Spatial Color Research Articles

Correction of Sensor Saturation Effects in MODIS Oceanic Particulate Inorganic Carbon

The highly reflective nature of high particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) from calcifying plankton, such as surface blooms of Emiliana huxleyi in the latter stages of their life cycle, can cause the saturation of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) visible spectrum ocean color bands. This saturation results in errors in the standard MODIS oceanic PIC product, resulting in the highest PIC levels being represented as cloud-like gaps (missing data) in daily level 2 data, and as either gaps or erroneously low PIC values in temporally averaged data (e.g., 8-day level 3 data). A method is described to correct this error and to reconstruct the missing data in the ocean color band data by regressing the 1-km spatial resolution ocean color bands against MODIS higher resolution (500 m spatial resolution) bands with lower sensitivities. The method is applied to all North Atlantic MODIS data from 2002 to 2014. This shows the effect on mean PIC concentration over the whole North Atlantic to be less than 1% annually and 2% monthly, but with more significant regional effects, exceeding 10% in peak months in some coastal shelf regions. Effects are highly localized and tend to annually reoccur in similar geographical locations. Ignoring these missing data within intense blooms is likely to result in an underestimation of the influence that coccolithophores, and their changing distributions, are having on the North Atlantic carbon cycle. We see no evidence in this 12-year time series of a temporal poleward movement of these intense bloom events.

Searching for Be Stars in the Open Clusters with PTF/iPTF. I. Cluster Sample and Be Star Candidates

Abstract We conducted a search for Be star candidates in open clusters using Hα imaging photometry of the Palomar Transient Factory Survey to investigate some connections among Be star phenomena, cluster environments, and ages. Stellar members of clusters were identified by spatial distributions, near-infrared magnitudes and colors, and by proper motions. Among 104 open clusters, we identified 96 Be star candidates in 32 clusters; 11 of our candidates have been reported in previous studies. We found that the clusters with age 7.5 < log(t(year)) 8.5 tend to have more Be star candidates; there is about a 40% occurrence rate within this age bin. The clusters in this age bin also tend to have a higher Be fraction N(Be)/N(Be+B-type). These results suggest that the environments of young and intermediate clusters are favorable to the formation of Be phenomena. Spatial distribution of Be star candidates with different ages implies that they do not form preferentially in the central regions. Furthermore, we showed that the mid-infrared (MIR) colors of the Be star candidates are similar to known Be stars, which could be caused by free–free emission or bound-free emission. Some Be star candidates might have no circumstellar dust according to their MIR colors. Finally, among 96 Be candidates, we discovered that one Be star candidate FSR 0904-1 exhibits long-term variability on the timescale of ∼2000 days with an amplitude of 0.2–0.3 mag, indicating a long timescale of disk evolution.

Effects of spatial colors on guests’ perceptions of a hotel room

Color is one of the key visual dimensions of the environment that has an impact on behavior and emotions. The emotional effect of color is particularly important in the hospitality industry because emotions comprise a powerful affective component of customer satisfaction. However, to date, no empirical research on the role of color in shaping hotel guests’ perceptions has been conducted. The purpose of the current study was to understand the relationship between color attributes and the perception of a hotel room. The differences between two contrast hues (blue and red) with two levels for saturation and brightness were examined in an experimental study. The study adopts virtual reality techniques to provide a deep emersion of the participants in the manipulated hotel room’s design settings. The results indicated red hotel rooms were associated with the highest arousal levels among participants. However, participants enjoyed staying in blue hotel rooms more than in the red ones.

Band registration of tuneable frame format hyperspectral UAV imagers in complex scenes

