Spatial Character Research Articles

Generating Solar Irradiance Data Series with 1-minute Time Resolution Based on Hourly Observational Data

The large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into electricity distribution is one of the significant challenges in meeting energy demand in the near future. The solar energy resource has a fluctuating spatial and temporal character intrinsic to the radiative processes with the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface. Efficient use of solar energy requires technologies that consider such variability and its impacts on the electrical system. In this context, a reliable computational model to estimate the surface solar irradiance is beneficial for operational issues. This work presents a methodology based on Markov chains for the generation of a global irradiance time series with one-minute temporal resolution using observational database acquired by a basic weather station. The statistical model was developed using irradiance data acquired in Sao Martinho da Serra/RS and Petrolina/PE to verify their performance in two different climates. The transition probability matrices were determined for the following cloud conditions: cloudy, partly cloudy or clear sky using ten years of observational data. Next, Markov’s walking technique was used to generate a data series with one-minute temporal resolution taking into account the cloudiness classification. Model validation was performed using solar irradiance data not considered to calculate the transition probability matrix (MPT). The mean squared deviation of the relative distribution frequencies indicated a deviation of only 1.5%, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated that the synthetic and observational series presented similar cumulative frequency distributions. Thus, the proposed methodology showed high reliability in reproducing the temporal variability due to the stochastic nature of the incoming solar energy in both sites.

Learning from the non-technological foundation of a smart city: philosophy and its representations in the formation of urban attributes of Kota Cakaranegara (Lombok)

Cakranegara is one of the cities which located in west Lombok was planned city and was developed since kingdom of Karangasem Bali controlled the island of Lombok in the 16th century. Cakranegara is one of the cities that has a very regular grid pattern and applies the Hindu philosophy in its design. How the Hindu philosophy is represented in the spatial character of the city of Cakranegara is the goals of the study. This research is a qualitative study and data collected by observing, interviewing and conducting empirical analysis on the map of the Cakranegara. From this study, it was concluded that the Hindu philosophy is represented in the spatial pattern of Cakranegara by applying the binary opposition concept of luan-teben, kaja-kelod, periphery-centre, upper-lower, and east-west orientation to create a spatial hierarchy for the city. Forming elements of the city are the palace/government, temples, markets, residential blocks and community housing, road networks, parks, and cemeteries. The layout of the elements forming the city applies the concept of the kuta negara to create a cosmological balance. The application of Hindu philosophy in urban spatial planning can be an alternative approach to urban design in recent time.

The Space for Preservation and Dilapidation of Historical Houses in Modlimowo Village in the Light of Post-Dependence Studies and Historical Politics after 1945

The main purpose of this article is to present the results of the research on spatial degradation of Modlimowo village. Modlimowo is an example of a settlement form typical of the Western Pomerania region. Until 1945, half-timbered buildings of Modlimowo village constituted a well-preserved architectural and cultural heritage of this region. Over the past 25 years, changes in the spatial layout of Modlimowo Village irreversibly destroyed the architectural layout of the village, its cultural landscape, and affected its spatial character. The process involved the demolition of around 70% of its historical buildings. The residents, the descendants of post-war settlers, also acted in favor of the rapid degradation. This was typical in the Polish western lands, the area of so-called “Recovered Territories.” The historical memory encapsulated in the village’s spatial structure has been successfully decoded. Spatial degradation of the village of Modlimowo is an example that proves a certain regularity. The processes and mechanisms that govern the devastation taking place in Polish villages of the region of the “Recovered Territories” are subject to extensive analysis in terms of social, economic, cultural, historical, and architectural aspects. There is an ongoing discussion about the reasons for this situation. The political reality of post-war Poland and the persistent traumas of that period have had a significant impact on the actual situation of the Polish countryside. The described research may offer a contribution to the ongoing discussion regarding post-dependence, as it extends the research field typical of architecture to include aspects of the importance of collective memory as well as historical politics. The theoretical model of the conducted research was based on the grounded theory. The author chose this form due to the specific flexibility it offers. An important aspect analyzed in the research was the ability to adapt to the existing conditions. Supplementing the collected data with historical and ethnographic materials proved to be very helpful. The open interview method enabled the collection of the required, standardized data. The conducted research allows to conclude that the language of the historical architectural forms typical for the region was not understood by its new inhabitants. Therefore, newcomers felt free to thoughtlessly demolish whatever previous occupants had left. The analysis of the political context, the trauma of the post-war regime, and post-memory mechanisms can help to diagnose the reality of those times.

