Spanish Parents Research Articles

The Cross-cultural Acceptance of Tutoring Robots with Augmented Reality Services

The difference of user’s perception seems to have been well reflected in the development of robot technology. In this study, we attempted to compare and analyze how cultural features in three different countries i.e. Korea, Japan, and Spain affect parents and children in accommodating tutoring robots for education. It was revealed that parents in Spain representing western countries are generally more inflexible and negative on purchasing tutoring robots than those of Korea and Japan, even though they have as high marketability as cleaning robots in the near future. The expectations of parents on the practical use, service of augmented reality, of tutoring robots turned out to be higher in Korea than in Spain and Japan. Japanese and Spanish parents hold more conservative attitudes toward tutoring robots than Korean. In contrast, Korean parents are most liberal and less resistant to educating their children by robots, probably due to the fact that e-Learning is widely used and has just begun to enter r-Learning in the Korean society. Augmented reality services of tutoring robots based on identification may promote latent purchasing power. However, the fact that a substantial number of students felt pressed despite positive expectation for contents based on identification in a class may provide useful information in setting up new guidelines for children served augmented reality by tutoring robots.

Macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita

Auteur(s) : Lorea Bagazgoitia, Pablo Boixeda, Ainhoa Marquet, Pedro Jaen Dermatology department. Hospital Ramon y Cajal. Madrid. Universidad de Alcala de Henares. Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain We present a male infant, the first child of non-related Spanish parents. His father was healthy and his 35-year-old mother had previously had two spontaneous abortions. During pregnancy she was studied for severe hydramnios. Macrosomy was diagnosed before birth. Birth weight was 4050g (75th-90th centile), [...]

Family involvement in the education of potential drop‐out children: a comparative study between Spain and Cyprus

This paper focuses on family involvement in the education of teenagers at risk of dropping out from compulsory secondary school. A questionnaire was completed by 131 Spanish and Cypriot families with children at six schools – three in each country. The questionnaire investigated: (1) parental perceptions of their children’s activities in their free time; (2) academic expectations for their children; (3) parental concern regarding their children’s education; and (4) parent–teacher interactions. Descriptive measures and t‐test comparative analyses between Spain and Cyprus were undertaken. Results show that these families have an encouraging attitude towards their teenagers. Nonetheless, significant statistical differences between Spanish and Cypriot parents suggest that the Spanish families have a more protective parenting style than the Cypriot families. The study points to the lack of support for these families as regards advice and stimulation for their children at home, and to the need to promote school–family partnerships.

Knowledge of Spanish Parents About Their Children’s Vaccinations During the Decade 1993-2003

This study aims to analyse the knowledge of Spanish parents about the officially recommended vaccinations for their children. We analysed 3653 questionnaires from the Spanish National Health Surveys for the years 1993 and 2003. We used as a dichotomous dependent variable (“yes” or “no”) the question “For which of the following diseases do you think vaccination is officially recommended?” As independent variables, we used sociodemographic data and perceived health of the child. Knowledge of five of the seven recommended vaccinations decreased during the decade of the study. Logistic regression associates highly educated Spanish parents with decreased knowledge of vaccines. When analysing the global outcome of vaccines recommended during the decade, we can see that, in 2003, parents had less knowledge about vaccines (OR: 0.54, CI 95%: 0.40-0.73) than in 1993.

Conocimientos de los padres españoles sobre la vacunación de sus hijos durante la década 1993-2003. Datos por comunidades autónomas

Objectives This study aims to analyse the knowledge of Spanish parents about the officially recommended vaccinations for their children. Methods We analysed 3.653 questionnaires from the Spanish National Health Surveys for the years 1993 and 2003.We used the question “For which of the following diseases do you think vaccination is officially recommended?” as a dichotomous dependent variable (“yes” or “no”). Results As independent variables, we used sociodemographic data and the perceived health of the child. Knowledge of 5 of the 7 recommended vaccinations decreased during the decade of the study. Logistic regression associated highly educated Spanish parents with decreased knowledge of vaccines. Analysis of the global outcome of vaccines recommended during the decade, showed that, in 2003, parents had less knowledge about vaccines (OR = 0.54; CI 95%, 0.73-0.40) than in 1993. In Aragon, Baleares, Castilla y Leon, Madrid and La Rioja, the probability that parent knowledge of officially recommended vaccines is “good” is almost half what it was in 1993. Conclusions Knowledge of 5 of the 7 recommended vaccinations decreased during the decade of the study, both nationally and in 5 autonomous communities.

