in later literature, particularly in medieval lyrics and pastorelles, at times symbolizing a lost and longed-for Golden Age, or a world of carefree play."5 Further, Saunders confirms the forest "as a common setting for mysterious or supernatural events, and as a landscape of exile and the hunt, standing in opposition to the highly civilized cities of Troy, Thebes or Rome."6 While Saunders is primarily concerned with the forest, these comments corroborate claims by Greg Garrand and Leo Marx. They argue that "there are two key contrasts from [the Hellenistic] period that run through the pastoral tradition: the spatial distinction of town (frenetic, corrupt, impersonal) and country (peaceful, abundant), and the temporal distinction of past (idyllic) and present (fallen)."7 This is similar, in many ways, to the interstitial space that Homi Bhabha writes of in The Location of Culture, where, in his introduction, he speaks of African American artist Renée Green and her use of architectural space to explore questions of identity. In her work, she describes the stairwell as "a liminal space, a pathway between the upper and lower areas, each of which was annotated with plaques referring to blackness and whiteness."8 Bhabha explicates this scenario, saying, "This interstitial space between fixed identifications opens up the possibility of a cultural hybridity that entertains difference without an assumed or imposed hierarchy."9 Like Marx's "middle landscape," this space affords Green, and her art, a respite from the "deprivations and anxieties" of the more rigidly defined "blackness" and "whiteness" of floors above and below the stairwell, while it also enables a seemingly safe space for the merging of the two identities, leading to hybridity. However, Bhabha also notes that interstitial spaces are not free from conflicts. He writes, "It is in the emergence of the interstices—the overlap and displacement of domains of difference—that the...

Two-hierarchical nonnegative matrix factorization distinguishing the fluorescent targets from autofluorescence for fluorescence imaging.

BackgroundNonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been used in blind fluorescence unmixing for multispectral in-vivo fluorescence imaging, which decomposes a mixed source data into a set of constituent fluorescence spectra and corresponding concentrations. However, most classical NMF algorithms have ill convergence problems and they always fail to unmix multiple fluorescent targets from background autofluorescence for the sparse acquisition of multispectral fluorescence imaging, which introduces incomplete measurements and severe discontinuities in multispectral fluorescence emissions across the multiple spectral bands. MethodsObserving the spatial distinction between the diffusive autofluorescence and the sparse fluorescent targets, we propose to separate the mixed sparse multispectral data into equality constrained two-hierarchical updating within NMF framework by dividing the concentration matrix of entire endmembers into two hierarchies: the fluorescence targets and the background autofluorescence. Specifically, when updating concentrations of multiple fluorescent targets in the two-hierarchical NMF, we assume that the concentration of autofluorescence is fixed and known, and vice versa. Furthermore, a sparsity constraint is imposed on the concentration matrix components of fluorescence targets only.ResultsSynthetic data sets, in vivo fluorescence imaging data are employed to demonstrate and validate the performance of our approach. The proposed algorithm can achieve more satisfying results of spectral unmixing and autofluorescence removal compared to other state-of-the-art methods, especially for the sparse multispectral fluorescence imaging.ConclusionsThe proposed algorithm can successfully tackle the sparse acquisition and ill-posed problems in the NMF-based fluorescence unmixing through equality constraint along with partial sparsity constraint during two-hierarchical NMF optimization, at which fixing sparsity constrained target fluorescence can make the update of autofluorescence as accurate as possible and vice versa.