2D mixed pseudo-random coupling PS map lattice and its application in S-box generation

In this paper, firstly, we investigate a new 1D PWLCM-Sin (PS) map which derived from PWLCM and Sin map by modulo operation. Due to the stronger parameter space, bigger Lyapunov exponents and better ergodicity than simple 1D map, the PS map is more suitable for local map of spatiotemporal dynamics. Secondly, with the novel 2D pseudo-random mixed coupling method we present a spatiotemporal chaos which used PS map as local map f(x). This spatiotemporal chaos named 2D Mixed pseudo-random Coupling PS Map Lattice (2DMCPML). The experimental results of bifurcation diagrams, Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy density and spatiotemporal chaotic diagrams showed that 2DMCPML has advantages of larger parameter space, more complex chaotic behavior and more ergodic output sequence than CML. Therefore, 2DMCPML is more suitable in cryptography than CML. Subsequently, we proposed a chaos-based random S-box design algorithm employed the spatial chaotic character of 2DMCPML to generate a large number of S-boxes. The cryptographic performance indicated that generated S-boxes can resist cryptanalysis attack well. Finally, four criteria bounds are set. The numbers of S-boxes satisfying these bounds generated by 2DMCPML and several 1D chaotic maps is calculated, respectively. The result showed that spatiotemporal chaos can generate more S-boxes with high cryptographic quality than low-dimensional chaos. This new discovery is significant to the development of some cryptographic researches such as dynamic S-box algorithm.

SPATIAL CONTINUITY OF THE PASSAGE SPACE IN STATION BUILDINGS AND THEIR SURROUNDING URBAN SPACES IN CENTRAL TOKYO

This paper attempts to clarify spatial continuity of the interior space of buildings and urban space in the center of Tokyo by analyzing of the spatial continuity of passage spaces in station buildings and their surrounding urban spaces. The station buildings are composed with not only gate for railway user but also department store, office, hospital and so on as a consequence of repeated extension or reconstruction of building and functionalization for multipurpose use to accommodate social demands and commercial requests in Japan. In this paper, the station building is defined as buildings include ticket gates for railway user or passes from exterior space to those ticket gates, and the spatial construction and continuity of passage space (Photo1, Fig. 1) as a penetrated urban space in those station buildings is analyzed. The Chapter 1 mentions about those background, purpose, and methods of this study. In the Chapter 2, the total number of entrances of passage spaces of station buildings of all 55 station samples is analyzed by planar shape (Table1), and the continuity of the passage space and exterior spaces on its entrance is analyzed in terms of two aspects of surface's continuity and spatial scale continuity (Fig. 2). In the Chapter 3, the spatial characteristic of the constituent space and its collateral spaces is analyzed in terms of the planar shape of the constituent space (Table2) and the variety or spatial depth of collateral spaces of its walls (Table3), and the spatial construction is classified into the 9 patterns of spatial construction concerning collateral aspect (Table4). In the Chapter 4, by using these 9 collateral patterns, the spatial continuity of passage spaces can be described by collating of its constituent spaces, the passage space of HACHIOJI Sta. is described and analyzed as an example (Fig. 3). And the spatial continuity of passage space of station buildings is analyzed by describing with collate patterns the spatial construction of all samples, and consecutive spaces, which has spatial consistency by same or similar collateral pattern, are extracted and analyzed by those spatial characteristics (Fig. 4). And furthermore, the spatial characteristics is divided into 4 type by analyzing the position of consecutive spaces (Table5) and consistency of spatial continuity (Table6). As a result of this chapter, two paradigm of mechanism about spatial continuity of passage space as determined by collateral spaces are clarified, distinctive trend of complexity of spatial continuity and articulation of passage space are examined. In the Chapter 5, the spatial articulation of passage spaces and continuity to urban spaces is analyzed by collating the continuity of the passage space exterior spaces on its entrance and the spatial continuity of passage spaces, and four tendencies of spatial continuity of passage space of station building in Tokyo are determined through the relationship of these frames (Fig. 5). As a result of this chapter, four fundamental model of spatial continuity of the interior space of buildings and urban space in the center of Tokyo are examined by comparing these tendencies and urban space in Tokyo. Finally, two paradigm and four fundamental models were isolated by deploying the above-mentioned data, which may be said to represent one aspect of the urban form of contemporary Tokyo, and which afford one possibly useful way of describing the urban spatial character Tokyo today.