The metabolic syndrome in Spanish migrants to Brazil: Unexpected results

A cross-sectional study was performed involving epidemiological and clinical features of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in Spanish migrants to Brazil and their descendants. This included 479 subjects: Group A (Spanish migrants): n = 215; Group B (descendants born in Brazil of Spanish parents): n = 126, Group C (mixed descendants born in Brazil with either father or mother born in Spain): n = 138. MS was defined according to the original NCEP/ATP III criteria and by the revised NCEP/ATP definition (glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl). Overall prevalence of MS according to NCEP/ATP III criteria was 26.3%. Age/sex-adjusted prevalence was 27.4%. When the revised NCEP criteria were considered, overall prevalence was 30.1% (age/sex-adjusted 31.3%). The differences between the two criteria were 3.8% and 3.9% (CI −1.9–9.4%). When stratified by groups the MS was more prevalent in Group A (37.2%) and Group B (20.6%) than in Group C (10.9%). Environmental factors may have influenced the development of MS. Reason for the apparently protective role of genetic features due to admixture between populations in the mixed descendants needs to be explored.

Acquisition of stress and pitch accent in English–Spanish bilingual children

Although understanding of prosodic development is considered crucial for understanding of language acquisition in general, few studies have focused on how children develop native-like prosody in their speech production. This study will examine the acquisition of lexical stress and postlexical pitch accent in two English–Spanish bilingual children. Prosodic characteristics of English and Spanish are different in terms of frequent stress patterns (trochaic versus penultimate), phonetic realization of stress (reduced unstressed vowel versus full unstressed vowel), and frequent pitch accent types (H* versus L*+H), among others. Thus, English–Spanish bilingual children’s prosodic development may provide evidence of their awareness of language differences relatively early during language development, and illustrate the influence of markedness or input frequency in prosodic acquisition. For this study, recordings from the children’s one-word stage are used. Durations of stressed and unstressed syllables and F0 peak alignment are measured, and pitch accent types in different accentual positions (nuclear versus prenuclear) are transcribed using American English ToBI and Spanish ToBI. Prosodic development is compared across ages within each language and across languages at each age. Furthermore, the bilingual children’s productions are compared with monolingual English and Spanish parents’ productions.

Children's school assessment: Implications for family–school partnerships

The main aim of this chapter is to analyse parents’ perceptions of children's assessment in primary school. Understanding these perceptions may shed light on their knowledge of assessment and involvement in their child's education. The sample population consisted of one hundred and eighty eight Spanish parents ( N = 188 ) of students in third grade in Asturias, Spain. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed to understand: (1) parents’ knowledge of students’ assessment, (2) their interpretation and understanding of school reports, and (3) the need for further information and awareness to increase parental involvement. This chapter concludes with implications for parents’ education and family–school partnerships that assist in developing a foundation for better practices.

Unrequited Conquests: Love and Empire in the Colonial Americas by Roland Green (review)