Visualization and conceptual metaphor as tools for the teaching of abstract motion in German

The case study explores German examples of metaphorical motion events as in (1) einen Text ins Deutsche übersetzen (‘to translate a text into German’) or (2) Er war bei uns über die Feiertage (‘He was with us over (during) the holidays’) in the wider context of verb-framed and satellite-framed languages (Slobin, 1996, 2000; Talmy, 1985). Starting from a general description of the components of motion events (Talmy, 1985) the examples help illustrate the German preferences in the lexicalization of such motion events and also concretize the challenges for the learning tasks of foreign language learners related to the German case-marking. Traditionally, German case-marking constitutes one of the major difficulties for foreign learners, especially in expressions of abstract motion events in which so-called “two-way prepositions” (Smith, 1995) can be used. The learner has to make a decision of whether to use an accusative (for the expression of a dynamic motion event with a path and a goal) or a dative (for the expression of a location) according to the meaning conveyed. The empirical study conducted with intermediate French-speaking students of German shows that the teaching of German motion events with their case-alternation can be facilitated by a methodology which deals with language-specific concepts (Boers &amp; Lindstromberg, 2008), visualization (Paivio, 2001) and metaphor (Littlemore &amp; Low, 2006). The visual support may offer the basis for a potential link with underlying conceptual metaphors (Lakoff &amp; Johnson, 1980), e.g. abstract is concrete or knowing is seeing. Spatial distinctions such as those between containers and surfaces are extended to more abstract areas of experience, especially in the context of situations describing abstract changes. Here one of the main issues for the learner is to find out whether the abstract goal is conceptualized as a container, a surface or still another basic spatial relation.

Employment growth, human capital and educational levels: uneven urban and regional development in Denmark 2002–2012

Contemporary studies in urban and regional development stress the importance of large city-regions as key places in modern capitalism taking the form of agglomerations of economic activities by industries, firms and highly skilled people. In this article, we challenge the strong focus on academic human capital in understanding regional growth. We examine to what extent different labour competences and capabilities relate to municipal employment growth using nine stratified, educational categories as proxies for different levels of human capital. Dividing municipalities into four spatial categories ranging from the urban to the peripheral, we conclude that there is a strong spatial distinction of educational structures with an urban bias, and that educational categories other than academic human capital can make an important contribution to our understanding of what drives employment growth on the municipal level.

Water Quality of a Stream Subject to the Release of Industrial Effluent in an Environmental Protected Area

This study evaluated the water quality of the Peri-Poçu Stream, Upper Paraná River basin, which is subjected to the effects of daily discharge of industrial effluent. Water samples were collected in August, September, November and December, 2013, at three sites (discharge of the effluent, upstream and downstream). At these sites, we determined temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and flow (Q). The pollutant load was estimated at each site to assess the role of the effluent as a polluter. From the ordination generated by the Principal Components Analysis we observed a clear spatial distinction, with the sites of discharge and downstream distinguished from the upstream site by the highest EC, BOD and pH, and by the lowest values of DO and Q. The mean values of the pollutant load were significantly different between sites, with the highest value found at the site of effluent discharge. The results highlight the need for efforts to better manage of water resources in the Mato Grosso do Sul State, especially those located in protected areas as is the case of the Peri-Poçu Stream in order to reduce costs to combat water pollution a and conserve natural resources. Qualidade da Água de um Córrego Sujeito a Descarga de Efluente Industrial em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental Este estudo avaliou a qualidade da água do córrego Peri-Poçu, bacia do alto rio Paraná, o qual está sujeito aos efeitos do despejo diário de efluente industrial. Amostras de água foram obtidas em agosto, setembro, novembro e dezembro/2012, em três pontos (descarga do efluente, montante e jusante). Foram determinados para os diferentes pontos: temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e vazão. Para avaliar a contribuição do efluente como agente poluidor foi estimada a carga poluidora em cada ponto. A partir da ordenação gerada pela Análise de Componentes Principais observou-se nítida distinção espacial, com os pontos de descarga e jusante separarando-se do ponto montante pelos maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e pH e pelos menores valores de oxigênio dissolvido e vazão. Os valores médios da carga poluidora diferiram significativamente entre os pontos, com o maior valor registrado no ponto de descarga do efluente. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de esforços para melhor gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, especialmente daqueles situados em unidades de conservação como é o caso do córrego Peri-Poçu, a fim de diminuir os custos de combate à poluição das águas e conservar os recursos naturais existentes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Recursos Hídricos; Parâmetros Físico-Químicos; Impactos Ambientais; Monitoramento.