"ADAPTABILITATEA SPAȚIULUI PUBLIC CENTRUL ISTORIC BUCUREȘTI"

The topic of this article is a reflection on the versatility of architecture and the role of the public space in the making of the city. The public space gives the structure of the city and can be understood as a series of layers, of distinct registers superimposed over time, which must not be interpreted by homogenization or reduction. The public space is a concept with a wide range of meanings and its reduction to only one of its characteristics erodes its essence and leads to a loss of its richness of nuances. It takes place not only concretely but also symbolically. It signifies the memory and continuity of urban life and its specificity is closely linked to the meanings assigned to it by its users. The contemporary understanding of public space, as an interdependent relationship of architecture with the realities in the midst of which it stands, emphasizes its ability to respond to change and context. Thus, the article proposes a theoretical path focused on the various functions of public space – as a space carrying the meanings of social and political life in Antiquity, space for trade in the Middle Ages, space for entertainment in the Classical period, space for circulation in the Industrial Age and space for connection in our times, with an emphasis on the latter. The elements that give continuity in the structure of the city, being at the same time witnesses of the evolution of the urban structure over time, are the urban stabilizers (Rowe and Koetter, 1984) such as parishes, halls, markets, autonomous isolated buildings, etc. The research is based on the pedagogical approach of the authors in guiding the first project of the 3rd year of study “Places of the city I Precedence” in the 32 design studio of the Basics of Architectural Design department. The article proposes the historical center of Bucharest as a case study. The role of urban stabilizer of the Old Princely Court is highlighted, starting from its value of representativeness and continuity in the making of the city. At the same time, the article questions the extent to which the attributes we associate with a versatile architecture – multi-functionality, mixed use, hybrid, diversity – can diminish the spatial character obtained over time.

TEMPORALITY AS A SPATIAL FIELD OF PRESENCE

According to Merleau-Ponty in his Phenomenology of Perception, we experience time as a “field of presence.” In his words, “It is in my ‘field of presence’ in the widest sense […] that I make contact with time, and learn to know its course.” This field is fundamental. It elucidates my spatial apprehension. In his words: “Perception provides me with a ‘field of presence’ in the broad sense, extending in two dimensions: the here-there dimension and the past-present-future dimension. The second elucidates the first.” In other words, I understand the spatial “here-there” dimension in terms of the temporal dimension. The “there” is what I immediately grasp in still having in hand “the immediate past.” In this article, I propose to examine the general conception of time as a field of presence. This examination can be seen as a kind of “thought experiment,” where we see what happens when we reverse this relation—i.e., when we elucidate the “past-present-future dimension” in terms of the “here-there dimension.” Such a reversal, I will argue, brings to the fore the pragmatic, spatial character of lived time. Not only does it bring about a revision of horizonal structure of the field of presence, it also has consequences for psycho-analytical research.

The evolution of pathways linking main streets and marketplaces to home-based business locations in Hanoi, Vietnam

ABSTRACT This paper explores the spatial complexities of Hanoi’s urban form, with a focus on the evolution of the pathways linking the front door of individual households engaged in home-based income-generating activities, and the local main streets and marketplaces that provide opportunities for commerce. The pathway is an overlooked spatial element in existing urban studies, despite its critical importance in urban dwellers’ everyday lives. At the city scale, a space syntax methodology is employed to examine the changing configuration of the street network in Hanoi across five historical periods. The analysis simulates the distribution of human movement across the network, highlighting the natural formation and changes to major economic hubs. The formation, evolution, and spatial character of these pathways are then examined at the neighbourhood scale, by employing three-dimensional mapping and semi-structured on-site interviews with Home-Based Business owners. The paper extends existing understandings of how urban form influences citizens’ economic well-being.

The Impact of Retail Chains on the Structure of Small Towns and Rural Areas in Poland