MLRy 98.1, 2003 267 today, 'others' as well equipped as the current editors to handle the difficultvocabulary of multilingual texts in this specialist area of knowledge will be very hard to find. One or two small points: crabot(p. 109. 220) given as 'beetle' looks more like 'toad', cf. crapaude (p. 33. 290). Both are to be reduced to powder and burnt?a burnt beetle would hardly be worth the trouble. 'A mile-wey denotes a period of twenty minutes, approx. the time to run a mile' (p. 154. 80)?for 'run' read 'walk'; in 'casten out the wicke wirm' (p. 174. 113), the 'wicke' may well be the northern dialect 'wick=living, lively, wriggly', rather than 'wicked'. Manchester W. Rothwell Unrequited Conquests: Love and Empire in the Colonial Americas. By Roland Green. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 2000. xiii + 289 pp. $47; ?33 (pbk $18; ?13). ISBN 0-226-30669-0 (pbk 0-226-30670-4). Building upon his previous work, Roland Greene explores how the century following the clash of European and American worlds continually refigured that relationship through the Petrarchan love lyric. While epic, in decline in the early modern period, might be defined as exclusive and representative, the lyric was participatory and flexible, providing a space in which the dichotomies of conquest might be explored. Conceding that 'nothing about imperialism ever changed because of a poem' (p. 5), Greene demonstrates how in the sixteenth century a dialectical momentum was estab? lished through which the lyric defied conventional bounds to present internationalist and multifarious perspectives, representing both sides of an unstable imperial divide. The 'unrequitedness' characteristic of Petrarchan form proves the central element to the lyric's malleability, creating a discourse of differences in which iove' becomes an intersection of social, cultural, and religious forces. Thus the Americas become the autoreflexive, irreducible object of European desire that, while materially conquerable , are never entirely known. It is this association in its numerous forms that Greene demonstrates to be continually reproduced throughout the sixteenth century. Situated in the wake of the recent quincentennial explosion in studies focusing upon 1492, the opening chapter explores the assertion that Columbus was actively Petrarchan, resorting to a lyric model of experience when his received models failed adequately to quantify reality. Greene's illuminating discussion highlights the way in which modern versions of Columbus are the heavily invested consequence of nineteenth- and twentieth-century ideals that have created a 'Romance' identity which exerts profound authority over ideas of empire. Countering this influence in the second chapter, he identifies Brazil as the 'quintessential object' of early modern imperialist discourse and its commodities?in particular Brazilwood (or pau-brasil)?as objects onto which European power and desire were projected. In the third, the work of the 'first-generation' mid-century European poets is explored?in particular the work of those who belonged to the courtly diplomatic class exemplified by men like Thomas Wyatt (1503-42), Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (1504-75), Francisco Lopez de Gomara (1511-64), and the younger Labe (1520-66) and de Cetina (?i520~57). Weaving them together into an increasingly complex Western European Petrarchan formulation, Greene builds upon foundations laid by Greenblatt to provide some remarkable insights into the work of Wyatt which demonstrate how interconnected this lyric form had become. It is a theme he carries into his fourth chapter, devoted almost entirely to a consideration of Philip Sidney (1554-86). Despite establishing a rather laboured connection between Sidney and Philip II of Spain and oversimplifying the profoundly important conflict between their two countries throughout the second half of the sixteenth century, Greene provides an intriguing reading of Astrophil and 268 Reviews Stella that explores the anxieties attendant upon expressions of imperial power. In his final revelatory chapter, the chronologically oriented thrust of the argument focuses upon the writer known as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (i539-1616), the mestizo child of both Inca and Spanish parents, whose work represents perhaps 'the last moment in which the lyric discourse that shaped empire could still be manipulated to work critically against its own erstwhile purposes' (p. 24). Unrequited Conquests offers a remarkable array of radical new avenues of enquiry...

Nietzsche and Proust: A Comparative Study by Duncan Large (review)

268 Reviews Stella that explores the anxieties attendant upon expressions of imperial power. In his final revelatory chapter, the chronologically oriented thrust of the argument focuses upon the writer known as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (i539-1616), the mestizo child of both Inca and Spanish parents, whose work represents perhaps 'the last moment in which the lyric discourse that shaped empire could still be manipulated to work critically against its own erstwhile purposes' (p. 24). Unrequited Conquests offers a remarkable array of radical new avenues of enquiry into the relationship between the Old and New Worlds, placing early modern poetics at the heart of the continually disputed power structures binding the conqueror to the conquered. While there exists throughout the tantalizing glimpse of the Old Worlds of the east behind transactions with the west?an area ripe forenquiry?the insistent focus of the text ensures that it will remain a significant contribution to the field for some time to come. Royal Holloway, University of London Matthew Dimmock Nietzsche and Proust: A Comparative Study. By Duncan Large. (Oxford Modern Languages and Literature Monographs) Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2001. xi + 298 pp. ?45- ISBN 0-19-924227-5 (hbk). As time passes, the relationship between writers becomes ever more murky and multiform . Duncan Large's introduction to this ambitious work traces some ofthe intricate shadow-boxing that Proust and Nietzsche have been put through, before he himself steps into the ring to referee the real contest, as much between promotional critics as between the contenders themselves. Large's firsttask is to address a Proustian cri? ticism which either suppresses Nietzsche altogether or treats him as the go-between of a 'truer' source (Schopenhauer), a merely convenient provider of an appropriable vocabulary or set of assumptions. Large's admirably combative approach leads him to tax Derrida with methodological slippages and Kristeva with a derivativeness against which he needs to defend Deleuze's implicitly Nietzschean reading of Proust. Chap? ter 2 looks at Proust's Nietzsche, and particularly at his use of Nietzsche as a paradigm of the philosopher too dedicated to the truths of the intellect and the illusory rewards of friendship. But Proust's Nietzsche is a fictional flag of convenience, created out of an imperfect knowledge, culled in large part from Daniel Halevy's early biography. Had he been more patient, less satisfied with prejudice, Proust might have found in Nietzsche the kindred spirit that Large so deftly reveals to us. Chapters 3 and 4 delve into the perspectivisticattitudes shared by the pair: Proust's perspectivism has not the same afBrmative and exhilarating drive that Nietzsche's has, connected as it so often is with experiences of deception, and seeming as it does to entail the abandonment of notions of a unified, founding self. But Large takes us through the complex corporal and epistemological issues associated with the enterprise of self-discovery to the sunny uplands of self-creation: I would suggest that the self-creative potential of Nietzsche's 'yea-saying' Ubermensch yields a paradigm in terms ofwhich one can under stand both whyProust's narratorfeels a sense of necessity in his involuntary memories, a sense of self rescued from the world of human contingency, and why the self-revelations of involuntary memory should lead him on to a work of art?a 'metaphoricaP art of self-creation. (p. 202) This part of Large's engrossing and highly persuasive investigation leads him, with satisfying inevitability, to the future perfect as the couple's defining temporality. And so the final chapter digs deep into the strategies adopted to outwit a problematic pre? sent: Nietzsche 'exploits the virtual perspective ofthe future perfect as an opportunity MLRy 98.1, 2003 269 both to critique the nihilism of contemporary culture and to celebrate the redemptive potential of the Ubermensch' (p. 216), while Proust explores the future perfect in greater psychological close-up, as it acts with corrosive insinuationson the experience of the present moment; but it is this temporality, too, which, paradoxically, holds out the promise of redemption when east in a new light at the close of A la recherche. Overall, the case is convincingly made that, in finding new paths of thought...

