Spanish Emigration Research Articles

La enseñanza de los emigrantes. Entre la defensa de la identidad española y la política de asimilación francesa

For a good part of the twentieth century, the teaching of Spanish emigrants in France has been a source of friction in bilateral relations. The Spanish authorities wished to preserve the hallmarks of national and cultural identity in this population, while their French counterparts attempted to promote their integration and subsequent assimilation into the host society. This article analyses the evolution of this contentious issue from its beginnings in the first decades of the century to the end of the Franco dictatorship. It attempts to examine the development and application of the cultural and educational policy relating to emigration that was adopted by the Spanish government, along with the resistance expressed by successive French governments. The actions of these protagonists were coupled with the action of the emigrants themselves. Their mobilization from the 1960s onwards was essential in ensuring that the Spanish state overcome its previous indolence and articulate an educational network that would guarantee, at least to some degree, the possibility of a bilingual education for their children.

La comunidad española en Francia: la región de Auvergne

The Spanish community in France, after almost a century of migration, remains insufficiently known. Research completed from the late 1980s onwards has clarified above all the case of republican exiles after the Civil War. A local approach is necessary to understand the community as a whole, which was characterised by its great diversity. This article describes the sources, both in France and in Spain, available for developing a regional study of Spanish emigrants. Taking the example of the Auvergne, several dozen studies completed from the 1930s, often confidential, are then synthesized and situated in the context of current debates about the history of migration and foreign populations in France. Finally, the article inidicates the large areas of shadow that still lie over the subject as it relates to the Auvergne, in particular relating to economic emigrants, and attempts to offer some leads for future research.

Forasteros y transeuntes en América, siglo XVIII. El caso de Francisco Fernández de la Fuente

This article deals with the demographic characteristics of the Spanish emigration to America between 16th and 18th Centuries, and the way in which the Spanish Crown controlled people traffic in order to prevent the transit of marginal and unsettled population to the New World. The author shows the case of an 18th Century Spanish emigration through the examination of the legal proceedings opened by the authorities in the Antioquia Province, Nueva Granada. The social aspects of the migration process to America are shown in literary form, including the social integration of the newcomers in the colonial neighbourhoods, their personal perfomance with regard to laws and norms, the social conflicts inherent to their situation as travellers who were little integrated in the communities, and aspects of the local life of the time.

Empresarios españoles en el Norte de México (1850–1912)

RESUMENEn este trabajo se estudia el importante papel desempeñado por los empresarios españoles en la formación de la sociedad capitalista en el norte de México. La información que disponemos muestra la presencia de prominentes hombres de negocio de origen español al menos desde 1840. Aunque limitada en términos cuantitativos la inmigración espanola asumió en Mexico durante la segunda parte del siglo XIX una importancia difícil de exagerar entre los grupos propietarios y empresariales.

Emigración exterior y mercado de trabajo en España (1960-1985)

Ever since the sixties, studies on Spanish economic development have dealt with the importance for this process of Spanish foreign emigration movements. This article is an analysis of the size of this emigration and its impact on the Spanish labour market. Until now, Spanish emigration has been regarded as a safety valve for the active population, which diminished the tensions within the Spanish labour market and thus explained the low unemployment rates during the development period. The data and estimations presented in this paper challenge this traditional interpretation and put forward more balanced conclusions. Emigration to Europe during the sixties did not relieve the pressure on the Spanish labour market, nor did the return of emigrants later affect negatively the rise of unemployment in the seventies.

La emigración española asistida a Latinoamérica, 1968-1990

Este artículo trata de resaltar la evolución decreciente que ha seguido la corriente emigratoria española asistida a Latinoamérica en los últimos veinte años, a causa de la crisis socio-económica que sufre este área; asimismo, analiza el perfil socio-demográfico del emigrante español, los países de destino preferente y las regiones españolas que más han contribuido a alimentar esta corriente.

Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and America in the Sixteenth Century.

