Spatial Analysis Research Articles

Spatial Analysis of LULC Changes and Suitability of Ngawi Regency on Spatial Regional Planning 2011-2031 Using Geographic Information System

Abstract This study analyzes land use change in Ngawi Regency, East Java, in 2011 and 2021 and examines the suitability of land use, Regional Spatial Plan, and Regional Medium-Term Development Plan. Qualitative descriptive analysis methods and spatial-temporal analysis are used to identify land-use change, land-use change, and land-use-related problems. The results showed a discrepancy between actual land use and RTRW in several sub-districts, such as Padas, Pangkur, Ngawi, Pitu, Kedunggalar, Ngrambe, Sine, Jogorogo, Kendal. This discrepancy includes changes in land functions from settlements to industries, tourism areas to settlements, industries to settlements, and vice versa. The total area of nonconformity reached 40,361 hectares or 28.93 % of the Ngawi area. GIS and map overlays provide an in-depth understanding of land change patterns, with settlements and industrial sectors being key focuses. Although the Regional Spatial Plan has been established to regulate land use, its implementation still needs to be improved in 2021. The development of tourism, industrial, agricultural, and residential areas sometimes goes differently than planned. This research highlights the need for coordination between Regional Medium-Term Development Plans and Regional Spatial Plans to achieve sustainable regional development.

The Impact of Population Growth on Land Covers in Tegal Regency, Indonesia in 2015 and 2023

Abstract The purpose of study was to examine how Tegal Regency’s population expansion has affected the land cover for eight years and identify the land cover changes in Tegal Regency that resulted from population growth between 2015 and 2023. This research used descriptive quantitative because of the population growth rate calculation and spatial analysis to compare the highest and lowest population growth and determine the amount of land cover change in 2015-2023 in Tegal Regency. The results of this study showed that the Bojong Sub-district had the highest population growth rate of 2.46%, with a growth of 13,327 people, while the Talang Sub-district had the lowest growth rate of 0.90%, with a growth of 7,492 people. The higher the population, the more land is needed to build settlements, so there is a change in built-up land cover, which in 2015 was 13,900.47 ha to 15,417.70 ha in 2023. The most built-up land cover has increased in area in Margasari Sub-district because of the high population change of 15,900 people. In this case, population growth significantly impacted the amount of land cover in Tegal Regency in 2015-2023.

Analysis of the dynamic mechanism of trans-boundary pollution collaborative control in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Climate change mitigation requires simultaneous reduction of carbon emissions and air pollution. This study examines the synergy between pollution reduction and carbon reduction, identifying key variables and strategies to achieve this goal. Using a Geographical Detector model and a Coupling Degree of Coordination model, 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) are investigated. Results show that while controlling PM2.5 has been more successful than managing carbon emissions in the YREB, synergy between pollution reduction and carbon emissions increased by an average of 7.2% from 2006 to 2019. Spatial analysis reveals higher synergy in upstream areas, indicating significant spatial diversity. The impact of pollution and emission reduction synergies is influenced by societal and environmental variables, including industry structure, technological innovation, energy structure, human capital quality, and economic basis. Synergy is amplified when natural limits align with high-quality development drivers such as technical innovation and the digital economy. Recommendations include enhancing city-to-city contact, improving energy and industrial structures, and fostering technological innovation to address regional variations in synergy levels.

Preliminary Remote Spatial Analysis of Fairy Circles: an Approximation of Hyperspectral and Geophysical Data from Hydrogen Seeps

Preliminary Remote Spatial Analysis of Fairy Circles: an Approximation of Hyperspectral and Geophysical Data from Hydrogen Seeps

Determining the zoning pattern of education facilities based on aspects of density and radius of settlements in Banda Aceh

