Spatial Character Research Articles

Wheeler-DeWitt canonical quantum gravity in hydrogenoid atoms according to de Broglie-Bohm and the geodesic hypothesis. Einstein’s Quantum Field Equation

We explore the geodesic hypothesis of orbital trajectories of the electrons in hydrogenoid atoms, in the frame of de Broglie-Bohm quantum theory. It is intended that the space-time can be curved, at very short distances, by the effect of the joint action of the energy content of the atomic system and the contribution of the electric and quantum potentials. The geodesic hypothesis would explain the non-lose of energy in the electron orbital trajectories. So we explore a conception where particles and waves interact in a closed system: the waves guide the particles and the particles generate the spacetime perturbation that acts as a wave, beyond the pilot-wave theory. We establish the equivalence, in a local neighborhood, between the electron trajectory of an hydrogenoid atom in the Minkowskian space where the de Broglie-Bohm can be cast with its movement in a Lorentzian manifold, according to the concept of metric tangent. Through the geodesic condition and the invariance of the elemental length, we establish a relationship between some components of the metrics. But as the particles in microphysics do not follow the Einstein’s field equation, we consider the 3+1 decomposition according to ADM and the quantization in the Wheeler De Witt theory and with a so-called quantum Einstein field equation, with a decomposition of spacetime into three-dimensional sheets of a spatial character. Then we derive from the moment-energy tensor a further equation between the components of the metrics. It opens the avenue to characterize the metric by an exact solution of the Einstein’s field equations.

Analysis of Spatial Vitality Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Old Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Ya’an Xicheng Neighborhood

Amidst the pursuit of sustainable urban development, bolstering the spatial vitality of historic neighborhoods emerges as a pivotal endeavor. This study, centering on the Xicheng neighborhood in Ya’an City, employs a multifaceted data analysis approach to unravel the intricate spatial vitality patterns. By adopting a dual lens focusing on both “people” and “space”, we delve into the intricate interplay between spatial vitality, spatial perception, and various influencing factors, such as the spatial environment, business format layout, and place atmosphere. Leveraging spatial correlation analysis, we meticulously examine the extent to which these multifarious factors shape spatial vitality and perception. Our findings reveal a profound connection between the emotional dimension of perception and the distribution of spatial vitality. Notably, aspects of spatial character—green rating, accessibility, and interface richness—exert the most pronounced influence on vitality. Furthermore, the creation of a distinctive atmosphere in a place is more likely to resonate with a person’s spatial perception than the physical environment itself.

Konsep Tata Ruang Goa Gajah dan Kolam Patirthan Berdasarkan Arsitektur Tradisional Bali

The aim is to find out the application of the spatial layout of Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond based on traditional Balinese architecture and to find out the relationship between Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond reflected in the function of the building. The research method is qualitative with inductive reasoning. Data collection was carried out using literature studies, observations, interviews and documentation studies. The collected data was processed using spatial character analysis, contextual analysis and qualitative analysis supported by spatial theory of traditional Balinese architecture and architectural function theory. The results of the research concluded that Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond were identified as being based on traditional Balinese architectural spatial concepts, namely; Tri Hita Karana; Tri Angga and Tri Loka; and orientations. Analysis of the relationship between Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond also implies a philosophical relationship between mountains and the sea. The activities at Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond clarify the relationship between buildings, and represent the building as a social environment for ascetics.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease in Türkiye (2013-2021)

Abstract Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a serious, transboundary disease that affects cattle all over the world and results in considerable productivity losses. Although Türkiye’s first outbreak of LSD was reported in August 2013, there is very little information available about the outbreak’s spatiotemporal distribution or severity. GIS-based data analysis provides crucial tools for describing the spatial epidemiology of the disease by assessing the spatial distribution of LSD across time. This study used information on outbreaks reported to the the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH-OIE) between 2013 and 2021 to conduct a retrospective study on the epidemiology of LSD in Türkiye. Differences in the number of reported outbreaks and cases across different regions, provinces, months, and years were evaluated and descriptive statistics were calculated. In addition, spatial statistical tests (Local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi*) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were used to assess LSD outbreaks that had taken place at the province level in Türkiye. Possible epidemiological clusters of LSD were identified. A total of 1787 outbreaks and 10109 cases of LSD were reported from 75 out of 81 provinces of Türkiye during the course of the nine-year period. Hotspots for the circulation of LSD were identified in the Aegean, Southeastern and Eastern regions using spatial cluster analyses and it was observed that the spatial autocorrelation of LSD cases is positive across the country. The findings from this study, it may help us comprehend the disease’s spatial character and offer authorities the beneficial information for surveillance efforts.

