Spanish Scholars Research Articles

Transatlantic Obligations: Creating the Bonds of Family in Conquest-Era Peru and Spain

Since James Lockhart published in 1968 the pioneering Spanish Peru, 1532–1560, various scholars have successfully contributed to a better understanding of sixteenth-century Andean society. Jane Mangan offers in Transatlantic Obligations one of the most comprehensive attempts to study social dynamics in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the first century of colonization. Her focus is on the family, an institution that she understands as having played a central role in the colonial world due to its flexibility. Mangan shows how families established actions (via networks and obligations) and words (in a legal context) through which individuals were connected in different ways, such as dowries, bequests, legal powers, and letters. As these ties frequently linked spouses and children in several commitments from Peru to Spain and vice versa, Mangan's focus on the family assumes a transatlantic perspective, which gives this book its considerable value.The book is well grounded in an updated historiography from interdisciplinary fields such as family history, women's history, and migration history, though there are minor omissions. It would have been helpful for Mangan to take into account James Casey's 1987 research on the Mediterranean family and, more recently, Francisco Chacón and Joan Bestard's 2011 edited collection on the Spanish family; there is also considerable scholarship from Spanish scholars on migration history that could have been helpful in fleshing out these transatlantic connections discussed by Mangan. Her research is also based on a great deal of primary sources, a remarkable quality given how documentation for the sixteenth century in Latin America is often incomplete or has not been well preserved. Mangan faced this obstacle with thorough research in Andean and Spanish archives. The records come mostly from notaries, court cases, and bienes de difuntos (goods from Spaniards and foreigners deceased in the Spanish American territories whose transfer to inheritors was handled in Spain by the Casa de Contratación)—a considerable amount of primary sources that provide a firm foundation for the research.The book makes two main contributions. First, the author has been able to break the dichotomy between legal and other types of unions established by previous scholars who had studied the family in a transatlantic context, focusing primarily on legitimate structures. Mangan understands that in a society where illegitimacy was commonplace one must use an “expansive definition” of the family that follows how people in the sixteenth century understood their relationships to one another (p. 4). Hence the study gives attention to blood relations both legitimate and illegitimate. Most mestizo children lived with their indigenous mothers because Spanish fathers had abandoned them; but also, following Iberian patterns, Spanish families agreed to address economic and other demands from women who were not spouses and children who were not legitimate. Mangan describes, using numerous different examples, how many mestizo children in sixteenth-century Peru were moved from the home of their mothers to a Spanish household in order to give them a Spanish education; some even moved from Peru to Spain and never came back.The other remarkable achievement of this book is its taking into account of a wide range of historical actors, not only the elites and Spaniards who have been the focus of earlier historiography. Mangan focuses on fathers who neglected family duties or assumed them, such as the many conquistadores who actively fulfilled obligations to their children regardless of birth status or race. Legal powers and wills confirm these fathers' plans to ensure for their natural sons and daughters an Iberian and Christian upbringing, to such a degree that, remarkably, these children were named heirs in the later colonial period (pp. 174–77). As for indigenous women, the study makes clear the important roles that they performed as wives, companions, daughters, and, mainly, mothers active on behalf of their children, not always in accordance with the fathers (pp. 174–75). Spanish women—those wives left in the homeland, those who followed their husbands to Peru, or those required to raise the mestizo offspring of their own husbands or of other men in Peru and Spain—were principal characters in these stories of transatlantic ties. Finally, the picture is completed with an analysis of the emerging generation of mestizo children on both sides of the Atlantic.The book's documentary background and methodological perspectives allow Mangan to approach this colonial society via three variables: law, family, and race mixture. The final result is the first systematic study to show how the legal and cultural constructions of the family changed as a result of the conquest of Peru. This is a fascinating text that gives a panoramic view of blended families from both sides of the Atlantic. Mangan's book is undoubtedly an essential contribution to the social history of colonial Spanish America.