A recent revolution in miniaturised sensor technology has provided markets with novel hyperspectral imagers operating in the frame format principle. In the case of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing, the frame format technology is highly attractive in comparison to the commonly utilised pushbroom scanning technology, because it offers better stability and the possibility to capture stereoscopic data sets, bringing an opportunity for 3D hyperspectral object reconstruction. Tuneable filters are one of the approaches for capturing multi- or hyperspectral frame images. The individual bands are not aligned when operating a sensor based on tuneable filters from a mobile platform, such as UAV, because the full spectrum recording is carried out in the time-sequential principle. The objective of this investigation was to study the aspects of band registration of an imager based on tuneable filters and to develop a rigorous and efficient approach for band registration in complex 3D scenes, such as forests. The method first determines the orientations of selected reference bands and reconstructs the 3D scene using structure-from-motion and dense image matching technologies. The bands, without orientation, are then matched to the oriented bands accounting the 3D scene to provide exterior orientations, and afterwards, hyperspectral orthomosaics, or hyperspectral point clouds, are calculated. The uncertainty aspects of the novel approach were studied. An empirical assessment was carried out in a forested environment using hyperspectral images captured with a hyperspectral 2D frame format camera, based on a tuneable Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) on board a multicopter and supported by a high spatial resolution consumer colour camera. A theoretical assessment showed that the method was capable of providing band registration accuracy better than 0.5-pixel size. The empirical assessment proved the performance and showed that, with the novel method, most parts of the band misalignments were less than the pixel size. Furthermore, it was shown that the performance of the band alignment was dependent on the spatial distance from the reference band.

Top-down contextual knowledge guides visual attention in infancy.

The visual context in which an object or face resides can provide useful top-down information for guiding attention orienting, object recognition, and visual search. Although infants have demonstrated sensitivity to covariation in spatial arrays, it is presently unclear whether they can use rapidly acquired contextual knowledge to guide attention during visual search. In this eye-tracking experiment, 6- and 10-month-old infants searched for a target face hidden among colorful distracter shapes. Targets appeared in Old or New visual contexts, depending on whether the visual search arrays (defined by the spatial configuration, shape and color of component items in the search display) were repeated or newly generated throughout the experiment. Targets in Old contexts appeared in the same location within the same configuration, such that context covaried with target location. Both 6- and 10-month-olds successfully distinguished between Old and New contexts, exhibiting faster search times, fewer looks at distracters, and more anticipation of targets when contexts repeated. This initial demonstration of contextual cueing effects in infants indicates that they can use top-down information to facilitate orienting during memory-guided visual search.

Reading a Story: Different Degrees of Learning in Different Learning Environments.

The learning environment in which material is acquired may produce differences in delayed recall and in the elements that individuals focus on. These differences may appear even during development. In the present study, we compared three different learning environments in 450 normally developing 7-year-old children subdivided into three groups according to the type of learning environment. Specifically, children were asked to learn the same material shown in three different learning environments: reading illustrated books (TB); interacting with the same text displayed on a PC monitor and enriched with interactive activities (PC-IA); reading the same text on a PC monitor but not enriched with interactive narratives (PC-NoIA). Our results demonstrated that TB and PC-NoIA elicited better verbal memory recall. In contrast, PC-IA and PC-NoIA produced higher scores for visuo-spatial memory, enhancing memory for spatial relations, positions and colors with respect to TB. Interestingly, only TB seemed to produce a deeper comprehension of the story’s moral. Our results indicated that PC-IA offered a different type of learning that favored visual details. In this sense, interactive activities demonstrate certain limitations, probably due to information overabundance, emotional mobilization, emphasis on images and effort exerted in interactive activities. Thus, interactive activities, although entertaining, act as disruptive elements which interfere with verbal memory and deep moral comprehension.

기업 독립부스 전시 디자인의 브랜드 차별화를 위한 표현 연구

In today’s competitive and cutting-edge marketing environment of technological advances, a corporate’s image is as important as the promotion of the services and products they offer. Thus, major companies concentrate on developing strong and unique images that distinguishes them from their competitors, leading to efforts to show strong presences in exhibitions. Therefore, it is the core of exhibition marketing to create an exhibition environment that conveys a distinctive brand impression. The purpose of this study is to identify the elements and methods of designing exhibition stands that affect brand differentiation by focusing on corporate brand expression in exhibition spaces. Through the literature reviews and case studies, the design elements of the exhibition stand are largely derived as spatial structure and presentation media. The spatial structure subdivided into spatial form, material and color; graphics, digital images and lighting falls under the category of presentation media. The tendency of the roles and expression of these elements analyzed in the study then transmitted into survey questionnaire to examine the factors that have influenced the visual differentiation of the company’s exhibition stand. Also, the study demonstrated on clarifying how each factor strengthens the brand recognition when applied in the exhibition space. The following is the contents of the research. Among the design elements of the exhibition stand, the first factor perceived by the viewer is the form of the space. In the method of expressing it, the form by monolithic structure and figurative, representative form are important differentiating means. In addition, the display environment, which is more dynamic and interesting than the static and monotonous display environment, positively affects the viewer’s visual perception. Also, since the brand communication at the exhibition works at a short instance, it is important that the stand design is expressed in a very unique and lively way that have not been experienced in everyday life which will contribute to the brand differentiation strategy.

HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE SHARPENING BASED ON EHLERS FUSION

Abstract. As the application of hyperspectral images is increasing, many researchers attempt to extend existing pansharpening techniques to hyperspectral images. This paper focuses on the application of Ehlers fusion to hyperspectral image sharpening. Ehlers fusion involves two crucial algorithms: filter technique in the frequency domain and intensity transform. In this study, different filter types and intensity transform methods were analysed separately. With a combination of filter types and intensity transforms, the fusion procedure was implemented to test data sets. The spectral profiles of the pixels of the images were then used as a tool to control the quality of the fused image. Finally, the performance of Ehlers fusion is compared with Principle Component (PC) analysis, Gram-Schmidt transform (Gram-Schmidt), High-Pass Filtering in the spatial domain (HPF), and Wavelet Principal Component (Wavelet-PC) analysis using the same input data. The comparison shows that Ehlers high-pass filter fusion shows outstanding performance both on spatial enhancement and colour preservation.

Scene text detection via extremal region based double threshold convolutional network classification.

In this paper, we present a robust text detection approach in natural images which is based on region proposal mechanism. A powerful low-level detector named saliency enhanced-MSER extended from the widely-used MSER is proposed by incorporating saliency detection methods, which ensures a high recall rate. Given a natural image, character candidates are extracted from three channels in a perception-based illumination invariant color space by saliency-enhanced MSER algorithm. A discriminative convolutional neural network (CNN) is jointly trained with multi-level information including pixel-level and character-level information as character candidate classifier. Each image patch is classified as strong text, weak text and non-text by double threshold filtering instead of conventional one-step classification, leveraging confident scores obtained via CNN. To further prune non-text regions, we develop a recursive neighborhood search algorithm to track credible texts from weak text set. Finally, characters are grouped into text lines using heuristic features such as spatial location, size, color, and stroke width. We compare our approach with several state-of-the-art methods, and experiments show that our method achieves competitive performance on public datasets ICDAR 2011 and ICDAR 2013.

A new image spatial color gamut mapping algorithm

A new image spatial color gamut mapping algorithm

Rainbow particle imaging velocimetry for dense 3D fluid velocity imaging

Despite significant recent progress, dense, time-resolved imaging of complex, non-stationary 3D flow velocities remains an elusive goal. In this work we tackle this problem by extending an established 2D method, Particle Imaging Velocimetry, to three dimensions by encoding depth into color. The encoding is achieved by illuminating the flow volume with a continuum of light planes (a "rainbow"), such that each depth corresponds to a specific wavelength of light. A diffractive component in the camera optics ensures that all planes are in focus simultaneously. With this setup, a single color camera is sufficient for tracking 3D trajectories of particles by combining 2D spatial and 1D color information. For reconstruction, we derive an image formation model for recovering stationary 3D particle positions. 3D velocity estimation is achieved with a variant of 3D optical flow that accounts for both physical constraints as well as the rainbow image formation model. We evaluate our method with both simulations and an experimental prototype setup.

The Significance of Certain Elements in Art for Patients’ Experience and Use

Focusing on the interactional aspects of art in health interventions, we qualify guidelines for art in hospitals. Patients in this user-oriented study primarily ranked items to favor figurative art painted in light colors; however both figurative and abstract art in light and dark colors figured among the highest ratings. The role of spatial context, motif, color and shapes seems to have an effect on patients’ experience of a hospital stay. This article draws attention to the application of visual art as a source of stimulus and healing—and a means to affect patient satisfaction in hospitals.

Spatial carrier color digital speckle pattern interferometry for absolute three-dimensional deformation measurement

It is difficult to measure absolute three-dimensional deformation using traditional digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) when the boundary condition of an object being tested is not exactly given. In practical applications, the boundary condition cannot always be specifically provided, limiting the use of DSPI in real-world applications. To tackle this problem, a DSPI system that is integrated by the spatial carrier method and a color camera has been established. Four phase maps are obtained simultaneously by spatial carrier color-digital speckle pattern interferometry using four speckle interferometers with different illumination directions. One out-of-plane and two in-plane absolute deformations can be acquired simultaneously without knowing the boundary conditions using the absolute deformation extraction algorithm based on four phase maps. Finally, the system is proved by experimental results through measurement of the deformation of a flat aluminum plate with a groove.