The retail trade and services are becoming the most dynamically developing sector of non-agricultural activity in Polish rural areas. State-owned and cooperative stores have been closed down and they were replaced mostly by private stores. There are more and more commercial outlets of various formats, including supermarket chains, discount stores and integrated chains. Despite the growing number of modern retail trade formats, traditional small-format, often referred to as the local market, is also really important. Retail chains in small towns and rural areas are mainly located in the zones of influence of larger cities. They affect many changes of spatial, social and economic character. Small towns and rural areas more and more frequently start to compete for further retail trade investments while noticing lots of benefits and costs of this process. The aim of the article is to show the scale of new retail investment in small towns and rural areas in Poland and to recognize the impact of locating discount chains and supermarkets in small towns and rural areas on the economic and social sphere of these places. In the territory of small towns transformations of the structure of trade can be observed, mainly as a result of changes in the consumer behaviour. In small towns, functional and spatial transformations related to the retail sector take mainly from the expansion of grocery supermarket chains. The future of small traditional stores in small towns and rural areas is uncertain. Despite the restrictions in terms of the diffusion of consumer behaviour trends from metropolises to their outer areas, transformations seem to be inevitable. This change process should, therefore, be studied systematically. Research devoted to this field is important from the point of view of choosing the location of new investments related to discount chains and of the strategy for the development of small towns and rural areas. Identification of consequences of the operation of discount chains in chosen rural areas and in small towns can impact the verification of the policy adopted by local authorities in relation to spatial planning and forming the functional structure.

Введение. Город между центром и периферией


 
 
 
 Данное введение и соответствующий тематический номер служат площадкой для дискуссии о динамике отношений центра и периферии в постсоциалистическом развитии городов. Цель дискуссии — не только изучить противостояние между так называемыми центрами и перифериями в борьбе за экономические, политические и символические ресурсы, но и предложить новые концептуальные подходы и новый методологический аппарат для анализа этих процессов. Таким образом, особое внимание в номере уделяется реляционному подходу к изучению отношений центра/периферии как гибких категорий, которые только в процессе социального (вос-) производства и под влиянием властных отношений приобретают фиксированный пространственный характер. Следовательно, такие аспекты, как знание и дискурс, ностальгия и память, миф и стигма, эмоции и репрезентации, выступают главным объектом исследования. Представленные статьи развивают новые эпистемологические подходы для реляционного анализа динамики центра/периферии, а также предлагают преодолеть бинарные позитивистские методики для осмысления и фиксации постсоциалистической городской реальности.
 
 
 

Features of Dynamic Deformation of an Elastoviscoplastic Material in the Vicinity of a Moving Crack Tip

Some features of the behavior of ideal tips of transverse shear and tear cracks (“shear-tear” crack tips) propagating together with the shear wave fronts are investigated. It is shown that in the quasi-static approximation, the ideally plastic behavior of the material near the tear crack has a spatial character and has characteristic planes oriented at an angle of 45 degrees to the directions of the principal stresses. This makes it possible to interpret the flow of material at the tip of a tear crack as sliding along the faces of regular polygonal pyramids with bases in the tear plane. The leading edge of a “shear-tear” crack, on which both tear and transverse shear occur, in the process of propagation degenerates either into the tip of a tear crack or into the tip of a transverse shear crack. This is due to the fact that the shear or tear of a smaller magnitude reaches its limiting value earlier (stops) and then the tip of the remaining type of crack propagates.

Understanding the synergies of deep learning and data fusion of multispectral and panchromatic high resolution commercial satellite imagery for automated ice-wedge polygon detection

The utility of sheer volumes of very high spatial resolution (VHSR) commercial imagery in mapping the Arctic region is new and actively evolving. Commercial satellite sensors typically record image data in low-resolution multispectral (MS) and high-resolution panchromatic (PAN) mode. Spatial resolution is needed to accurately describe feature shapes and textural patterns, such as ice-wedge polygons (IWPs) that are rapidly transforming surface features due to degrading permafrost, while spectral resolution allows capturing of land-use and land-cover types. Data fusion, the process of combining PAN and MS images with complementary characteristics often serves as an integral component of remote sensing mapping workflows. The fusion process generates spectral and spatial artifacts that may affect the classification accuracies of subsequent automated image analysis algorithms, such as deep learning (DL) convolutional neural nets (CNN). We employed a detailed multidimensional assessment to understand the performances of an array of eight application-oriented data fusion algorithms when applied to VHSR image scenes for DLCNN-based mapping of ice-wedge polygons. Our findings revealed the scene dependency of data fusion algorithms and emphasized the need for careful selection of the proper algorithm. Results suggested that the fusion algorithms that preserve spatial character of original PAN imagery favor the DLCNN model performances. The choice of fusion approach needs to be considered of equal importance to the required training dataset for successful applications using DLCNN on VHRS imagery in order to enable an accurate mapping effort of permafrost thaw across the Arctic region.

Population Trends of the Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Louisiana Sugarcane.