Los nuevos perfiles profesionales del periodista desde la perspectiva académica española

El artículo explora el punto de vista de los docentes universitarios españoles sobre los perfiles profesionales que cobrarán mayor protagonismo en el periodismo de los próximos años. Para el trabajo de campo se seleccionó a un grupo de 24 académicos con competencia temática, a los que se les suministró un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas. El estudio refleja una opción de futuro mayoritaria, la del periodista digital con un alto conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías y especialista en redes sociales, periodismo de datos y nuevas narrativas para soportes multimedia. Por lo que se refiere a la formación, son varios los aspectos enfatizados por los expertos que sería conveniente potenciar en los planes de estudio, como los relativos a creación y gestión de contenidos digitales y dominio de las nuevas tecnologías.

Las encuadernaciones de los códices griegos del escorial y su relevancia para la historia de los textos

El Escorial Library is rich in original bindings. This paper focuses on 193 Greek manuscripts, which are classified according to their prior owners and also divided in three groups according to the kind of binding : Byzantine, «alla greca » and Western bindings. The aim is to show that every particular collection that came to El Escorial — those belonging to Philip II, to Hurtado de Mendoza and to many Italian and Spanish scholars and bibliophiles — has its own physiognomy, due either to its topographic origin or to its external features. Some examples are considered (Escur. -graphic definition of the origin of their bindings helps to determine more accurately the itinerary followed by the manuscripts and by the texts.

Música y liturgia en la Catedral de Huesca en la Edad Media by David Andrés Fernández

Reviewed by: Música y liturgia en la Catedral de Huesca en la Edad Media by David Andrés Fernández Jane morlet hardie Andrés Fernández, David, Música y liturgia en la Catedral de Huesca en la Edad Media (Cathedralis Oscensis, 1), Zaragoza, Comuniter, 2015; paperback; pp. 213 ; 59 colour plates; R.R.P. €20.00; ; ISBN 9788415126942. The processional book has been little studied in its medieval and early modern history, in spite of the fact that scholars have been studying processions for many years. Only recently have scholars begun to fill in this gap. The young Spanish scholar, David Andrés Fernández, is now recognised as the major authority on Spanish manuscript processionals. Here, he extends his earlier studies on Spanish processionals to two hitherto unstudied books from the Cathedral of Huesca, namely, Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, MS IV/473 (B-Br IV/473) (olim Zaragoza, Biblioteca Capitular, 30-119), and Barbastro (Huesca), Archivo Diocesano, caja 95 (E-BAR 95) (olim Zaragoza, Biblioteca Capitular, 30-115). The magisterial work of Michel Huglo on processional books that is well known to musicologists – (Les Manuscrits du Processionnal, 2 vols (Henle Verlag, 1999–2004)) – is extended here for Spanish processionals by Andrés Fernández. Trained as a palaeographer, musicologist, and historian, he is able to provide meanings and contexts for the two manuscripts that are the subject of this book. While seemingly a simple book containing liturgical chant of the music to be sung in a procession, the processional has an interdisciplinary reach. Scholars from a number of different disciplines have long studied processions and their books from the perspectives of their own areas of interest. Art historians are interested in the decorative aspects for both their intrinsic and their symbolic meanings. Liturgical scholars can gain insights into practices from a regional, local, or monastic point of view. Historians of drama and performance have studied the procession and its books, and processions have been used as markers of religious/sacred space. Spanish documents contemporary with medieval and early modern processionals talk about the use of singers, dancers, and instrumentalists in processions thereby expanding the concept of a book containing a single line of music to its place as just one strand in a religio-performative moment. This small book may be most properly described as a ‘handbook’, and as such joins a small number of other very useful books describing similar manuscripts of Spanish provenance. One should cite as examples studies of the manuscripts from the Biblioteca de la Real Colegiata de San Isidoro de León (Ana Suárez González, III Los Codices VI-X.2 (Universidad de León, Secretariado de Publicaciones, 2001)) and the Cathedral of Burgo de Osma (Anna Muntada Torrellas, Cantorales del Monasterio de San Jerónimo de Espeja, Catedral de El Burgo de Osma: estudio y catálogo (Cabildo S. I. Catedral de El Burgo de Osma, 2003)). [End Page 137] Even in this digital age, when so much manuscript material is accessible online, sources such as the ones discussed in this book are unlikely ever to be generally available. They come from churches, cathedrals, and archives in Spain that are very difficult to access. That said, they belong to a vibrant tradition of liturgical music in Spain, and can offer insights into provenance, musical and liturgical practices and contexts about which we still know very little. While one of these books is readily accessible to scholars (B-Br IV/473), the other (E-BAR 95) is not. Hence any information such as that provided here by Andrés Fernández is extremely valuable, and may provide clues to other manuscripts for which no information is available. Andrés Fernández divides his book into three parts, dealing respectively with codicological description of each manuscript, the liturgico-musical repertory of each manuscript, and what he calls ‘synthesis’. The first two of these sections are, by and large, technical, and the third is predominantly interpretative. In the first two chapters, Andrés Fernández provides a clear discussion of the norms that he uses for his ensuing chapters. Thus, the reader can be clear about the bases for...

