Space Cooperation Research Articles

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 1. КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ПИЛОТИРУЕМЫХ ПОЛЕТОВ, ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СОЛНЦА, ОСВОЕНИЯ ЛУНЫ И ПЛАНЕТАРНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, solar exploration, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, solar exploration, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

Modern Security Dilemma: A Space Security Perspective for the Future World

In an increasingly interconnected and technologically advanced world, the domain of space has emerged as a critical frontier for both national security and international cooperation (Johnson, 2019). However, as nations expand their presence in space, the risks and challenges associated with ensuring security in this domain have become more pronounced (Fountain, 2020). This research article examines the modern security dilemma through the lens of space security, exploring the complexities, tensions, and opportunities that arise as states navigate the dual imperatives of safeguarding their interests while promoting stability and cooperation in outer space (Weeden & Sampson, 2021). By analyzing current trends, emerging threats, and potential pathways for collaboration, this article seeks to provide insights and recommendations for addressing the space security dilemma in the future world.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 2.3. ВОЕННЫЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ И КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ДВОЙНОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ («ЦЗИЛИНЬ-1», «СЫВЭЙ ГАОЦЗИН», «ЧЖУНСИН», «МО ЦЗЫ»)

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

THE PERVERSE EFFECTS OF SHARED MANAGEMENT OF A CROSS-BORDER CONSERVATION AREA

Cross-border cooperation is gaining momentum across Africa, giving rise to a new type of natural resource management: shared management. The importance of this type of cooperation lies in the pooling of conservation efforts. The idea of this article is to contribute to this debate by analysing the functioning of transboundary governance in the field of natural resources within a transboundary conservation area (CTA) by providing an overview of the challenges caused by the institutionalisation of transboundary cooperation in the transboundary space. It is a question of taking into account the pernicious consequences of the cross-border project on symbolic representations, but also at the level of the cross-border institutional frameworks put in place. To provide an overview of these perverse effects and their nature, the methodology used is based on the analysis of perceptions and the study of the actors' interactions. The issue of shared management in a transboundary context is addressed through seven comparative case studies: W Park, Mount Nimba, Ziama-Wonogizi-Wologizi, Outamba Kilili Pensely Soya, Télé-Lac Tumba, Tri National de la Sangha and Virunga.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 2.1. ВОЕННЫЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ И КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ДВОЙНОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ («БЭЙДОУ», «ГАОФЭНЬ»)

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 3. КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ЧАСТНЫХ КОМПАНИЙ

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

Privacy-Preserving Collaborative Learning Through Feature Extraction

We propose a framework in which multiple entities collaborate to build a machine learning model while preserving privacy of their data. The approach utilizes feature embeddings from shared/per-entity feature extractors transforming data into a feature space for cooperation between entities. We propose two specific methods and compare them with a baseline method. In Shared Feature Extractor (SFE) Learning, the entities use a shared feature extractor to compute feature embeddings of samples. In Locally Trained Feature Extractor (LTFE) Learning, each entity uses a separate feature extractor, and models are trained using concatenated features from all entities. As a baseline, in Cooperatively Trained Feature Extractor (CTFE) Learning, the entities train models by sharing raw data. Secure multi-party algorithms are utilized to train models without revealing data or features in plain text. We investigate the trade-offs among SFE, LTFE, and CTFE in regard to performance, privacy leakage (using an off-the-shelf membership inference attack), and computational cost. LTFE provides the most privacy, followed by SFE, and then CTFE. Computational cost is lowest for SFE and the relative speed of CTFE and LTFE depends on network architecture. CTFE and LTFE provide the best accuracy. We use three different datasets for evaluations.

Clarifying Diversified Home-school Relationships and Reconstructing Multi-dimensional Cooperation Space

Clarifying Diversified Home-school Relationships and Reconstructing Multi-dimensional Cooperation Space

Dialog Kultural: Qaulan Layyina dalam Dinamika Masyarakat Kontemporer

This research aims to determine qaulan layyina as cultural dialogue in the dynamics of contemporary society. This research uses a library method with a descriptive qualitative approach. This research uses primary and secondary data sources, with data analysis techniques that include analysis, description, and comparison. The data obtained was arranged systematically and analyzed using descriptive methods, with the study results presented logically. This research indicates that the principle of qaulan layyina, which emphasizes gentle and affectionate communication, has a central role in forming a positive communication environment. With a focus on gentleness and warmth in speech, this principle promotes interpersonal harmony and is critical to maintaining social balance and preventing conflict. This approach has universal relevance in the context of contemporary society, which is complex and full of differences. Qaulan layyina not only lays the foundation for solid individual relationships but also contributes to forming an inclusive and resilient communication culture. By prioritizing gentleness in communication, this principle encourages dialogue that respects differences, strengthens social solidarity, and creates space for cooperation and shared understanding.