Mechanisms of management of ground resources ensuring reliable protection of a nature Stavropol

Один из крупнейших Оценка земельных ресурсов землепользования включает учет множества факторов, которые обуславливают пространственные различия и значимость природных ресурсов для жизни и деятельности человека.

Referential shift in Nicaraguan Sign Language: a transition from lexical to spatial devices.

Even the simplest narratives combine multiple strands of information, integrating different characters and their actions by expressing multiple perspectives of events. We examined the emergence of referential shift devices, which indicate changes among these perspectives, in Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL). Sign languages, like spoken languages, mark referential shift grammatically with a shift in deictic perspective. In addition, sign languages can mark the shift with a point or a movement of the body to a specified spatial location in the three-dimensional space in front of the signer, capitalizing on the spatial affordances of the manual modality. We asked whether the use of space to mark referential shift emerges early in a new sign language by comparing the first two age cohorts of deaf signers of NSL. Eight first-cohort signers and 10 second-cohort signers watched video vignettes and described them in NSL. Narratives were coded for lexical (use of words) and spatial (use of signing space) devices. Although the cohorts did not differ significantly in the number of perspectives represented, second-cohort signers used referential shift devices to explicitly mark a shift in perspective in more of their narratives. Furthermore, while there was no significant difference between cohorts in the use of non-spatial, lexical devices, there was a difference in spatial devices, with second-cohort signers using them in significantly more of their narratives. This suggests that spatial devices have only recently increased as systematic markers of referential shift. Spatial referential shift devices may have emerged more slowly because they depend on the establishment of fundamental spatial conventions in the language. While the modality of sign languages can ultimately engender the syntactic use of three-dimensional space, we propose that a language must first develop systematic spatial distinctions before harnessing space for grammatical functions.

Conceptual tools for the description and acquisition of the German posture verb sitzen

AbstractThe study of German posture verbs has attracted the interest of many linguists, e.g. Berthele (2004 and 2006), Fagan (1991), Kutscher-Schultze-Berndt (2007) and Serra-Borneto (1996). It is surprising that most studies disregard the posture verbThe study aims at making up for these deficits. With examples from the German corpora from the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (DWDS), it first describes the different uses of the verbIn the framework of Cognitive Linguistics the study also proposes some ‘conceptual tools’ to facilitate the learning of the more abstract uses of the verb sitzen. These tools are semantic networks, visuals, and conceptual metaphors. Spatial distinctions such as those between container and contact are extended to more abstract areas of experience, especially in the context of situations describing abstract states. Here one of the main issues for the learner is to find out whether the abstract goal is conceptualized as a container, a contact or still another basic spatial relation. The efficiency of these conceptual tools is tested with a cloze test conducted with French-speaking students.

Lo que a nadie asusta pero a todos preocupa. Etnografía de los miedos cotidianos en una comunidad del altiplano sur boliviano

From the idea that fear is installed in our lives, I analyze the double talk of fears denied and concerns recognized from which the inhabitants of a community in the Bolivian high-plateau explain their daily lives, paying particular attention to the reasons given by adults in the education of children when being in certain environments or forbid them to perform certain actions. So, I will present a spatial distinction among urban settings: the own spaces, secure and recognized —but potentially threatened—, and the territory of the others , which the concurrency of past and present terrible otherness transforms in a frightening geography where things happen , fear scenarios that need to be conspirators and reordered.

Distinguishing direct binding interactions from allosteric effects in the protease-HK97 prohead I δ domain complex by amide H/D exchange mass spectrometry.