The Triangular Revolt in Mexico and the Fall of Anastasio Bustamante, August–October 1841

Anastasio Bustamante is one of the forgotten men of early nineteenth-century Mexican history. Like many of his contemporaries during the so-called age of Santa Anna – José Maria Tornel, Gabriel Valencia, Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, to name only a few – he has attracted scant attention of biographers and little serious study has been made of his long and eventful career. Yet Bustamante was in full control of the presidency, as president or vice-president, for a longer period in total than any president before Porfirio Díaz and he presided over crucial stages in the nation's development from colony to sovereign republic. By ideological conviction or political expediency – it is still not clear which – he came to be the figurehead of the conservative, traditionalist forces in Mexican society which struggled to preserve not only their economic control but also their religious, social and moral values against what they considered to be the destructive onslaught of increasingly fashionable and radical liberal ideas. Born in 1780 at Jiquilpan (Michoacán), son of Spanish parents, trained as a doctor, Bustamante fought for the royalist cause in the war of independence until he joined with Iturbide in the plan of Iguala (1821). Various important political posts followed and he first rose to supreme power in 1829 when, as vice-president, he successfully led a rebellion against president Vicente Guerrero.

Malignant alpha chain disease and exposure to asbestos

One patient with malignant alpha chain disease is reported. She was born in France to Spanish parents and had lived all her life in France. She had worked for 30 years in the same factory as her brother, who developed a pleural mesothelioma due to asbestos. Asbestos exposure can induce abnormalities of the immune response. Thus it is likely that her disease was related to chronic exposure to asbestos.

Regional variation in performance of New Zealand × Spanish white clover (Trifolium repensL.) hybrids in New Zealand

Performances were analysed for F1 progenies derived from hybridisation of 12 Spanish white clover plants with 7 New Zealand plants. Progenies were grown at 4 locations in New Zealand and growth data analysed for different seasons. The F1 progenies successfully combined cool-season growth of the Spanish parents with the warm-season growth of the New Zealand parents. Gains in cool-season growth were, however, usually larger and more consistent at Palmerston North than at the other three locations. Differences among progeny groups from individual parent plants were significant for both the New Zealand and Spanish sources in all seasons at all locations. Progeny performances interacted strongly with season and location. However, results suggested that selection for cool-season growth at Palmerston North should produce material with improved cool-season growth at all locations. Relative gains at Lincoln and Gore would be small wherever selection was carried out. Interactions among individual Spanish and New Zealand parent plants were generally absent or weak. Although the Spanish component contributed greatly to winter growth at Palmerston North, the New Zealand population nevertheless made a large contribution to the genetic variance among F1 progenies. Therefore further selection for winter growth within the F1 propulation should take account of both parents.