A post-colonial political theology of care and praxis in Ethiopia’s era of identity politics

This book is a revised version of the author’s PhD thesis that was submitted to Denver University and the Iliff School of Theology. In the introductory section, the author discusses how her social location motivated her to research the topic of identity politics in Ethiopia. She argues that identity politics has been a major factor in Ethiopia’s political instability and violence. Ethiopia experiences frequent identity-based violence. Molla indicates that identity politics has divided Ethiopian society and eliminated in-between spaces where people can coexist in equality, solidarity, and justice. She proposes a post-colonial political theology of care and practice to reframe hegemonic and fragmented identities and create new in-between spaces for dialogue and cooperation. She contends that post-colonial discourse and the praxis of in between pastoral care can disrupt and challenge hegemonic definitions of culture, identity, home, and subjectivity.

Negotiation, power and ethics in online collaborative translation: translation of “COVID-19” by Wikipedia translator-editors

ABSTRACT The online encyclopaedic translation of Wikipedia articles has garnered heightened scholarly interest as an inherently collaborative endeavour that has opened new avenues for exploring the ethical intricacies of self-organised negotiation processes and hierarchical power dynamics among online translator-editors. Nevertheless, the ethical terrain of the irreconcilable conflicts between individual translators with discordant voices and divergent motivations in online practices remains relatively uncharted. By investigating the translator-editors’ adopted cooperative behaviour as anchorage fraught with intersubjective conflicts and ethical defences, this article uses the collaborative translation of the Chinese-language Wikipedia ‘COVID-19’ article to explore what (dis)enables ethical cooperation in the digital space. Special attention is given to instances in which collaboration is ensnared by peril, thereby necessitating the imperative preservation of negotiations. The influence of Wikipedia’s environmental characteristics on translational activities is analysed with regard to the confluence of the disruptive and centrifugal social forces at play, which ultimately shape the negotiations and community maintenance of the online translation collaborations.

Development of cooperation in the space industry: from 1959 to 1962

The article reveals the main aspects of the or­ganization of cooperation in space activities at the initial stage of its development when the fiercest space race between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America was taking place. The main goals of the international community concerning joint research and develop­ment of outer space and celestial bodies, as well as the circumstances that influenced the formation of such cooperation at this stage, are explained and analyzed.
 In addition, the article is also concerned with the issue of the international bodies establishment related to the organization and control of joint space activity, the issue of the organization of in­terstate cooperation in outer space in the direction of creating communication accessible to the pop­ulation of the entire planet with the help of satel­lites, the issue of legal regulation of joint activity in outer space and on celestial bodies, as well as the issue of creating an international network of space­ports for launching sounding rockets by all interest­ed participants in space activities (in particular, to make it possible for non-state organizations to take part in space activities).
 Considering the modern competition among states in the struggle for dominance in outer space and on celestial bodies and the dangers that such a competition brings, the study returns to the origins of space activity to identify and analyze the factors that influenced the formation of international cooperation in space (both negatively and positively).
 The main focus is on international documents adopted by the United Nations General Assembly between 1959 and 1962.
 Specifically, the results of the study of the three main Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in this period regarding international cooperation in the use of outer space for peaceful purposes are presented.