A major question in mapping protein-ligand or protein-protein interactions in solution is to distinguish direct-binding interactions from long-range conformational changes at allosteric sites. We describe here the applicability of amide hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDXMS) in addressing this important question using the bacteriophage HK97 capsid proteins' interactions with their processing protease. HK97 is a lambda-like dsDNA bacteriophage that is ideal for studies of particle assembly and maturation. Its capsid precursor protein is composed of two main regions, the scaffolding protein (δ-domain, residues 2-103), and the coat subunit (residues 104-385), which spontaneously forms a mixture of hexamers and pentamers upon association. Activation of the viral protease, which occurs after particle assembly, is initiated by the protease mediated digestion of the scaffolding domains to yield Prohead-2. This irreversible step is obligatory for activation of the virus maturation pathway. Here we provide an "addendum" to our previous study of Prohead I and Prohead I+pro (a transient complex of Prohead I and the protease) where we investigated the interactions between the δ domain and the packaged protease using HDXMS. Our results revealed two sites on the δ domain: one set of contiguous peptides that showed decreased exchange at the protease binding site at early time points of deuterium labeling and another separate set of continuous peptides that showed decreased exchange at later time points. Even though this cannot reveal the time scales of molecular processes governing binding and allostery, we believe this differential pattern of exchange across deuteration times can allow spatial distinction between binding sites and long range conformational changes with allosteric implications. This partitioning can be discerned from the lag between noncontiguous regions on a protein showing maximal changes in deuterium exchange and highlights a powerful application of HDXMS in distinguishing direct binding in transient protein-protein interactions from allosteric changes.

“He Lifted Up His Eyes” : Translating Luke 16:23 in the Context of Cognitive Interpretation

This article investigates the meaning of the expression ?π?ρ?ν το?? ??θαλμο?? α?το? (“he lifted up his eyes”) in Luke 16:23. This Septuagintalism, which Luke uses in the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus (Luk 16:19-31), can be translated either as simply “look at” or with reference to a spatial difference between these two people. Although many Bible translations prefer indicating its spatial aspect, commentators are divided on this issue. The fact of such an ambiguity raises the question again, whether Luke uses “he lifted up his eyes” intentionally in 16:23 or simply as a conventional expression? Discussing this question the present article uses not only a traditio-historical enquiry and textual analysis, but also Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT) developed by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. CMT argues that metaphor is an integral part of the process of human thinking and acting. Moreover, metaphor allows us to comprehend supernatural realities in terms of human everyday or embodied experience, reflecting our physical characteristics and bodily interactions with the world in the form of image-schemas, i.e., pre-conceptual, structural primitives (Up-Down, Inside-Outside, Near-Far, Center-Periphery, Container). Indeed, the spatial organization of the otherworld in Luke 16:19-31 is connected with the conceptual orientational metaphorization centered in embodied experience and involves four cognitive image-schemas organizing the spatial contrast: Up-Down, Inside-Outside, Center-Periphery, and Container. The difference between the rich man and Lazarus in their social position and honor as well as in their postmortem state is marked by the spatial distinction between them throughout the whole parable. The spatial difference between their postmortem positions marks their difference in their afterlife status: the lower and more peripheral or remote position corresponds to the worse fate and humiliated condition, while the higher and more central position designates the honorable and exalted state. Thus, in this parable the righteous and the wicked are separated in altitude and distance in the afterlife. Therefore, it is suggested that Luke uses the expression “he lifted up his eyes” in Luke 16:23 intentionally, in order to emphasize the spatial differentiation between the abode of the righteous and that of the wicked.

Journeys of inspiration: Working artists’ reflections on tourism

While much recent research has been focused on aspects of creative tourism, relatively little has paid attention to the views of creative residents. In this paper we argue that romantically informed modes of travel are important to working artists. The findings, generated through qualitative research, suggest that many working artists adopt anti-tourist perspectives informed by romanticism and based upon temporal, spatial and behavioural touristic distinctions. The desire to ‘not be a tourist’ however becomes challenged by a desire for an integrated and inspirational engagement with the elsewhere developed from their educational experiences. This is demonstrated as a core aspect of the identities of working artists as creative residents in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.