Recent developments in later prehistoric Iberia

In contrast to the well-known Palaeolithic archaeology of Iberia and its contribution to scholarly debates on the earliest Europeans, the later prehistory (c. 5600–400 BC) of the peninsula remains a relatively unknown subject for the wider world. The three recent volumes under review therefore provide the opportunity to outline current trends in research on the first farmers at the westernmost end of Europe and to assess what these contribute to wider understanding of the past. A common thread among the three volumes is that they are predominantly authored by local (Spanish and Portuguese) scholars but aimed at an international readership, addressing questions of global interest. They tackle essentially Iberian research issues, but some of these (e.g. monumental ditched enclosures, the emergence of unequal socio-political structures) are to be understood as pan-European phenomena.

Spanish Scholarly Journals in WoS and Scopus: The Impact of Open Access

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of open access on the publishing policies of Spanish scholarly journals indexed by Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. The study sample was obtained in October 2013. After discarding those that were not published in Spain and those that were inactive, we were left with a total of 406 journals (392 in Scopus and 171 in WoS, with an overlap of 157). Seven key indicators were established: age, subject area, language, publisher, portals, type of access, and copyright. Most of the data were gathered by directly analyzing the websites of the journals. Information from the Dulcinea directory was also used. Most of the journals (63 per cent of the total) were first published after 1980. Universities and commercial publishers were the most significant publishers, accounting for 42 per cent and 31 per cent of all journals, respectively. Social sciences and health sciences were the most significant disciplines, accounting for 33 per cent each. Of the journals, 60 per cent were available free immediately after publication and 76 per cent granted permission for self-archiving a version of the manuscript. By combining the two results, we estimated that 48 per cent of all journals were open access (offering free access and permission for self-archiving).

Preface: Why Do Emotions History?

Expansion of the field of emotions history to include greater participation by Spanish scholars and greater attention to applications of the approach to Spanish history – which this volume reflects and promotes – is a truly welcome development. It’s clear that one of the several signs of success in this vibrant subfield is extending the geographical range, and Spain is emerging as a key case in point. I welcome the invitation to contribute a few comments about the field by way of introduction.

Efectos negativos de los criterios de evaluación de la actividad investigadora para el sistema de comunicación científica en español

Some negative consequences of the criteria for evaluating research production of Spanish scholars are described. The prevalence of the Journal citation reports impact factor is harmful for the scientific publications of Spanish publishers, limits the open access policies of university publishers and university libraries, and excludes research activities of numerous areas of social sciences and humanities.

Assessing the sociology of sport: On gender identities in motion and how to de-essentialize difference(s)

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, one of the leading Spanish scholars on gender and sport, Montserrat Martín, considers research on how entrenched gender identities empower males and marginalize females. In assessing the trajectory of research, it is noted that work in the sociology of sport has challenged and facilitated change in understanding gender identities with emphasis on both the “multiplicities of difference” and on “shared affinities” in the construction of gender. A continuing challenge has been to get past entrenched gender binaries; it is suggested that more sophisticated intersectional understandings, about men–women, gay–straight, people of colour and not, are needed, not only to blur boundaries, but in the process to reinvent understandings about our gendered identities. A key challenge for the future is to provide examples and analysis through which it is possible to show how sport, instead of reproducing the inertia and stability of social gender identities, blurs the borders and hierarchies between and within each of them.

Why publish in English versus Spanish?: Towards a framework for the study of researchers’ motivations

This paper proposes a framework for the comparative study of researchers’ motivations for publishing either in English as an additional language or their first language. This framework seeks to present a view of motivation as dynamic, multidimensional, and multilevel. Empirical support is provided through the results of an on-line large-scale survey carried out among Spanish scholars. Our aim was to investigate which factors motivate them to publish their results in academic journals in either English or Spanish, as well as the extent to which these motivations are shaped by individual characteristics of researchers, particularly gender, seniority and publication experience. Results show an instrumental use of publication in English and fragmented social and ideological motivations for the use of Spanish.