The opening of the New World to Spanish settlement had more than the limited impact on individuals and society which scholars have traditionally granted it. Many families and young single people left the neighboring cities of Caceres and Trujillo in the Extremadura region of southwestern Spain for the Indies. By maintaining ties with home and one another, and sometimes returning, these emigrants developed patterns of involvement that on one level were linked directly to place of origin and on another would come to characterize the emigration movement as a whole. Ida Altman shows that the Indies could and did have a substantial and perceptible effect on local society in Spain, as the New World quickly became an important arena of activity for people seeking new and better opportunities. Her findings suggest interesting conclusions regarding the relationship of sixteenth-century Spanish emigration to the larger movement of people from Europe to the Western Hemisphere in modern times.

Note sur l'immigration espagnole à Bordeaux de 1830 à 1854

In XIXth-century Bordeaux were to be found double the number of immigrants than on average in other French towns and, amongst these, emerged a large Spanish colony. Extraction of data on 25 years of marriages and deaths (1830-1854) allowed the geographical origins of these Spaniards to be examined. Although dispersed at the beginning of the period under study, they moved little by little towards the working class districts, thereby accompanying trends in their socio-occupational structure. The origins of this immigration have also been established : the main ports, and Madrid, are in part responsible for departures but lie far behind the Pyrenean provinces, at the forefront of which are to be found Huesca and Lerida. One unusual finding is that the small region of Val d'Aran, a Gascon region on Spanish territory, is alone responsible for 24 % of Spanish emigration to Bordeaux.

Emigrants and Society: An Approach to the Background of Colonial Spanish America

The movement of people from Spain to the Indies, starting with the voyages of Columbus in the late fifteenth century, is fundamental to the study of early Spanish America. While Spaniards played a pivotal role in the formation of New World society, their origins and background have received relatively little systematic attention. Why has this been true? Certainly the groundwork for a more detailed consideration of Spanish emigrants has been laid long since, l but despite some important beginnings, research has progressed little in the past two decades. The traditionally separate historiographical treatment of Spain and Spanish America has fostered neglect of topics not easily classified within one field or the other, including emigration and the relation of Spain to America.2 While in recent years the other two major building blocks of colonial society-the indigenous peoples of the Americas and the Africans brought to the New World as slaves-have received an increasing amount of attention,3 a reaction to Eurocentrism has helped to create a situation in which a very superficial knowledge of early modem European or Spanish society is acceptable. Furthermore, the gaps in the historiography of early modem Spanish society, especially at the local level, may frustrate the scholar seeking greater enlightenment.4

Spanish Hidalgos and America: The Ovandos of Cáceres

The image of the lone and footloose venturer, all but penniless, striking out for the Indies seeking immediate enrichment, has long since given way to a more balanced picture of the Spanish settlers of the New World in the sixteenth century. This revised picture suggests that the Spanish emigrants had their origins principally in a wide middle sector of social and occupational groups, ranging from hidalgos below the level of the high nobility, professionals and officials, to artisans and tradespeople of all sorts, farmers, and an impressive number of “servants.” One component of the earlier image of Spanish emigrants—the down-on-his lick hidalgo whose pride and sense of honor propelled him to the Indies in hope of improving his fortunes—survived the transition to the revised idea now accepted, his reputation somewhat rehabilitated but his presence undeniable. Stereotypes notwithstanding, the image of the cadet sons of hidalgo families and of relatively poor hidalgos going off to the Indies has considerable basis in fact; it is a reflection of the realities of Spanish family and social structure that sent the same type of individual into religious orders, universities, or the army. But while a basic truth gave rise to the longstanding cliche, we still know relatively little of what lies behind it—nor, for that matter, do we know very much about the hidalgos and provincial nobility of Spain, the sector (as opposed to the high titled nobility) that entered into the Indies venture in the sixteenth century in some numbers.

Family Planning in Spain

Family Planning in Spain

Recent trends in Spanish emigration

Depuis 1960, l'évolution de l'émigration permanente espagnole s'articule en deux phases. Jusqu'en 1974, elle redevient massive (100 000 émigrants par an). Elle se tourne vers l'Europe industrialisée, préférée aux nouveaux mondes, et recrute dans l'ensemble du pays, les provinces méridionales se joignant aux pôles séculaires. Les émigrants présentent alors les caractéristiques socio-démographiques classiques : jeunesse, surmasculinité, activités subalternes ou pénibles... La crise des économies industrielles a mis fin en 1974 à l'émigration vers l'Europe sans que les flux transocéaniques s'amplifient. Toutes les zones de provenance des migrants, traditionnelles ou récentes, sont affectées avec plus ou moins d'ampleur, ce qui ne saurait manquer de poser de graves problèmes d'emploi et d'équilibre de la balance des comptes dans une économie espagnole non épargnée par la crise.

Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the Indies until 1600

This article examines the data contained in the last volume of our five-part index of 16th Century Spanish emigrants to the New World. Originally entitled the Indice geobiografico de 40, 000 pobladores espanoles de America en el siglo XVI , the series in fact now furnishes biographical data on a total of roughly 55,000 individual men, women, and children, known to have emigrated to the Indies before 1600, whose birthplace we have identified from contemporary records. So far we have found publishers only for the first two of these five useful reference volumes, however a series of articles in both Spanish and English have presented our findings on each of the roughly twenty-year periods into which we have divided that all-important century during which Spanish colonial society was first taking shape. Though in conducting this basic research our primary goal has always been a linguistic one, i.e., to shed light on the early dialect differentiation of New World Spanish, the work is designed to be of use to historians and sociologists also.

Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the Indies until 1600

Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the Indies until 1600

Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the Indies 1579-1600

This article examines the data contained in the last volume of our five-part index of 16th Century Spanish emigrants to the New World. Originally entitled the Indice geobiográfico de 40, 000 pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI, the series in fact now furnishes biographical data on a total of roughly 55,000 individual men, women, and children, known to have emigrated to the Indies before 1600, whose birthplace we have identified from contemporary records. So far we have found publishers only for the first two of these five useful reference volumes, however a series of articles in both Spanish and English have presented our findings on each of the roughly twenty-year periods into which we have divided that all-important century during which Spanish colonial society was first taking shape. Though in conducting this basic research our primary goal has always been a linguistic one, i.e., to shed light on the early dialect differentiation of New World Spanish, the work is designed to be of use to historians and sociologists also.

Twentieth-Century Spanish Expatriates in Mexico: An Urban Sub-Culture

In a previous article (Kenny 1961 b:85-93) I described the urban field situation in regard twentieth-century Spaniards in Cuba as I found it in 1960. That the situation there has changed because of the steady flight of the Spaniards from that island since then is obvious. If, however, there was evidence at that time show that Spaniards in Cuba formed a distinctive sub-cultural group there is even more evidence show the same for twentiethcentury Spaniards in Mexico. This paper will present certain general data that effect gathered in 1960 and 1961-1962' in urban Mexico where, like Cuba, the immigration of Spaniards has been steadily declining for many years'. Compared the Argentine, Brazil and, of late, Venezuela, Mexico has never been high on the list of preferences for Spanish emigrants. Military agitation and political unrest during the first century of Mexico's independence--1810 1910--did not encourage the interest of emigrants seeking to make America. The fall of Maximilian, viewed with alarm in Europe in general, and the fact that an Indian-Juarez-governed the destinies of Mexico for nearly twenty years were other nineteenth century factors which discouraged emigrants from Spain. Moreover, unlike the case of the Argentine and Brazil, immigration has never been an important aid population growth in Mexico except perhaps for a brief period in the colonial epoch. The reasons for coming Mexico in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were much the same as those which

The Catalogo de Pasajeros and Spanish Emigration to America to 1550

The Catalogo de Pasajeros and Spanish Emigration to America to 1550

Modern Argentina 1

NEW countries outside the British Dominions are more interesting to the inhabitants of Great Britain than the Argentine Republic. Enormous amounts of British capital are invested there—some 170.000.000l. in the railways alone, indeed Great Britain has financed most of the developments—about a quarter of our imported foodstuffs come from there, and a number of young Englishmen go out to find employment on the great estancias. At present the bulk of the population centres round Buenos Aires, the enormous hinterland being only thinly populated, and in many regions not thoroughly explored. And yet the country is not new; it has a history of three centuries, two of which, however, were under the old Spanish regime, when only Spanish emigration was permitted, and the few adventurers and officials who went out preferred the life of the town to that of the country.