Abstract The zoning system is a refinement of the rayonization system used in the admission of new students (Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru-PPDB). The government implemented this system to achieve equal distribution of access and quality of education nationally. However, the zoning system faces several obstacles that prevent it from running optimally. In Banda Aceh, the distribution of State-owned Senior High Schools (SMAN) is uneven across sub-districts, making the PPDB difficult to implement. This study examines the accessibility of settlements in Banda Aceh by analyzing the distribution of high school education facilities. The study uses the spatial analysis method (service area) to determine the accessibility of SMAN to settlements in Banda Aceh. The results show that at a distance of 1600 meters, 48.12% of all settlements were served, while for a 10-minute travel time, 24.87% of the total settlements were served. The data suggests that SMAN education facilities are not evenly distributed throughout residential areas in Banda Aceh. This is true for both the ideal distance of 1600 meters and the travel distance of under 10 minutes, with less than 50% coverage. To address this issue, new SMAN schools should be added to reduce the distance between schools and residences.

Determining the zoning pattern of education facilities based on aspects of density and radius of settlements in Banda Aceh

Abstract The zoning system is a refinement of the rayonization system used in the admission of new students (Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru-PPDB). The government implemented this system to achieve equal distribution of access and quality of education nationally. However, the zoning system faces several obstacles that prevent it from running optimally. In Banda Aceh, the distribution of State-owned Senior High Schools (SMAN) is uneven across sub-districts, making the PPDB difficult to implement. This study examines the accessibility of settlements in Banda Aceh by analyzing the distribution of high school education facilities. The study uses the spatial analysis method (service area) to determine the accessibility of SMAN to settlements in Banda Aceh. The results show that at a distance of 1600 meters, 48.12% of all settlements were served, while for a 10-minute travel time, 24.87% of the total settlements were served. The data suggests that SMAN education facilities are not evenly distributed throughout residential areas in Banda Aceh. This is true for both the ideal distance of 1600 meters and the travel distance of under 10 minutes, with less than 50% coverage. To address this issue, new SMAN schools should be added to reduce the distance between schools and residences.

Pathologic response rates to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in locally advanced (LA) resectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).

9591 Background: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second commonest cutaneous malignancy, accounting for 20% of cutaneous malignancies and 75% of non-melanoma skin cancer deaths. Anti-PD-1 is approved in unresectable and metastatic cSCC, and is associated with high rates of pathologic response in resectable locally advanced (LA) cSCC. We conducted a phase II single-arm neoadjuvant trial of pembrolizumab (P) in patients with PD-1 naïve resectable LA cSCC. Methods: Patients with AJCC/UICC ≥T3 (or T2 with ≥2 BWH high-risk features) and/or N+ disease were eligible. Patients received 2 cycles of P (200mg Q3W) prior to definitive surgery, and 15 cycles post-surgery (NCT04808999). The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR, defined as 0% residual viable tumor, RVT) per independent central pathology review. Key secondary endpoints included incidence of adverse events (AEs), recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), safety and unbiased spatial biomarkers. A selected panel of multiplex immunofluorescence imaging biomarkers were used by PredxBio Inc.’s computational pipeline to reveal spatial intratumor heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Results: Thirty patients were enrolled and received at least 1 cycle of P. The median age was 79 (59-93) years and patients were predominantly male (77%). One patient withdrew consent prior to surgery. Three patients died prior to definitive surgery: 2 from COVID-19, a third from a NSTEMI possibly related to P. Of the 26 response-evaluable patients, AJCC/UICC stage at baseline was high-risk T2, T3, N1, and N2 in 2 (8%), 12 (46%), 9 (34.5%), and 3 (11.5%) patients, respectively. We observed pCR in 15 (57%), pathologic partial response (pPR, 10% < %RVT <50%) in 2 (8%) and pathologic non-response (pNR, >50%RVT) in 8 (31%) patients. One patient is pending surgery. Postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was de-escalated in 54% of the patients (14/15 in pCR). Median RFS was 13 (pCR) versus 10.5 (non-pCR) months. One Grade 5 (NSTEMI) and two Grade 3 (hepatitis, colitis) treatment-related AEs were observed. Computational analysis identifies key spatial interactions between PDL-1+/CD68+ cells implicated in response to P. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant P is efficacious in resectable LA cSCC with a high pCR rate (57%). Three deaths were observed, including 2 unrelated to treatment and 1 possible Grade 5 cardiac irAE, reflecting the inherent risks of perioperative therapy in this patient population. RT was de-escalated in 93% of pCR patients. No relapse events in pCR patients. Spatial interactions between PDL-1+ cells and CD68+ macrophages have a role in therapeutic response and will be detailed along with other spatial analyses of the TME compartment that have an impact on outcomes. Clinical trial information: NCT04808999 .