Spatial Structure of the Radio‐Frequency Noise Field in a Large City

AbstractThe urban radio‐frequency (RF) noise generated by our cities continues to change with time. Although models exist to describe the RF noise as functions of frequency and urban land use types, very few models describe the spatial character or structure of the noise on the scales of city blocks (50–150 m). The goal of this work is to investigate the connection between urban morphology and the higher‐order spatial statistics of the noise field. To achieve this goal, a large measurement campaign was conducted in Boston, Massachusetts. Many spatial measurements allowed for calculation of spatial correlation functions of noise power in three different neighborhoods, which were used to quantify the spatial structure of the fields. A statistical point source model is then developed, with adjustable parameters relating to urban morphology. Good agreement between the model and the experimental correlation functions suggests the 25 MHz urban noise field is well described by a random network of fixed point sources, radiating with a 1/r power law behavior.

A Survey of Designs for Combined 2D+3D Visual Representations.

We examine visual representations of data that make use of combinations of both 2D and 3D data mappings. Combining 2D and 3D representations is a common technique that allows viewers to understand multiple facets of the data with which they are interacting. While 3D representations focus on the spatial character of the data or the dedicated 3D data mapping, 2D representations often show abstract data properties and take advantage of the unique benefits of mapping to a plane. Many systems have used unique combinations of both types of data mappings effectively. Yet there are no systematic reviews of the methods in linking 2D and 3D representations. We systematically survey the relationships between 2D and 3D visual representations in major visualization publications-IEEE VIS, IEEE TVCG, and EuroVis-from 2012 to 2022. We closely examined 105 articles where 2D and 3D representations are connected visually, interactively, or through animation. These approaches are designed based on their visual environment, the relationships between their visual representations, and their possible layouts. Through our analysis, we introduce a design space as well as provide design guidelines for effectively linking 2D and 3D visual representations.

Using virtual and augmented reality to study architectural lighting

This paper presents industry stakeholder insights from the implementation of a dual modality intervention using virtual and augmented reality simulation to study complex lighting theory in architecture design. Using a design based research method the aim is to evaluate these insights and inform a pilot study to educate first year architectural design students on the complexities of lighting the built environment and methods to improve architectural workflow. The aim is to enable learners to experience natural and artificial lighting methods comparatively in real-time through multiple comparative visualisation methods. This is important to make informed evaluations regarding architectural designs in terms of spatial quality, character, performance, and user-comfort levels. This in turn allows architects to rapidly modify their designs to accommodate or mitigate the environmental effects. Outcomes from the initial usability test highlight the ability to switch back and forth between the virtual and augmented reality simulation technology, and between lighting visualisation modes as a huge step forward by the industry stakeholders. Additionally, the idea of representing the physical building where the simulation took place virtually using a detailed mapping gave a real-world anchor that made the simulations easy to navigate, leading to improved satisfaction and engagement. However, the study also highlighted improvements in the delivery of the simulation is required to improve simulation learnability and efficiency.

Modeling multi-scale relationships between wilderness area changes and potential drivers: Evidence from the southeast coastal area of China