Publishing research in English-language journals: Attitudes, strategies and difficulties of multilingual scholars of medicine

Over the last few decades a growing number of multilingual scholars have shown an increasing interest in having the results of their research published in English-language journals. Many of these researchers, however, experience difficulties in producing effective research articles (RAs) to meet the expectations of their international disciplinary communities. In this paper we report some of the results obtained from the analysis of the responses to a large-scale online survey [http://eneida.unileon.es/eneidaquestionnaire.php] which was administered to Ph.D.-holding researchers from various disciplines, affiliated to five Spanish teaching and research institutions. The results we present here are related to Spanish scholars of Medicine, a field of research in which researchers are in need of specialized assistance in English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). We focus on their motivations for reporting their research in English, their writing strategies, past publishing experiences and future needs for training in ERPP. The findings revealed an overall positive attitude towards writing in English, although difficulties with specific discourse features and with the most challenging sections and aspects of the RA were also identified. The information derived from this survey should allow us to design training materials that can be of assistance to multilingual scholars of medicine.

Publishing research in the international context: An analysis of Spanish scholars' academic writing needs in the social sciences

In the last decades, publishing research in the international arena has become an imperative among scholars in Spain. However, many researchers experience difficulties in publishing their work in English-medium international journals. The present paper is part of a wider research project which aims at identifying, analysing and catering for the needs of Spanish researchers in English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). The first stage of our project involved a large-scale online survey administered to researchers at five universities and research institutions in Spain. This paper reports on the responses provided by informants from the social fields of Education, Psychology and Sociology. Taking a Spanish–English intercultural perspective, our objective is twofold: firstly, to explore the difficulties experienced by Spanish scholars in these disciplines, along with the strategies they use when publishing in English; and secondly, to identify their ERPP needs, with the prospect of developing materials and courses which will help them produce effective academic writing and publish their research internationally. The results point at a generalised need for training in specific areas of academic writing, such as the rhetorical sections of the RA and the most common problems and difficulties encountered by Spanish authors when writing their papers in English.

The short-term impact of peers as co-facilitators of an HIV prevention programme for adolescents: A cluster randomised controlled trial

Background There is no consensus concerning the most effective type of facilitator to promote healthy sexual behaviours in interventions targeting adolescents.Objectives To evaluate the facilitator's effect on the implementation of the COMPAS programme (Spanish acronym for Skills for Adolescents with Healthy Sexuality), a school-based HIV prevention protocol.Methods Participants were 832 Spanish scholars aged 14 to 18. Fifteen schools were randomly assigned to one of the three following schemes: COMPAS delivered by experts only; the same programme administered by experts and peers; or a control group, not exposed to any intervention.Results The experts achieved an improvement in HIV knowledge and attitudes towards HIV and condom use; however, experts associated to peers only succeeded in increasing HIV knowledge. The effect size of the changes indicated a greater positive change in the programme when applied by experts than by experts and peers.Conclusions The participation of peers as co-facilitators did not increase the efficacy of a programme delivered by experts to Spanish adolescents. Education delivered by experts was the most effective modality for reducing sexual risk. COMPAS is the only Spanish programme targeting the promotion of safer sex behaviours in adolescents whose efficacy has been evaluated with different health agents in Spain.Chinese 摘 要 背景 关于促进青少年健康性行为干预措施的最为有效的促进因素尚未达成共识。目的 为了评估COMPAS计划（青少年健康性行为相关技能的西班牙语首字母缩写）实施中促进因素的作用，该计划是一项以学校为基础的HIV预防方案。方法 参加者是832名年龄在14至18岁的西班牙学生。以下三种方案中的任一种被随机分配给15所学校：仅由专家给予COMPAS;由专家和同龄学生给予相同的课程；对照组不采取任何干预措施。结果 专家组的学生在HIV相关知识和对待HIV及使用避孕套的态度方面有改善；而专家联合同龄学生组只在增进HIV知识方面有提高。这种变化的大小说明专家组比专家联合同龄学生组有更显著的影响。结论 同龄学生参与计划作为共促进因素并不增加给予西班牙青少年课程专家组的有效性。COMPAS是西班牙唯一一项针对青少年实施的促进其较安全性行为的计划，其有效性由不同西班牙健康代理机构评估。