The Social Reforms of San Martin

As a Part of the Centennial celebration of the death of José de San Martín, the year 1950 was designated by the Congress of Argentina as the “Year of San Martin.” Article 2 of Law 13,661 reads as follows: “From the first day of January until the thirty-first of December of the year 1950, all official documents of national, provincial and municipal authorities; the titles and diplomas granted by institutions of learning of all ranks and jurisdictions, be they of the State or incorporated; diplomatic dispatches and the notations and colophons of books, periodicals, dailies, reviews and every other class of publications whether they be official or private, national or foreign, shall be preceded by the denomination of ‘Year of the Liberator General San Martin’ to indicate the year 1950.”José Francisco de San Martín is best known as the military genius on whose successes was founded the political independence of Argentina, Chile and Peru. In writing the account of his life, biographers have used such titles as “Captain of the Andes” and “Saint of the Sword.” Born of Spanish parents on the Argentinian frontier at Yapeyu, February 25, 1778, he accompanied them to Spain at the age of seven and was educated for a military career. Joining the Spanish army, he fought in Africa and defended the mother country against Republican France, England, Portugal and Napoleon Bonaparte.

THE GROWTH OF THE LONG BONES IN 80 INFANTS ROENTGENOGRAMS VERSUS ANTHROPOMETRY

The children measured for this study were consecutive newborn infants at the Florence Crittenton Home in Denver. The data used were on those children who remained in the Home for 12 weeks or longer after birth. This group of 80 included 39 boys and 41 girls. The mothers of these children were in good physical health although 3 were classified as morons and 2 more were dull. Six had 4+ Wassermann reactions but had antiluetic treatment during pregnancy. The mean age of the mothers at time of delivery was just under 20 years. They were all first pregnancies with one exception. Since no sex difference was found in this small group, the data on boys and girls were combined and gave a mean birth weight of 6.96 pounds and a mean body length of 48.29 cm. at birth. Two sets of twins were included. The nationality was mixed. Forty-five children had American parents, 10 Spanish parents, and 2 Negro parents. The other nationalities included Italian, German, Swedish, Austrian, Mexican, and American mixtures. One child had a 3+ Wassermann at 3 months. All others had negative Wassermann reactions. The children were all partially breast fed with evaporated milk formulae as supplementary feedings. Cod liver oil was started by six weeks of age in amounts from 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls daily. The infants were all in good health during their stay at Crittenton Home although case #458 regurgitated a great deal of her food and failed to gain weight satisfactorily; and case #407 was thought to be mentally retarded. The mean weight gain for the group was 6 ounces per week. The children were measured and roentgenograms were taken on the same day. Examinations were at approximately 6 weeks' intervals and no data were used unless a child had had at least 3 examinations. All measurements anthropometric and X-ray were made by one person (M.M.). Of the group of 80, 46 had 3 examinations each, 17 had 4 examinations, 14 had 5 examinations, and 3 had 6 examinations. On 71 of the cases measurements were begun during the first two weeks of life. Some of the infants who were in the Home at the time this study was begun were included and their initial examinations were at ages 6 to 21 weeks. Ages were approximated to the nearest week in all cases.

Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy The Life of Reason: Or the Phases of Human Progress

MR. SANTAYANA has a wonderful gift of expression and writes with a distinction and charm which are an unending source of delight. Yet he leaves his readers with a strange unsatisfied feeling not free from a touch of resentment. He is a true poet, who can write prose with all the rhythm of verse. Born in Madrid of Spanish parents, he tells us that he has chosen our language for his literary expression, though it is not his native tongue, because he considers that so far as containing truth is concerned one language is as good as another, and he prefers ours. Also, what is truly admirable in a philosopher, he finds it adequate. When we read, however, his sustained but pleasant and well-balanced soliloquising, we cannot but wonder why he should suppose that we are interested in his want of interest in what interests us. Yet this is the whole burden of his philosophy. Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy. By George Santayana. Pp. xii + 314. (London, Bombay and Sydney: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1923.) 12s. net. The Life of Reason: Or the Phases of Human Progress. By George Santayana. Second edition. In 5 vols. Vol. 1: Introduction and Reason in Commonsense. Pp. xix+291. Vol. 2: Reason in Society. Pp.viii+205. Vol. 3: Reason in Religion. Pp. ix+279. Vol. 4: Reason in Art. Pp. ix+230. Vol. 5: Reason in Science. Pp. ix+320. (London, Bombay and Sydney: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1923.) 8s. net each vol.