An understanding of the trends and causes of wilderness change is critical in supporting wilderness conservation. However, quantitative measurement of the driving mechanisms of wilderness area changes with incorporation of spatial heterogeneity remains a challenge. An integrated wilderness mapping method was employed in this study, with Fujian Province, one of China's first Ecological Civilization Pilot Areas, serving as a case study, to identify the recent spatial distribution and the land-use change matrix of wilderness area changes in the densely populated southeast coastal regions of China. We investigated the potential drivers of changes in wilderness areas from three perspectives: anthropogenic activities and socioeconomics, natural environment, and protected areas management policies, and captured spatial variations using a Multi-Scale Geographically Weighted Regression model (MGWR). The area and quality of wilderness areas showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2020, with area decreasing by an average 3.63% annually and wilderness degradation being especially severe from 2010 to 2020. The loss of wilderness areas is influenced by multiple drivers, and under the influence of spatial heterogeneity, different drivers on wilderness areas have a cross-scale spatial character. Human activities and economic development are dominant in driving wilderness degradation and can exert pressure at a large scale. Protected areas may mitigate wilderness loss in the region, but wilderness near protected areas may face greater threats. Natural factors such as vegetation, precipitation and elevation have ambivalent effects, and in some area’s climate change may interact with human activities to exacerbate wilderness loss. Compared with global regression and geographically weighted regression models, MGWR produces more realistic results in modeling the relationship between wilderness area changes and potential drivers. This study provides a new perspective for wilderness research, reveals the complex mechanisms of change in wilderness areas, and provides important guidance for global wilderness conservation efforts as well as a reference point for exploring the synergistic interaction between economic development and natural conservation in the densely populated southeast coastal regions of China.

Detection of slow‐moving landslides through automated monitoring of surface deformation using Sentinel‐2 satellite imagery

AbstractLandslides are one of the most damaging natural hazards and have killed tens of thousands of people around the world over the past decade. Slow‐moving landslides, with surface velocities on the order of 10−2–102 m a−1, can damage buildings and infrastructure and be precursors to catastrophic collapses. However, due to their slow rates of deformation and at times subtle geomorphic signatures, they are often overlooked in local and large‐scale hazard inventories. Here, we present a remote‐sensing workflow to automatically map slow‐moving landslides using feature tracking of freely and globally available optical satellite imagery. We evaluate this proof‐of‐concept workflow through three case studies from different environments: the extensively instrumented Slumgullion landslide in the United States, an unstable lateral moraine in Chilean Patagonia and a high‐relief landscape in central Nepal. This workflow is able to delineate known landslides and identify previously unknown areas of hillslope deformation, which we consider as candidate slow‐moving landslides. Improved mapping of the spatial distribution, character and surface displacement rates of slow‐moving landslides will improve our understanding of their role in the multi‐hazard chain and their sensitivity to climatic changes and can direct future detailed localised investigations into their dynamics.

Urban greening co-creation: Participatory spatial modelling to bridge data-driven and citizen-centred approaches

The unprecedented growth of metropolitan areas creates challenges for maintaining liveable and biodiverse cities. Urban areas face multiple demands on sparse space whilst various stakeholders similarly aim to promote greening efforts. In this context, authorities need to balance various policy objectives with demands from diverse urban stakeholders. Part of this challenge is the question how generalized data-driven green space planning approaches can be connected to local, contextualized understandings, practices and values related to green space.In this paper, we present a participative application of GIS that contributes to bridging the gap between data-driven and citizen-centred approaches in urban greening. Through an empirical study in Amsterdam, we show how this can link local priorities with larger-scale policy frameworks through deliberative and data-driven co-creation. In our case study, local stakeholders and researchers jointly identified criteria for greening, translated these into indicators and eventually identified potential locations for small-scale greening. Site visits by local experts helped to validate the model results and translate this into concrete plans for greening several locations.Our approach promoted a dialogue between stakeholders, linking spatial data with practical experiences and aligning local priorities with policy programmes. Combining various knowledges from involved stakeholders also contributed to the quality of analysis and validation of modelling results. By increasing transparency and inclusiveness of planning, it also contributed to acceptance of process outcomes and empowering local stakeholders. With increasing urgencies for environmental measures in many cities, we emphasize the potential of transdisciplinary GIS-approaches to navigate different interests and integrate various types of valuable knowledge. We suggest that similar approaches may be applied to other environmental challenges that have a strong spatial character.