The Challenge of Received Tradition: Dilemmas of Interpretation in Radak’s Biblical Commentaries by Naomi Grunhaus (review)

THE CHALLENGE OF RECEIVED TRADITION: DILEMMAS OF INTERPRETATION IN RADAK'S BIBLICAL COMMENTARIES By Naomi Grunhaus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 274 pp.Rabbi David Kimhi (Radak) (1160-1235) lived in Narbonne, Provence. His father, R. Joseph Kimhi, died while Radak was still a young child (approximately ten years old), and it was therefore his elder brother, R. Moses Kimhi, who was principally responsible for his religious education. Radak was a biblical commentator and a grammarian, and also engaged in polemics with Christians. His commentary, which covers most of the Bible, integrates the literalist approach to the text which he imbibed from the Jewish scholars in northern France; philological and philosophical exegesis which he adopted from the Spanish scholars; and midrashic (homiletical) interpretations which were popular in Provence. Over the course of many centuries, he has remained one of the most popular and widely quoted commentators in Jewish biblical scholarship.In recent years, Radak's teachings have become the subject of increased academic interest and many studies have addressed his commentary. Naomi Grunhaus's work joins this welcome trend. Her book focuses on Radak's attitude towards rabbinic midrashic literature. To this end she enlists all of Radak's known biblical exegesis, and undertakes a systematic comparison between his commentaries and his exegetical sources.The first chapter reviews Radak's statements of principles and methodology, scattered throughout his work, concerning midrashic teachings. Grunhaus concludes, on the basis of these statements, that Radak holds the homiletical exegetical tradition represented in the rabbinic sources in high esteem.In the second chapter the author examines the different ways in which Radak makes use of midrashic teachings as exegesis of the biblical text. She makes an important point in this regard, showing that in instances where Radak suffices with quoting the teaching, without offering an additional interpretation that addresses the plain meaning of the text, he views the rabbinic teaching as legitimate exegesis of the text. In so doing, Radak deviates from the path of the Spanish commentators who preceded him, who had denied any possibility that midrashic teachings could serve as legitimate interpretations. Another important observation she makes is that Radak perceives the biblical figures as conducting themselves in accordance with rabbinic law (even though the halakha would be written only many years after the events described in the Bible).The third chapter focuses on Radak's polarized comments, that is, instances where he proposes two alternative interpretations, one addressing the plain level of the text, the other citing a homiletical teaching. This is a most important chapter: Grunhaus shows, in contrast to the conventional scholarly view, that these polarized comments indicate that to Radak's view, midrashic teachings play a critical educational role. She also demonstrates that in many instances the midrashic portion of these polarized comments is closely and integrally bound up with the biblical text. Another important observation she makes is that in most instances where Radak starts with a midrashic teaching and only afterwards explains the plain meaning of the verse, the midrashic element has already been cited previously by Rashi. …

Memory Revisited in Julian Barnes's The Sense of an Ending

The history of Spanish departments in Australian universities can be traced back to the 1960s, when a number of British hispanistas relocated to Australia and created a small number of successful teaching programs that reproduced the British model. A second generation of Spanish scholars arrived in the 1980s and 1990s, mainly from Latin American countries, in a migration wave that is still current. The transition from a British understanding of the Spanish discipline, with a strong focus on (canonical) literary studies, to current curricula that emphasise communicative skills and a loose notion of cultural studies, is symptomatic of deeper changes in the way the discipline has sought to reposition itself in the context of the Modern Languages debate.