Spatial Analysis of Peri-Urban Areas of Bucharest in the Context of Big Data

Abstract The territorial expansion of the Bucharest-Ilfov region is a continuous process. This expansionist process is not always followed by an increase in the quality of life of the citizens, because in order to produce this effect, it is important that the territorial expansion is carried out in all branches (road infrastructure, residential buildings, access to medical services, access to education, access to shared public transport). As the specialized literature observes a chaotic development of this region, the research aims to analyze the peri-urban areas of the Municipality of Bucharest and the 6 sectors of the Municipality of Bucharest from the perspective of citizens' access from residential buildings to 3 basic services of society (transport, education and medicine), but also the identification of the spatial association relationship between the 6 sectors and peri-urban areas. In order to achieve these objectives, geospatial data of the big-data type were extracted, more precisely by extracting them with the help of artificial intelligence from satellites, and then processing these data. Also, the selected sample includes the 6 sectors of the Municipality of Bucharest, as well as the peri-urban areas. The main results indicate real development discrepancies both at the level of the 6 sectors of the Municipality of Bucharest, and at the level of the peri-urban areas, on all 3 dimensions analyzed. In addition, with the exception of two semi-significant local spatial autocorrelations, it cannot be stated that there is a spatial association relationship between the units in the sample, the development gaps being the result of the decision-making process at the local public administration level. Through the research results, development directions of the peri-urban areas and the 6 sectors can be identified to increase the quality of life of their citizens.

Geo-spatial epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in Bihar, India

Recently, a substantial increase in gallbladder cancer (GBC) cases has been reported in Bihar, India. The region's groundwater can naturally contain harmful concentrations of arsenic, which appears to be epidemiologically linked to the unusually high incidence. However, the root causes remain largely unexplored. Recent findings of uranium in the state's groundwater may also have associations. This study investigates the geo-spatial epidemiology of GBC in Bihar, India—with a focus on the correlation between environmental carcinogens, particularly arsenic and uranium in groundwater, and the incidence of GBC. Utilizing data from 8460 GBC patients' registration records over an 11-year period at a single health center, the research employs Semi-parametric Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (S-GWPR) to account for non-stationarity associations and explores significant factors contributing to GBC prevalence at a subdistrict level. The S-GWPR model outperformed the standard Poisson regression model. The estimates suggest that arsenic and uranium concentrations in groundwater did not present significant associations; however, this could be due to the lower resolution of this data at the district level, necessitating higher resolution data for accurate estimates. Other socio-environmental factors included demonstrated significant regional heterogeneity in their association with GBC prevalence. Notably, each 1 % increase in the coverage of well- and canal-irrigated areas is associated with a maximum of 3.0 % and 5.2 % rise in the GBC incidence rate, respectively, likely attributable to carcinogen exposure from irrigation water. Moreover, distance to the health center and domestic electricity connections appear to influence the number of reported GBC cases. The latter suggests that access to electricity might have facilitated the use of groundwater pumps—increasing exposure to carcinogens. The results underscore the necessity for targeted health policies and interventions based on fine-resolution spatial analysis, as well as ongoing environmental monitoring and research to better understand the multifaceted risk factors contributing to GBC.