Toward a Mutual Change of Religion and Urban Space: A Comparative Perspective

From a historical perspective, cities have served as more than mere locations where religious practices are observed; they have consistently exhibited an elevated level of historical documentation. The claim advanced here is that the interrelationship between religious change and urban development necessitates thorough analysis. It is imperative to critically examine the significant developments in local and trans-local religions, particularly emphasising their distinct urban contextual factors. At the same time, such urban conditions, the practices, and discourse that shape the understanding of these conditions as urban are not independent variables in the study of religious change. Rather, they are influenced by religious practices and individuals, thereby forming a reciprocal relationship. The choice of areas is an assumption that the pertinent aspect in establishing a connection is the spatial character of religious practices and ideas and their material manifestation in physical space. The article concisely examines various aspects related to the transformation of urban spaces and religious practices. These include the process of monumentalising urban areas and gods, the public display and the articulation of communication with God and gods, the imaginative and widespread utilisation of scripture in religious activities and thought, the increasing division of labour and professionalisation, the emergence of individual urban actors who are not solely defined by their ancestral lineage, the formation of religious groups, the religious organisation of time and the influence of temporal concepts on religious ideas and practices, and lastly, the conceptualisation of alternatives to urban life through the religious exaggeration of rural and natural environments. Such a cursory review of religious changes in urban settings and their impact on urbanism does not yield any definitive assertions on these developments. However, the collective evidence confirms the effectiveness of the presented approach.

Karakteristik Spasial Area Transfer pada Bangunan Transport Hub

The transport hub building's main function is to exchange passengers from one mode to another. The transfer area is the main area of passenger transfer activities in this building. Each transport hub building certainly has different transfer area characteristics from one another. Several factors shape the spatial characteristics of this area. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial characteristics of the transfer area and, as a theoretical study, to see how the transfer area is an adequate passenger exchange area in case studies of transport hub buildings in the world. The method used to analyze the data is descriptive qualitative. The analysis was carried out by comparing the observed data with existing theoretical variables. The results of this research then conclude in the form of several dominant factors that make the spatial character of the transfer area in transport hub buildings in the world. From the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that there are characteristics of space-forming elements which are dominated by transparent planes, maximize incoming natural light, have an orientation to the outside of the building, have a broad shape, are dominant and are located in the center of the building.

Homes in Mardin: Women’s Daily Life Narratives and Reproduction of Space in Pandemic Times

The pandemic has transformed our daily lives and domestic responsibilities and drastically redefined gender roles within the household. Compared to before the pandemic, domestic practices and routines have changed to varying degrees according to individual households. Taking the historic city of Mardin as a case study, this research aims to understand how women’s experience within the home has changed during the pandemic and to discuss how daily life has been reproduced in different housing typologies. Along with its unique topography, the coexistence of different ethnicities and religions in the region for centuries has affected Mardin's urban development and social and spatial character. Today, Mardin has an urban landscape consisting of various housing typologies where traditional and modern ways of domesticity coexist: traditional stone houses, country houses, apartments, and gated communities. In the three-month period after the onset of the pandemic (between March and May 2020), in-depth interviews were conducted via Zoom with women living in these four housing typologies, coming from different marital and employment statuses. Everyday narratives of the aforementioned individuals, through Lefevbrian's perspective, have been discussed to fully understand how domestic routines and practices have changed compared to pre-pandemic times. In every city, the productivity of women on a daily basis is placed in the context of social production. This study aims to offer an insight into the effect of the pandemic, drawing parallels between subjective and local, and universal conditions and their overall impact.

The extraordinary atmospheric rivers analysis over the Middle East: Large-scale drivers, structure, effective sources, and precipitation characterization

The study investigates the characteristics of Extraordinary Atmospheric Rivers (EARs), including large-scale atmospheric patterns, structure, effective sources, and precipitation in the Middle East. For this purpose, ARs with maximum Vertically Integrated Water Vapor Transport (IVT) ≥ 1000 kg m−1 s−1 were extracted from 1981 to 2020. ERA5 and PERSIANN-CCS-CDR data were used to analyze the characteristics of the EARs. The latter was applied to show the precipitation risk level. Atmospheric patterns indicated the state of the merging cyclones. Sudan's low pressure was the more recurrent system in all the patterns and alternately integrated with one or two cyclonic tongues over the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, and then the polar vortex. Atmospheric blocking was present in all events, affecting the lifetime of the EARs and the maximum IVT anomaly, which averaged 4.5 days and 622 kg m−1 s−1, respectively. The EARs are the result of the simultaneous feeding of several moisture pathways from different sources. Both regional (mainly below 850 hPa) and trans-regional (above 700 hPa, except for the western Mediterranean) water sources played a crucial role in their formation. Dynamically, most events were characterized by merging the subtropical and polar jets, with maximum central speeds between 70 and 85 m s−1. EARs were also accompanied by strong near surface wind gusts up to 28 m s−1. In the IVT core wind structure, the low-level jet with a speed of 30 m s−1 deepened to a maximum of 925 hPa. There were also intense upward velocities between − 3 and − 5 Pa s−1 near the precipitation maxima areas in the EARs. The spatial character of the precipitation was of a continuous or intermittent nature, and a considerable part of it fell in short periods (up to 286 mm in 3 h). The daily maximum was 390 mm. Accordingly, the importance of using high-resolution data was represented for such events with devastating hydrological effects.