Effects of an Additional Sequence of Color Stimuli on Visuomotor Sequence Learning.

Through practice, people are able to integrate a secondary sequence (e.g., a stimulus-based sequence) into a primary sequence (e.g., a response-based sequence), but it is still controversial whether the integrated sequences lead to better learning than only the primary sequence. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a sequence that integrated space and color sequences on early and late learning phases (corresponding to effector-independent and effector-dependent learning, respectively) and how the effects differed in the integrated and primary sequences in each learning phase. In the task, the participants were required to learn a sequence of button presses using trial-and-error and to perform the sequence successfully for 20 trials (m × n task). First, in the baseline task, all participants learned a non-colored sequence, in which the response button always turned red. Then, in the learning task, the participants were assigned to two groups: a colored sequence group (i.e., space and color) or a non-colored sequence group (i.e., space). In the colored sequence, the response button turned a pre-determined color and the participants were instructed to attend to the sequences of both location and color as much as they could. The results showed that the participants who performed the colored sequence acquired the correct button presses of the sequence earlier, but showed a slower mean performance time than those who performed the non-colored sequence. Moreover, the slower performance time in the colored sequence group remained in a subsequent transfer task in which the spatial configurations of the buttons were vertically mirrored from the learning task. These results indicated that if participants explicitly attended to both the spatial response sequence and color stimulus sequence at the same time, they could develop their spatial representations of the sequence earlier (i.e., early development of the effector-independent learning), but might not be able to enhance their motor representations of the sequence (i.e., late development of the effector-dependent learning). Thus, the undeveloped effector-dependent representations in the colored sequence group directly led to a long performance time in the transfer sequence.

Siltstones Across the Daptocephalus ( Dicynodon ) and Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones, Karoo Basin, South Africa, Show No Evidence For Aridification

Abstract: Changes in the record of vertebrate-assemblage zones in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, serve as a model for the response of terrestrial ecosystems to the end-Permian biotic crisis. Vertebrate turnover from the Daptocephalus to Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone is believed to have begun with the appearance of subtle siltstone-color variance and is coeval with a unique, laminated lithofacies, both of which are interpreted by other workers to represent evidence for an aridification trend. The laminated facies consists of interbedded greenish-gray and dark reddish-gray siltstone, with coloration of the latter reported as a function of an increasing eolian component. The current study combines stratigraphy, petrography, geochemistry, and rock magnetic properties of an interlaminated succession and lateral equivalents at Old Lootsberg Pass in the Eastern Cape Province to determine whether such subtle color variance is a function of aridification and, hence, climate change. Siltstones were evaluated from intervals both below and above a pedogenic nodule-bearing feldspathic wacke that is physically correlated over a > 0.5 km distance. The lower succession consists of interbedded greenish-gray ( sensu latu ) and reddish-gray ( sensu latu ) siltstone in which undisturbed and minimally disturbed primary sedimentary, along with few secondary biogenic structures, are interpreted to represent deposition in an abandoned channel-fill complex. Massive greenish-gray and dark reddish-gray siltstone above the channel complex demonstrate that coloration is variable across laterally equivalent strata. Both lithologies were assessed using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDS, and bulk magnetic susceptibility, stepwise acquisition of an isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), and backfield direct field demagnetization. Our data indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in major-element concentrations between lithologies and that subtle color difference is a function of the presence of fine ( Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone was not arid. In contrast, the landscape was wet, that allowed for the continued growth of a Permian-age flora under conditions of high water table that experienced temporal fluxes in the hydrological regime promoting spatial color modification of sediment.