Evaluating and diagnosing ecosystem health of the “three-lake” watershed in Yuxi, Yunnan, China from 2010 to 2020 by PSR-KDE

To carry out the diagnosis and evaluation of the ecosystem health in Yuxi three-lake watershed, this paper presents the changing trend of its health state, and predicts the future development. This also provides ideas for maintaining the regional ecosystem health, and then gradually improves the ecological environment quality. Taking Fuxian Lake, Qilu Lake and Xingyun Lake (the three-lake watershed) in Yuxi City, Yunnan Province, Southwest China as the research object, a model combining pressure-state-response and kernel density estimation (PSR-KDE) adopts to diagnose and evaluate the ecosystem health of the "three lake" watershed from 2010 to 2020, and the distribution map of ecosystem health index has obtained by the evaluation indexes integration based on GIS spatial analysis. Hence, the evaluation results have visualized on the map. The results show that: The distribution of ecosystem health index in the study area was 0.1530-0.7045 in 2010, 0.2056-0.7512 in 2015, and 0.2248-0.7662 in 2020. 0.12% was in the pathological area in 2010. After 2015, the pathological condition of ecosystem health has completely solved, and the proportion of unhealthy ecosystems was 11.95% in 2010, 7.38% in 2015, and 5.97% in 2020. The ecosystem health index of the study region was 0.5523 in 2010, 0.5807 in 2015, and 0.5815 in 2020, it indicates that the ecosystem was in a sub-health state. From 2010 to 2020, the ecosystem health around Qilu Lake was the most worrying, followed by the northwest of Fuxian Lake and the northern and southern regions of Xingyun Lake. The ecosystem health of the three-lake watershed showed significant improvement from 2010 to 2020. The study ecosystem health assessment and early warning in the three-lake watershed is significant to the ecological environment protection and management of the plateau lake basin, the restoration of the territorial space ecology and the economic development of the surrounding area.

Spatiotemporal carbon sequestration by forests among counties and grids in China

Top-down emission reduction target setting results in inability of local governments to develop differentiated plans for emission reduction. Forests have received considerable attention as an important source of carbon sequestration, especially following China's commitment to carbon neutrality. However, studies have paid little attention to spatiotemporal differences of downscale forest carbon sequestration in China over the long term due to data limitations, while also ignoring the large differences in forest carbon sequestration per unit area among different regions. Here, a basic dataset of forest carbon sequestration among counties and grids in China is constructed and the temporal drivers and spatial differences of forest carbon sequestration were investigated from the perspectives of counties' administrative boundaries and 0.5 by 0.5 degree grid combining modelling, GIS spatial analysis and a decomposition method. Changes in forest land use between 2000 and 2020 were also analysed. The results highlight the importance of forests in managing carbon sequestration among all types of terrestrial vegetation and the differences in forest carbon sequestration per unit area. The scale effect increased forest carbon sequestration in the first two periods (2000–2005 and 2005–2010), followed by a decrease since 2010. The intensity effect promoted carbon sequestration; in particular, a dramatic increase was observed from the second (2005–2010) to the third period (2010–2015). The heterogeneity of the scale effect of forest carbon sequestration increased compared to that of the intensity effect, both from administrative and geographical divisions. The scale and intensity effects of counties located in the northern regions of northeast China enhanced forest carbon sequestration, while counties located in southern and central China inhibited it during the study period. The scale effect of grids changed from enhanced to inhibited forest carbon sequestration mainly in northeast China near 120°E, whereas the intensity effect of grids increased from inland regions in central China to eastern coastal regions during the study period. This study provides references for policymakers to set differentiated emission reduction targets considering the local forest carbon sequestration.

Beyond hazard-induced migration: Dissecting everyday mobilities in response to air pollution and extreme cold events at multiple spatial and temporal scales

Human mobility can be considered an effective adaptation strategy in response to environmental risks, given that adverse environmental conditions are often temporary and in-situ adaptation may not always be feasible or desirable. Despite its importance, the concept of short-term mobility as a behavioral response to environmental hazards has been understudied in geographies of health and place and behavioral economics. For a comprehensive understanding of how everyday mobilities are used as a risk adaptation strategy, this study avails of a multiscalar approach's ability to examine the influences of air pollution and extreme cold events on origin-destination movements. The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and modifiable temporal unit problem (MTUP) are analyzed. The results suggest that the scale effects of the MAUP and MTUP are evident from the variations in regression coefficients of the differences in air quality and extreme cold events between origin and destination units. It is also found that the prefecture-level units that include both urbanized city proper and rural countryside, are not an ideal spatial analysis scale. Furthermore, this study reveals that the nexus of air quality differences and short-term movements is significantly impacted by changes in temporal scales. Our results offer fresh evidence on the decision-making process underlying mobility as an adaptation strategy to air pollution and cold events.