Range and behavior of the Russian grain subcomplex center in 2000-2020

In the 2000s, a new model of the agrarian economy was formed in the country, in which large agricultural holdings, collective and private peasant farms were organically integrated, united by powerful state support and state regulation. This model has manifested itself to the greatest extent in the functioning of the grain subcomplex: the growth of acreage and yield of grain crops, increasing soil fertility, the formation of new logistics and communication corridors, value chains, ultimately providing the country with a leading position among grain-producing countries, making this subcomplex import-independent. Like any agricultural object, the grain subcomplex has a spatial character. At the same time, its space is heterogeneous and not static; the zones of high and low activity are constantly changing, their areas are shifting, affecting the overall dynamics of the entire subcomplex. The goal - determine the location of the center of the grain subcomplex of Russia and calculate the impact of its changes on the dynamics of gross grain harvest. Methods - centrographic, correlation, graphical, as well as descriptive. Scientific novelty - clarification has been made to the existing methodology of the influence of the geographical factor on the dynamics of agriculture, in which the concept of geographical center has been introduced. The methodological innovation is tested on the example of the grain subcomplex of Russia. Results - the area of the grain wedge of the country was determined, its geographical center was calculated, its time shifts in the north-south and east-west directions were revealed, the changes in the center of the sown areas of grain crops on the gross grain harvest were quantified, it was revealed that the shift of the center of the sown areas in the south-west direction gives a greater increase in the gross grain harvest, than in the north-east, the causes and nature (cyclicity) of these increases (shocks) have been clarified, which together will allow for the regulation of the directions of development of the complex in the direction of the greatest efficiency.

Cemetery Considerations

Finnish cairn sites are typically defined through the concepts of ‘grave’ or ‘cemetery’, their main purpose being associated with burials. However, when one examines cemetery-related contexts in Iron Age Finland, they exhibit a great deal of variation with regard to the existence of interments, how they can be identified, and how they correlate with other finds. The case study, a re-examination of Cairn 4 at Nokia Viik, excavated in 1986–1987, illustrates some of these issues. With a focus on understanding the chronology, osteology, formation, and more detailed spatial character of the cairn, it is revealed that the monument has been accumulated over several centuries and includes elements that cannot easily be explained as individual burials or even cremation remains in a collective grave context. The site’s timespan extends from the Late Roman Iron Age and the Migration Period to the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age, where especially the latter periods seem to include deposited materials not related to any actual or distinguishable funerals. One major issue addressed is how to interpret complex structures, where distinct burials are difficult to define, and human remains only occur as one component.

Investigation of Components Forming the Spatial and Landscape Character of Amasya University Yeşilırmak Campus

In this study, the study area was chosen as Amasya University Yeşilırmak Campus, located within the borders of Amasya province central county. The aim of the study was to investigate the components comprising the spatial character (buildings, roads and paths, parking areas, equipment elements, sports areas, social areas) and landscape character (topography, presence of plants) in terms of function, current status, environmental and aesthetic features. In line with this aim, the components comprising the spatial and landscape character of the campus were identified with field observations and the functions of the components were defined. An orthophoto for the campus was created using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and maps for the current spatial character, landscape character, social areas and parking areas were obtained. At the conclusion of the study, it is observed that, despite a significant portion of the campus surface being covered by wooded areas, the structures within the campus, such as buildings, parking areas, and vehicular and pedestrian pathways with hard surface materials, are more extensively utilized by the campus users, while the wooded areas remain largely unused. Findings revealed the current status of the campus, and recommendations were made to create a campus with distinctive identity that will be more livable and chosen more frequently by students.