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is the primary pest of sugarcane, Saccharum spp., in Louisiana. Spring populations are not considered economically damaging, but quantifying infestations can provide an indication of the spatial and temporal character of the damaging summer populations. Statewide surveys quantified the density of sugarcane tillers killed by D. saccharalis (deadhearts) from sugarcane fields across the state in spring from 2003 to 2020. Deadheart density varied greatly among years with a high of 1,318/ha in 2003 to a low of 0/ha in 2018. Linear regressions of the 3-yr rolling average showed declines in spring D. saccharalis populations and the percentage of acreage treated with insecticides over 17 yr. Weather factors including minimum winter temperatures and average spring temperatures were poor predictors of D. saccharalis populations. Only total precipitation in the month of April was positively correlated with numbers of deadhearts per hectare. Results suggest overwintering mortality is not a key factor influencing populations of the first generation of D. saccharalis in Louisiana. Total precipitation in the month of July was positively associated with percentage of treated acreage. Spring deadheart density was directly related to percentage of acreage treated with insecticides during the summer. Quantifying first-generation D. saccharalis populations by recording deadheart density can aid in predicting pest pressure later in the growing season.

Spatial econometric approach to the EU regional employment process

This paper deals with the estimation of spatial econometric models of employment rate across 259 NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics) regions of the European Union in 2018 regarding different region-specific factors. Since, spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity often occur jointly, the paper is oriented at verification of two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 related to the existence of the spatial autocorrelation, i.e., that the regional employment process is not a spatially isolated process, was confirmed. Based on the estimation of Spatial Durbin Model, direct, indirect and total spatial impacts were quantified and verified. The results proved the significant impact of neighbouring regions for GDP and compensation of employees variables in explaining regional employment rate. Significant influence of factors like educational attainment level and population density seems to be limited only to the particular region. Hypothesis 2 reflected the existence of the spatial heterogeneity. Based on the geographically weighted regression the assumption of spatial variability of the model parameters was also verified. The regional employment in the EU seems to be affected by both spatial effects and the presented approaches thus represent two different insights into the complex spatial character of the modelled process.

Omah Alas as an Adaptive Dwelling in Karst Area: Spatial Characteristics

The environmental condition of particular landscape contributes to the way of life of people living inside it. The characteristic of Gunung Sewu karst landscape in the south of Gunungkidul Regency causes the regular drought every year. The communities who live in the area, in which the majority of them work as traditional farmers, deal with such situations and gradually adapt to harmonize their lives with those conditions. In order to cultivate their land more intensively under the pressure of environmental conditions, the farmers build omah alas, a simple house to live around their field. Omah alas has characteristics as result of the relationship between people and landscape. This paper aims to identify the characteristics of omah alas as living space for traditional farmers in karst area, specifically in Kemadang Village, and the influencing factors. This research used qualitative approach and the data were collected by field observations and informant interviews. The results showed that there are three types of space layout that are caused by site conditions. The influence of spatial character is reinforced by economic motives.

Modeling flexoelectricity in soft dielectrics at finite deformation

This paper develops the equilibrium equations describing the flexoelectric effect in soft dielectrics under large deformations. Previous works have developed related theories using a flexoelectric coupling tensor of mixed material–spatial character. Here, we formulate the model in terms of a flexoelectric tensor completely defined in the material frame, with the same symmetries of the small-strain flexocoupling tensor and leading naturally to objective flexoelectric polarization fields. The energy potential and equilibrium equations are first expressed in terms of deformation and polarization, and then rewritten in terms of deformation and electric potential, yielding an unconstrained system of fourth order partial differential equations (PDE). We further develop a theory of geometrically nonlinear extensible flexoelectric rods under open and closed circuit conditions, with which we examine analytically cantilever bending and buckling under mechanical and electrical actuation. Besides being a simple and explicit model pertinent to slender structures, this rod theory also allows us to test our general theory and its numerical implementation using B-splines. This numerical implementation is robust as it handles the electromechanical instabilities in soft flexoelectric materials.

The potential of coastal ecosystems to mitigate the impact of sea-level rise in shallow tropical bays