Application of Optical Images and Analytical Hierarchy Process Model for Solid Waste Dumping Site Analysis in Kombolcha Town, Northeastern, Ethiopia

Improper open dumping of solid wastes caused different serious problems in fast-growing towns in Ethiopia like Kombolcha town. This unsuitable solid waste dumping management brings health challenges by spreading diseases, contaminating water, polluting air, and spreading of different disease-causing insects such as mosquitoes. Therefore, selecting suitable solid waste dumping site analysis (SWDSA) is very essential to minimize these negative effects related to improper solid waste dumping in such towns. The primary goal of this study is to use optical images and the AHP model to find appropriate solid waste dumping sites in Kombolcha Town. The nine governing factors such as soil texture, geology, faults, groundwater well points (GWWPs, rivers, roads, built-up, Land use land cover (LULC) and slopes, were considered to achieve the aim of this study. These factors were extracted and delineated from the various optical data such as Landsat 8 images, digital elevation model, Google Earth images, geological map, soil map, and also field survey. The factor classes and factors were ranked and weighted utilizing a comparison matrix according to importance and finally by applying the AHP spatial analysis extension tool in Arc GIS software the SWDSA map of the study area was generated. Therefore, as a result of this study about 19.4 km2(22.8 %), 22.8 km2(26.8%), 20.5 km2(24.1%), 16.1km2 (18.9%), and 6.2 km2(7.3%) of the study area falls in not suitable, less suitable, moderately suitable, suitable and highly suitable ranges respectively. Based on the result of this further analysis, D is the 1st suitable site with a score is 83.6%, site B is the 2nd suitable site is a score is 83.2%, site C is the 3rd suitable site with a score of 65.1% and site A is the last suitable site and scored 60.4%. Therefore, this study strongly recommends that the waste management municipal office of Kombolcha town and other concerned government and non-government bodies apply and consider these identified the best suitable solid waste dumping sites.

Precise Wireless Camera Localization Leveraging Traffic-Aided Spatial Analysis

Precise Wireless Camera Localization Leveraging Traffic-Aided Spatial Analysis

Spatial analysis of mosque distribution for inclusive community services in Banda Aceh City

Abstract In urban development, social facilities, especially mosques, are crucial in residential areas. This study in Banda Aceh City, governed by Islamic Shari’a principles, explores the multifunctional role of its 110 mosques beyond worship. They serve as hubs for Islamic festivals, educational activities, and communal deliberations. The research aims to analyze the spatial distribution and accessibility of these mosques within residential areas. Using buffer and Nearest Neighbor Analysis, four mosque typologies are identified: 1 provincial mosque, 7 large mosques, 79 jami’ mosques, and 23 public mosques. The scattered distribution pattern, with a ratio of 1.1849, persists across sub-districts. Coverage analysis reveals that mosque services extend to 71.5% of the city, with the Baiturrahman sub-district achieving a 100% coverage. These findings offer crucial insights for urban planning and policy development, emphasizing the potential transformation of mosques into comprehensive community centers addressing diverse social needs beyond their religious functions. This research underscores the importance of strategically aligning mosque provision with local population needs and demographic factors, promoting a more inclusive and integrated urban landscape.