Improving UAV imaging quality by optical sensor fusion: an initial study

ABSTRACTThe most frequent application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) is to collect optical colour images from an area of interest. Thus, high spatial resolution colour images with high amount of signal to noise ratio (SNR) are of great importance in UAV applications. Currently, most UAVs use single sensor colour filter array (CFA) cameras for image collection, within which the Bayer-pattern sensors are the most frequently used ones. Due to the limitations of the CFAs, the quality (in terms of spatial resolution, SNR, and sharpness) of UAV colour images is not optimal. In this article, a sensor fusion solution is proposed to improve the quality of UAV imaging. In the proposed solution, a high-resolution colour (HRC) Bayer-pattern sensor is replaced by a dual camera set containing a panchromatic (Pan) sensor, with the same pixel size and a Bayer-pattern colour (or a four-band multi-spectral) sensor with larger pixel size; the resulting images of the dual camera set are then fused. The enlarged pixel size of the colour sensor provides a higher SNR for the cost of lower spatial resolution. However, the accompanied Pan sensor provides single band images with high SNR and high spatial resolution. Fusing the images of the dual camera set generates colour (or MS) images with high spatial resolution, SNR, and sharpness compensating for the major problems of the Bayer-pattern filters.This replacement solution is initially tested in a laboratory experiment. The results of quality assessments show that the SNR is increased by 2–3 times, the sharpness is improved by around 2 times, and the spatial resolution is increased up to the level of the pan images, while the colour errors remained almost as low as the original colour images. In addition, image classification capability of the images is examined using two methods: Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Maximum Likelihood (ML). The results of image classification also confirmed around 20–40% increase in accuracy. Therefore, the proposed sensor fusion can be a good alternative for UAV colour sensors.

69‐3: New Multiplexing Method for Quasi Static and Artefact Free Color LED Matrix Displays

Multiplex drive is generally used for electronic displays with many pixel elements to reduce the cost. For RGB LED displays spatial multiplexing or color multiplexing methods are generally used even if high currents are generally required and may cause electromagnetic interferences. In addition color artefacts are always present when taking pictures or videos. In the present paper we present a new spatial/color multiplying method that reduces all these drawbacks.

Robust fuzzy local information and ‐norm distance‐based image segmentation method

A variant of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm for image segmentation is provided. Unlike the L 2 -norm distance in FCM, L p with p ∈ 0 , 1 norm is used to measure the distance of the pixel intensity to its cluster centre in the energy functional. Moreover, local spatial information and colour information are incorporated into the model to enhance the robustness to noise and outliers. The proposed algorithm is called fuzzy local information L p (FLILp) clustering. To overcome the difficulty of finding cluster centres, L p -norm distance is approximated by weighted L 2 distance. The advantages of FLILp are: (i) it is strongly robust to noise and outliers, (ii) it is applied to the original image and (iii) it preserves image edges. Numerical examples and comparisons of image segmentation on both synthetic and real images illustrate the outstanding performance and robustness of the proposed method.

From samples to populations in retinex models

Some spatial color algorithms, such as Brownian Milano retinex (MI-retinex) and random spray retinex (RSR), are based on sampling. In Brownian MI-retinex, memoryless random walks (MRWs) explore the neighborhood of a pixel and are then used to compute its output. Considering the relative redundancy and inefficiency of MRW exploration, the algorithm RSR replaced the walks by samples of points (the sprays). Recent works point to the fact that a mapping from the sampling formulation to the probabilistic formulation of the corresponding sampling process can offer useful insights into the models, at the same time featuring intrinsically noise-free outputs. The paper continues the development of this concept and shows that the population-based versions of RSR and Brownian MI-retinex can be used to obtain analytical expressions for the outputs of some test images. The comparison of the two analytic expressions from RSR and from Brownian MI-retinex demonstrates not only that the two outputs are, in general, different but also that they depend in a qualitatively different way upon the features of the image.

Spatial Statistics for Segmenting Histological Structures in H&E Stained Tissue Images.

Segmenting a broad class of histological structures in transmitted light and/or fluorescence-based images is a prerequisite for determining the pathological basis of cancer, elucidating spatial interactions between histological structures in tumor microenvironments (e.g., tumor infiltrating lymphocytes), facilitating precision medicine studies with deep molecular profiling, and providing an exploratory tool for pathologists. This paper focuses on segmenting histological structures in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained images of breast tissues, e.g., invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, atypical and normal ducts, adipose tissue, and lymphocytes. We propose two graph-theoretic segmentation methods based on local spatial color and nuclei neighborhood statistics. For benchmarking, we curated a data set of 232 high-power field breast tissue images together with expertly annotated ground truth. To accurately model the preference for histological structures (ducts, vessels, tumor nets, adipose, etc.) over the remaining connective tissue and non-tissue areas in ground truth annotations, we propose a new region-based score for evaluating segmentation algorithms. We demonstrate the improvement of our proposed methods over the state-of-the-art algorithms in both region- and boundary-based performance measures.