The Empire Strikes Back: Comparing US and China’s Structural Power in Outer Space

Abstract This article assesses the structural power of the United States and China in the field of space governance. While much of the literature on space power focuses on their technologies and capabilities, we take a complementary approach and explore their capacity to shape the regulatory landscape. Possessing structural power has far-reaching implications for global power projection as well as for various industries, such as telecommunications, transportation, and remote sensing. To assess structural power, we gathered and analyzed three types of data: a dataset featuring 1,709 space organizations, a second dataset comprising 1,764 international space arrangements connecting them, and insights from fifty-two interviews with key space actors. Our findings indicate that the United States holds significant structural power thanks to its thriving commercial space sector and extensive international network. This has enabled the global diffusion of its preferred norms while simultaneously constraining China’s space cooperation network. Despite its remarkable technological capabilities, China has not been able to translate them into substantial global structural power. To encourage further exploration in this domain, we make available our original dataset of 1,764 space arrangements, including 970 in full-text format, inviting fellow researchers to investigate other facets of outer space governance.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN OUTER SPACE: FROM THE COLD WAR ERA TO FEBRUARY 24, 2022

The article reviews the changing landscape of international relations in the space sphere; examines the history of international cooperation in outer space: from the Cold War era to the beginning of Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine; examines key partnerships and initiatives, the advantages of such cooperation and challenges. The author proves that international relations in the field of space exploration and research are dual in nature. On the one hand, countries form international alliances to implement large-scale space projects, on the other hand, states strive to have independent access to space to ensure national security. The author's periodization of the development of international relations in the space sphere is given: 1) the first decade of space exploration – during this period, international cooperation in outer space was completely missing, but it was during these years that the foundations of the international legislative framework were laid; it is still in force today; 2) since the 70s of the twentieth century, the number of states that explore space has been growing and the first international space organization, the European Space Agency (ESA), is being formed; 3) after the end of the Cold War, US cooperation with the former Soviet republics intensified, which further led to US dependence on third countries in the space sphere; 4) in the early 2000s, the number of participants in space activities increased at the expense of private companies, which became possible due to a technological leap, in particular the miniaturization of space technology and the cheapening of electronics; 5) Russia's war against Ukraine has changed the international landscape of space activities, strengthened public-private partnerships and demonstrated the growing role of satellite technologies in national security issues.

Dual water-electricity cooperation improves economic benefits and water equality in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin

Transboundary river cooperation provides an effective pathway to maintain regional security and sustainable development; however, its implementation is a pressing and prominent concern due to lack of appropriate compensation measures and effective incentive strategies. Here we develop a dual water-electricity cooperation (DWEC) framework that combines water and electricity trading to meet the often-conflicting demands of participating countries. The results from the Lancang-Mekong River Basin reveal that substantial benefits in both economic and social aspects can be achieved through coupling regional water and electricity trades. Economic benefits can be obtained by expanding cooperation space and thereby greatly improving the willingness of countries to participate in basin-wide cooperation. Electricity trading plays a key role in loss compensation for water exporters, ensuring no loss for any party and maximizing basin-wide benefits. Furthermore, the DWEC improves regional water use equality, especially in water shortage periods when there is severe competition among water users. The proposed cooperation framework provides a viable way to implement cooperation in transboundary river basins.

INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION AS A KEY TOOL IN THE FORMATION OF A MODEL OF MULTIPLE MANAGEMENT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

In Ukraine, there have been significant changes in regional development due to the conditions of the war and the need to form new tasks, implement urgent measures, projects to restore the territories of communities and regions, continuing the European integration course of Ukraine, decentralization reform and the implementation of standards, principles and current tools of good governance of the Council of Europe. The purpose of writing the article is to reveal the need for further development of inter-municipal cooperation to create territories of community cooperation, as points of economic growth and regional development, to overcome socio-economic challenges caused by the war, as models of multi-level management, public administration and targeted actions for the restoration of territories of communities and regions of Ukraine during the war and in the post-war period in accordance with European standards and best practices of democratic governance and territorial development. The following methods were used to determine the principles of inter-municipal cooperation in the management of regional development: the method of cognition (for the formation of theoretical principles for determining the essence of inter-municipal cooperation, development strategies); comparative analysis (in order to compare the effectiveness of the development strategy); abstract-logical (for the formation of theoretical generalizations and the formulation of research conclusions); graphic visualization (for the purpose of visualization of results and analysis). The Center for Good Governance Expertise of the Council of Europe, in its Recommendations regarding the formulation of policies on the Local Self-Government Restoration Plan dated June 30, 2022, emphasized the need to implement stronger forms of inter-municipal cooperation based on the principles of "smart" and "green" municipal (spatial) planning to overcome challenges caused by the conditions of the war, the key of which are changes in the population and the economic structure of communities. In the process of forming spaces of inter-municipal cooperation between communities of Ukrainian and European regions, as an important functional space and level of management of regional development, it is important to use the existing national and international experience in the development of community cooperation at the local, inter-territorial and international levels, the experience of developing these spaces in the territorial and cross-border cooperation, creating models and tools of municipal management and public administration for the post-war period of development of the territories of communities and regions on the basis of the application of standards, principles and current tools of "Good democratic governance" and the development of civil diplomacy.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE TYVA REPUBLIC: NEW OPPORTUNITIES