County Characteristics and Veteran Suicide in the United States, 2011–2018

IntroductionFew studies have examined county-level hotspots of veteran suicide and associated place-based contributors, limiting development of targeted community-level prevention strategies. The objectives of this national spatial analysis of all veteran suicides were to identify areas of the United States (U.S.) with higher-than-expected veteran suicide rates and determine county-level social and economic characteristics associated with areas of higher risk. MethodsUsing Bayesian hierarchical modeling, county-level standardized mortality ratios for veteran suicide deaths were estimated for time periods 2011-2018, 2011-2014, and 2015-2018. Adjusted relative risk, accounting for community characteristics, for each county was then estimated and associations between community characteristics and veteran suicide risk were examined. Analyses were conducted in 2023-2024. ResultsRisk of veteran suicide is predominantly concentrated in the Mountain West and West. Significant predictors of risk across all time periods were per capita number of firearm retailers (2011-2018 RR=1.065 [95%CI 1.030-1.102]), the proportion of residents who moved in the past year (2011-2018 RR=1.060 [95%CI 1.039-1.081]), the proportion of residents who live alone (2011-2018 RR=1.067 [95%CI 1.046-1.089]), the proportion of residents in rental housing (2011-2018 RR=1.041 [95%CI 1.018-1.065]), and the proportion of married residents (2011-2018 RR=0.915 [95%CI 0.890-0.941]). ConclusionsThis study contributes to a comprehensive public health approach to veteran suicide prevention by identifying where resources are needed most, and which place-based intervention targets have the largest potential for impact. Findings suggest that public health efforts to address suicide among veterans should address community level firearm access and identify ways to alleviate deleterious effects of social fragmentation.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou Rocky Desertification Area

The Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou rocky desertification area is characterized by a fragile ecological environment, along with the inhabitation of many ethnic minorities, making it the region with the most poverty-alleviation targets among the 14 concentrated poverty-stricken areas in China. However, this area has obvious cultural resources, but it lacks systematic study. Therefore, integral investigation and research which can promote the sustainable development with abundant culture resource should pay more attention to it. This study, with 1113 national and provincial intangible cultural heritage projects in this area as research objects, used ArcGIS to visualize their geographic data for research. Geodetector was used to quantify the influence of relevant factors and analyze the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage in this region. By providing a correlative strategy, the aim is to promote the coordinated development of the regional cultural economy. The results are as follows: (1) Guizhou exhibits the highest distribution of intangible cultural heritage projects, followed by Guangxi and Yunnan, indicating an uneven number of intangible cultural heritage projects. (2) A spatial analysis shows the clustered spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage projects in this area, forming a high-density core area and multiple sub high-density areas with high spatial autocorrelation. (3) The spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage in the rocky desertification areas of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou is generally correlated with survival orientation and natural environmental factors and positively correlated with development orientation and social, economic, ethnic, and cultural factors. Among many factors, cultural environment quantity exhibits the strongest correlation with the spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage. (4) Based on the degree of correlation with different influencing factors, four development strategies are proposed: digitization of intangible cultural heritage inheritance and development, multi-media intangible cultural heritage creation and dissemination, innovative construction of intangible cultural heritage exhibitions, and tourism-driven dynamic inheritance of intangible cultural heritage.

HLA class-I antigen presentation machinery (APM) alterations mediate immune evasion in lung cancer brain metastases.