Shallow tropical bays in the Caribbean, like Orient Bay and Galion Bay in Saint Martin, are often sheltered by coral reefs. In the relatively calm environment behind the reefs, seagrass meadows grow. Together, these ecosystems provide valuable ecosystem services like coastal protection, biodiversity hotspots, nursery grounds for animals and enhancing tourism and fisheries. However, sea-level rise imperils these ecosystems and the services they provide because of changing hydrodynamic conditions, with potential effects on the interdependencies between these ecosystems. By means of a hydrodynamic model that accounts for the interaction with vegetation (Delft3D Flexible Mesh), the impact of sea-level rise (0.87 m in 2100) is investigated for three scenarios of future reef development (i.e. keep-up, give-up and catch-up). If coral reefs cannot keep up with sea-level rise, the wave height and flow velocity increase significantly within associated bays, with the wave height doubling locally in case of eroding reefs in our model simulations. Since the presence of seagrass strongly depends on the hydrodynamic conditions, the response of seagrass to the future hydrodynamic conditions is projected using a habitat suitability model that is based on a logistic regression. The spatial character of the bays determines the response of seagrass. In Orient Bay, which is deeper and partly exposed to higher waves, the seagrass will likely migrate from the deeper parts to shallow areas that become suitable for seagrass because of the surf zone moving landward. In contrast, the conditions for seagrass worsen in Galion Bay for the catch-up and give-up scenario; due to the shallowness of this bay, the seagrass cannot escape to more suitable areas, resulting in significant seagrass loss. It is shown that healthy coastal ecosystems are able to limit the change in hydrodynamic conditions due to sea-level rise. Therefore, preserving these ecosystems is key for ensuring the resilience of shallow tropical bays to sea-level rise and maintaining their ecosystem services.

Actor-network, conflict and the commodification of planning: Role of traditional food markets in shaping the built environment

This paper examines the processes of transformation of the architecture and spatial character of a Nigerian city, in the planning and delivery of a sustainable built environment. It examines the inter-dependency or relationship between the traditional market space and the city which is constantly being challenged, adapted and simultaneously undermined by the city's rapid growth and modernisation. Therefore, the meanings attached to the market and its built environment has not only changed on several levels from the symbolic, sacred, religious use to commercial and mundane one but also has taken on new spatial forms in sustaining the life of the city due to the activities of the various actors which is predicated on their worldview. The paper provides a detailed examination of the geographical location of the old market built environment, in relation to the expansion of the city over time. It traces historical changes in the surrounding urban-scape of the market, in particular, the location of developments, many originating from the colonial period, and their impact on the life of the market over time. It relates, how these historical relationships are registered both topographically and spatially providing supporting visual material such as maps and developmental plans. This paper further expatiates on the understanding of negotiation and conflict that ensued during the interaction within the material environment of the city through the prism of the role of actors (government officials, users, planners, politicians) involved with the built marketplace in the study area. Analyses provided through interpretive anthropology which is synchronic in nature (focus at events in a slice of time) and those provided by Actor-Network Theory (ANT) that is diachronic (focus on dynamic events through time), i.e. anthropology focuses more on the “static” past whereas ANT focuses on the activities of the actants in “dynamic” or “real-time”. The paper concludes that theoretical and cultural interpretation impacts the physical marketplace, its form, character, and spatiality; this must itself be understood as an agent or actant in the struggle, in as much as it both enables and constrains human activities.

Direct Detection of Optical Forces of Magnetic Nature in Dielectric Nanoantennas.

Optical forces on nanostructures are usually characterized by their interaction with the electric field component of the light wave, given that most materials present negligible magnetic response at optical frequencies. This is not the case however of a high-refractive-index dielectric nanoantenna, which has been recently shown to efficiently support both electric and magnetic optical modes. In this work, we use a photoinduced force microscopy configuration to measure optically induced forces produced by a germanium nanoantenna on a surrounding silicon near-field probe. We reveal the spatial distribution, character, and magnitude of the generated forces when exciting the nanoantenna at its anapole state condition. We retrieve optical force maps showing values of up to 20 pN, which are found to be mainly magnetic in nature, according to our numerical simulations. The results of this investigation open new pathways for the study, detection, and generation of magnetic light forces at the nanometer scale.

On Spatiality of Emotions

Summary The paper argues that all emotions possess a spatial and objective, social character. We can gain access to them only insofar as we are affected by them in a felt-bodily way. Therefore, we need a conception of felt embodiment if we are to achieve a philosophical understanding of the spatial character of emotions. Different phenomena, ranging from the atmospheres of landscapes to shared and individual emotions, illustrate the theses concerning the spatiality of emotions and atmospheres, exemplified by the social contrast of emotions, among other things. The next step clarifies why we should distinguish between the emotion itself and the felt-bodily affection by the emotion. By means of distinctions between two types of felt-bodily or corporeal interaction, a unipolar and a bipolar form, we can gain a better understanding of the spatial character of emotions but also how resonances of emotions work. One result of our examination is that we can explain why positive collective emotions become more intense through shared bodily experience.