The dynamics of foreign economic activity in the Republic of Tyva for 2015–2021, the change in the foreign trade turnover of Tuva with Mongolia, with countries of near and far abroad are analyzed. Trade turnover of Tuva with external partners has a positive balance. A significant share of foreign trade turnover falls on non-CIS countries. It is noted that the nature of trade and economic relations with Mongolia is influenced by the relative development of the transport system of Tuva, the republic does not have a railway connection with the rest of the country. New opportunities for further expansion of interregional and strengthening international economic relations between the two neighboring regions are due to the possibilities of solving infrastructure problems, joining the region to the Russian railway network. It is proposed to use new tools for developing foreign economic relations, expanding the space for interregional cooperation, innovative approaches to attracting investments, and strategies for developing the region's foreign economic activity. The creation of a cross-border special economic region and a cross-border corridor Russia — Mongolia — China are substantiated.

Challenges in human centric intelligent systems for wireless sensor networks: A state of art

AbstractHuman centric computing is a technique that is gaining more attention nowadays and integrates innovative processing methods for analyzing extensive data collection. Human centric intelligent systems focus on handling the interactions between customers, companies, communities and systems of computing to represent social and institutional concepts effectively. However, this interaction between the companies and customers will lead to various privacy challenges in human centric intelligent systems. This paper briefly studies cyber‐physical systems and various privacy challenges in human centric intelligent systems. In parallel, this article enunciates the human‐centric pipe water monitoring system framework in detail. It also discusses the smart body area network (SBAN) as a typical example of space cooperation. SBAN employs low‐power wireless devices in a compact form that can be incorporated inside the human body for health monitoring. This study examines the challenges of privacy, propagation, and trust assessment that human‐centric systems face.

The priority areas and possible pathways for health cooperation in BRICS countries

As one of the largest alliances of middle-income countries, the BRICS, known as an acronym for five countries including “Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”, represents half of the global population. The health cooperation among BRICS countries will benefit their populations and other middle- and low-income countries. This study aims to summarize the current status of health cooperation in BRICS countries and identify opportunities to strengthen BRICS participation in global health governance. A literature review was conducted to analyze the status, progress, and challenges of BRICS' health cooperation. Content analysis was used to review the 2011–2021 annual joint declarations of the BRICS Health Ministers Meetings. The priority health areas were identified through segmental frequency analysis. Our research suggested that communicable diseases, access to medicine, and universal health coverage appeared most frequently in the content of declarations, indicating the possible top health priorities among BRICS' health collaboration. These priority areas align with the primary health challenges of each country, including the threats of double burden of diseases, as well as the need for improving health systems and access to medicines. Respective external cooperation, inter-BRICS health cooperation, and unified external cooperation are the main forms of health cooperation among BRICS countries. However, challenges such as the lack of a unified image and precise position, lack of practical impact, and weak discourse power have impeded the impact of BRICS on health governance. This study suggests that the BRICS countries should recognize their positioning, improve their unified image, and establish cooperative entities; at the same time, they should increase their practical strength, promote non-governmental cooperation, and expand the cooperation space through the “BRICS Plus” mechanism with countries with similar interests to join.

China-Pakistan Space Cooperation: Path, Motivation And The Future

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, friendly bilateral relations between China and Pakistan have become increasingly close in various fields following China’s peaceful rise. The space cooperation that started after the end of the Cold War is a sign of the gradual progress of the relationship between the two countries to the current all-weather strategic cooperative partnership. With China’s assistance, Pakistan has achieved significant milestones in the space field. Pakistan is also a key node in China’s strategy to expand international space cooperation. After the 2010s, China-Pakistan space cooperation was integrated with the construction of the Space Silk Road and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative, becoming a model for space cooperation specifically promoting the social and economic development of developing countries. This paper outlines the complete picture of China-Pakistan space cooperation under the evolutionary logic and chronological context of "ideological-materialization" two-way mutual construction, so as to reasonably predict the prospects of China-Pakistan space cooperation.