The method of virtual bench tests conducting to analyze the vehicle technical characteristics compatibility to detect and prevent the risk of resonant phenomena in the sprung cab

BACKGROUND: A relevant issue when designing vehicles with multiple levels of suspension systems is collaborative operation of these systems, which ensures the required vehicle dynamics and smoothness parameters, as well as the absence of risk for the occurrence of resonance phenomena. The vehicle cab is a dynamic system with 6 degrees of freedom, so its oscillatory motions have a complex spatial character with the oscillation energies overflow from one direction to another. The solving of problems of the sprung cab dynamics should be conducted in a spatial nonlinear formulation, which makes it possible to take into account the phenomena of redistribution of oscillation energy between the directions of space. This approach can be put into operation with simulation modeling methods through creating a spatial virtual rig of the cab with a suspension system and modeling its dynamics with the application of appropriate external inputs.
 AIM: Development of the method of using virtual tests to analyze the compatibility of technical characteristics of the cab suspension system, the frame system and the primary vehicle suspension systems to detect and prevent the risk of resonant phenomena in the cab.
 METHODS: Building a virtual test rig of a vehicle cab as a multibody dynamics system of connected bodies in space, mounted at the movable vehicle frame with spring-dampers. Virtual tests are conducted by simulation modeling methods according to the method for analyzing nonlinear phenomena when spatial resonances occur in the secondary suspension system of a vehicle cab.
 RESULTS: The method of vehicle cab virtual tests conducting for analyzing oscillatory processes occurring in the cab, including resonances, using a virtual test rig in a multibody dyamics software package.
 CONCLUSION: The developed method ensures an ability to take measures to detect and prevent the risk of spatial resonance phenomena in the vehicle cab at all stages of the components design and the cab suspension systems study.

Licence Plate Detection Using Machine Learning

License Plate Recognition (LPR) is one of the tough tasks in the field of computer vision. Although it has been around for quite a while, there still lies the challenges when we have to deal with; the harsh environmental conditions like snowy, rainfall, windy, low light conditions etc. as well as the condition of the plates which includes the bent, rotated, broken plates. The performance of the recognition and detection frameworks take a significant hit when it is concerned with these conditional effects on the license plate. In this paper, we introduced a model to improve our accuracy based on the Chinese Car Parking Dataset (CCPD) using 2 separate convolutional neural networks. The first CNN will be able to detect the bounding boxes for the license plate detection using Non-Maximus Suppression (NMS) to find the most probable bounding area whereas the second one will take these bounding boxes and use the spatial attenuation network and character recognition model to successfully recognize the license plate. First, we train the CNN to detect the license plates, then use the second CNN to recognize the characters. The overall recognition accuracy was found to be 89% in the CCPD dataset.

A Diffusion Model for POI Recommendation

Next Point-of-Interest (POI) recommendation is a critical task in location-based services that aim to provide personalized suggestions for the user’s next destination. Previous works on POI recommendation have laid focus on modeling the user’s spatial preference. However, existing works that leverage spatial information are only based on the aggregation of users’ previous visited positions, which discourages the model from recommending POIs in novel areas. This trait of position-based methods will harm the model’s performance in many situations. Additionally, incorporating sequential information into the user’s spatial preference remains a challenge. In this article, we propose Diff-POI : a Diffu sion-based model that samples the user’s spatial preference for the next POI recommendation. Inspired by the wide application of diffusion algorithm in sampling from distributions, Diff-POI encodes the user’s visiting sequence and spatial character with two tailor-designed graph encoding modules, followed by a diffusion-based sampling strategy to explore the user’s spatial visiting trends. We leverage the diffusion process and its reverse form to sample from the posterior distribution and optimized the corresponding score function. We design a joint training and inference framework to optimize and evaluate the proposed Diff-POI. Extensive experiments on four real-world POI recommendation datasets demonstrate the superiority of our Diff-POI over state-of-the-art baseline methods. Further ablation and parameter studies on Diff-POI reveal the functionality and effectiveness of the proposed diffusion-based sampling strategy for addressing the limitations of existing methods.