e14014 Background: Although ~30% of patients with lung cancer brain metastasis (LBM) achieve intracranial response with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), most have primary resistance, and those who initially respond develop rapid disease progression. The biological factors contributing to this unfavorable clinical scenario are poorly understood and could include distinct immunologic properties of tumors colonizing the brain. Using annotated tumor/patient cohorts, spatially resolved protein analysis, and in vitro models, we investigated the role of HLA class-I APM defects and interferon (IFN)-γ pathway in LBM. Methods: Using multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence, we measured the levels and spatial distribution of HLA class-I APM markers (β2M, tapasin, calreticulin, ERp57, TAP1, and TAP2), IFN-γ signaling (pSTAT1 and IRF-1), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (CD8, CD4, and FOXP3) in 56 LBM, 41 primary lung tumors (PLT), and 10 lung-extracranial metastases (ECM) represented in tissue microarrays. A subset of paired LBM/PLT samples from the same patients were also included (n=8). The spatial analysis of the markers was conducted using fluorescence co-localization and single-cell segmentation strategies. Associations between the markers, clinicopathological characteristics, and survival were studied. Protein expression of β2M and IFN-γ-sensitive markers (total STAT1, pSTAT1, IRF1, and PD-L1) before and after treatment with human recombinant IFN-γ was assessed using Western blot in cultured primary lung H2030 adenocarcinoma cells and their in vivo selected brain metastatic counterpart H2030-BrM3. Results: LBM showed significantly lower β2M, TAP2, and tapasin protein levels than PLT. However, LBM also showed higher expression of pSTAT1 and comparable levels of IRF-1 relative to PLT. Similar results were seen in paired LBM/PLT samples, but not in ECM samples. Tumors with low β2M showed reduced CD8+, CD4+, and FOXP3+ TILs. In LBM no significant association between β2M and IFN-γ pathway markers or major clinicopathologic and molecular patient/tumor features were found. LBM samples from patients progressing after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy showed significantly lower β2M levels. Reduced β2M expression was associated with shorter overall survival in PLT but not in LBM. The brain metastatic H2030-BrM3 cell line showed lower β2M expression both at baseline and after IFN-γ treatment compared with their parental H2030 counterpart. Conclusions: HLA class-I APM downregulation is a prominent feature of LBM, is independent of local adaptive/inducible IFN-γ stimulation, and is associated with unfavorable clinical features. These findings support that HLA class-I APM deficiency plays a major role in immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance in patients with LBM.

Frequencies of micronuclei in buccal cells and their spatial distribution in a population living in proximity to coal mining areas in southern Brazil

The extraction and burning of coal release genotoxic pollutants, and understanding the relationship between genetic damage and the spatial distribution of residences in coal-using regions is crucial. The study aimed to conduct a spatial analysis of genotoxic damage through the of micronuclei (MNs) number and their proximity to coal mining/burning in the largest coal exploration region in Brazil. In this study, the detection of genotoxic damage was performed using the MN assay in oral cells of residents exposed to coal mining activities. Spatial analysis was conducted using QGIS 3.28.10 based on information obtained from a questionnaire administered to the population. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to assess the influence of the distance from residential areas to polluting sources on the number of MNs found. Additionally, Spearman's correlation was performed to identify the strength and direction of the association between the frequency of MNs and each of the polluting sources. A total of 147 MNs were quantified among all participants in the coal mining region. Notably, residents living within 2 km and 10 km of pollution sources exhibited the highest prevalence of MNs. The analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between closer proximity to pollution sources and increased MN frequency, underscoring the spatial relationship between these sources and genotoxic damage. Environmental pollutants from anthropogenic sources present a major health risk, potentially leading to irreversible damage. The spatial analysis in this study highlights the importance of targeted public policies. These policies should aim for a sustainable balance between economic development and public health, promoting effective measures to mitigate environmental impacts and protect community health.

Analisis Spasial Persebaran Jumlah Kasus Malaria di Kalimantan Timur Menggunakan Indeks Moran dan Local Indicator Spatial of Autocorrelation

Spatial analysis is an analysis that considers the location and distance of an object in the research data. Moran’s index is one of the spatial methods used to analyze spatial autocorrelation globally. Furthermore, there is the Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) method which is used to analyze spatial autocorrelation locally. This study aims to determine whether there is spatial autocorrelation and determine the distribution pattern formed in the data on the average number of malaria cases in East Kalimantan based on the regency/city during 2018-2022. The results showed that based on the Moran index globally, there was no spatial autocorrelation in the average number of malaria cases in East Kalimantan in 2018-2022. The type of spatial pattern in the distribution of malaria cases in East Kalimantan is a clustering pattern indicated by the clustering of malaria cases in each district/city in East Kalimantan. Furthermore, the results of spatial autocorrelation using LISA show that locally there is spatial autocorrelation in several districts/cities in East Kalimantan, namely Paser, Kutai Timur, Kutai Barat and Penajam Paser Utara.