'The main contribution of this study is'...: An analysis of statements of contribution in English published research articles and L2 manuscripts

Given the widespread use of English for the international dissemination of scholars’ research results, numerous intercultural analyses have been undertaken in the field of English for Academic Purposes in diverse genres. Rhetorical and discursive conventions across languages and cultures have been studied to help non-native English scholars to be successful in the difficult endeavour of being granted publication in international English-medium publications. The increasing competition to get one’s research published in international journals in English has resulted in the authors’ need to clearly spell out what their contribution to their discipline is, a rhetorical convention which seems to be currently crucial especially in some fields. It is the aim of this paper to trace statements of contribution in the Introduction and Conclusion sections of research articles published in two international journals in finance and to compare the results with those obtained from an analysis of three manuscripts written in English by a team of Spanish scholars sent to the same journals but which received major revision or rejection reports. Reference to these statements made by reviewers in their reports will also be analysed to explore to what extent (non) compliance with this rhetorical convention may influence their final decision (not) to recommend publication

¿Peligrosos intrusos o influencia benéfica? El papel del Institut de Paléontologie Humaine en el desarrollo de la arqueología prehistórica en España (1900-1936)

In this paper I examine the role of international scholars in the making of prehistoric research in Spain. I focus on the activities of the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine (IPH), created in Paris in 1910. In the years immediately preceding the First World War, two IPH professors, the French Henri Breuil and the German Hugo Obermaier, did extensive research in the prehistoric archaeological sites and the decorated caves of the Iberian Peninsula. Specialists from all over Europe and the USA travelled to Spain to collaborate with them, and the results of the their work were presented internationally. Nevertheless, the professional exchange with their Spanish counterparts soon became fraught with scientific disputes and personal quarrels, when some Spanish scholars accused them of seizing the relics of Spain’s national past, describing them as agents of scientific colonialism. Taking this case as reference, I set out to overcome the (false) dichotomy between nationalism and internationalism in the writing of history of archaeology and I seek to explore the influence of the nationalist paradigm on the historiography of prehistoric archaeology in Spain.

Vested Interests: the Place of Spanish in Australian Academia

The history of Spanish departments in Australian universities can be traced back to the 1960s, when a number of British hispanistas relocated to Australia and created a small number of successful teaching programs that reproduced the British model. A second generation of Spanish scholars arrived in the 1980s and 1990s, mainly from Latin American countries, in a migration wave that is still current. The transition from a British understanding of the Spanish discipline, with a strong focus on (canonical) literary studies, to current curricula that emphasise communicative skills and a loose notion of cultural studies, is symptomatic of deeper changes in the way the discipline has sought to reposition itself in the context of the Modern Languages debate.

Spanish scholars' research article publishing process in English-medium journals: English used as a lingua franca?

Abstract English has become the language of dissemination of research findings for scholars, especially in certain fields, and this is not an exception for Spanish scholars. They are under increasing pressure to write and publish research articles in international English-medium journals to establish their credentials, get academic promotion and rewards, and also to gain professional recognition. It is the aim of this paper to look at the process of writing research articles by a group of Spanish scholars in the field of finance by exploring the role played by “literacy brokers” (Lillis and Curry 2010): “wordface professionals” (Shashok 2008) (i.e., proofreaders and language consultants, who tend to be external community members) and gatekeepers (i.e., journal editors and reviewers). The study is based on eight text histories which contain the subsequent versions of the authors' manuscripts, the editors' letters, and the referees' reports. Referees and editors frequently point out the non-nativeness of the Spanish scholars' discourse, and encourage them to resort to English native wordface professionals. The analysis reveals the most common type of language revision which their manuscripts go through to comply not only with standard linguistic and discursive uses of the language but also with prevailing Anglo-American rhetorical conventions. Through this analysis an insight is gained into the extent to which English is used as a lingua franca (ELF) in this disciplinary academic community for research publication and dissemination.

The Workers' Movement and Political Change in Spain, 1956–1977

“That the number of our Members be unlimited” … Today we might pass over such a rule as a commonplace: and yet it is one of the hinges upon which history turns. It signified the end to any notion of exclusiveness, of politics as the preserve of any hereditary elite or property Group … To throw open the doors to propaganda and agitation in this “unlimited” way implied a new notion of democracy, which cast aside ancient inhibitions and trusted to self-activating and self-organising processes among the common people.E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class The decline of labor history in the research agenda of senior Spanish scholars matches the surprising interest in it of young researchers as indicated by the opening of new lines of research and the explosion of studies on other social movements that also have a strong class character in their origins. Moreover, despite the progressive decline of published academic research on the quintessential social movement, the truth is that its history is still crucial for understanding the political and social dynamics of the late Franco regime and the first years of democracy for at least two reasons.