Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Research Articles

Sensorless Adaptive control of VSI-Fed Induction Motor Drive with Optimized MLP-Neural Network

ABSTRACT Multilayer-Perceptron Neural Network (MLP-NN)-based sensorless speed control of adaptive Indirect Field-Oriented Control (IFOC) strategy is implemented for online parameter estimation of Induction Motor Drive (IMD) fed from Common mode voltage injection Space vector PWM (CVSVPWM) based Voltage Source Inverter. Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) is implemented in this work, to train the MLP-NN model by choosing the optimal weight and biases for the estimation of accurate parameters and speed of IMD. The objective of optimal MLP-NN is to improve the IMD reliability and response fast during dynamic operation. The model performances are evaluated by employing statistical metrics of MSE, RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R for training and testing. These are reported for testing to be 0.000602064, 0.0245, 0.4015, 0.25474, and 0.9997 which indicates the best-fitted prediction model and proves the minimized error. The results reveal that an optimized MLP-NN accomplishes promising performance in estimating the parameters and speed with the least errors such as rs is 3.82%, rr is 4.19%, ls is 0.41%, lr is 0.72%, lm is 0.21%, and strongly tracking of reference speed. In addition, HHO is also employed to evolve the gains of the PI-controller in adaptive-IFOC for generation of reference signals by reducing the computational effort.

Research on control system for improving the grid-connected efficiency of small hydropower

Aiming at the problem of low efficiency at low flow in small hydropower stations, a permanent magnet direct-drive hydropower generation control system based on dual PWM converters is proposed to realize wide-range variable-speed constant-frequency hydropower generation of hydraulic turbine units and improve the comprehensive power generation efficiency of small hydropower stations. In this control system, the hydraulic turbine is coaxially connected to the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) through the flywheel, and the power grid is connected by back-to-back dual PWM converters, and the bidirectional energy flow is realized by the voltage space vector pulse width modulation method. The generator-side converter controls the rotating speed of hydraulic turbine units and tracks the optimal speed point of the hydraulic turbine units in real time to realize the maximum power output of hydraulic turbine units. The grid-side converter adopts active power and reactive power decomposition control method to stabilize the DC bus voltage and provide the reactive power required by the grid. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control system was proved by comparative experiments in a 400V/200kW/428rpm small hydropower station.

Single-Phase AC-DC-AC Multilevel Five-Leg Converter With High-Frequency Link

This paper investigates a single-phase ac-dc-ac multilevel converter formed by a three-leg module (converter <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$a$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) series connected to an H-bridge (converter <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) at the load side of the system to achieve higher and multilevel output voltage. The proposed solution has two dc-links that are connected through a high-frequency link (HFL) formed by an inverter H-bridge, a small toroidal transformer, and a unidirectional rectifier H-bridge. The use of the HFL permits optimizing the SV-PWM strategy by employing vector redundancies that minimize the switching frequency of the devices. Besides, the control system is simplified compared to the conventional solution with floating capacitors. The proposed system is appropriate for uninterrupted power supply and unified power quality conditioner applications. System equations, dc-link voltage specifications, power distribution analysis, and a space vector PWM are discussed. The proposed control strategy ensures suitable load voltage with constant amplitude and fundamental frequency, guaranteeing a high grid power factor and maintaining controlled dc-link voltages. Compared with the conventional solutions, the proposed topology has a lower dc-link voltage rating, lower harmonic content, and lower switching losses in the converters <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$a$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Experimental results are presented to validate the developed studies.

Modeling and Simulation of an Integrated Starter Generator Based on PMSM with SVPWM Strategy for Engine Starting and Battery Charging

The modelling and simulation of an integrated starter generator (ISG) system with 48 and 12-volt DC power setup for use in automotive applications is presented in this paper. The ISG system is a key component in these applications, providing both engine starting and battery charging capabilities. A mathematical model of the ISG system is developed using Simulink, and the system is simulated under various conditions with a 48- and 12-volt DC power setup. The results of the simulations are presented and discussed, highlighting the performance and efficiency of the ISG system. Key Words: Integrated Starter Generators, Flywheel mounted ISG, DC-DC 48V and 12V setup, Space Vector PWM, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM), IC Engine starting and battery charging,

Space vector pulse width modulation strategy for modular multilevel converters in power system

AbstractAs a superior modulation strategy, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) provides redundant voltage vectors and adjustable action time, which can achieve multi‐objective control of modular multilevel converter (MMC). An SVPWM strategy suitable for MMC is proposed. The strategy is divided into three stages. In the first stage, the appropriate voltage vector, the action time and the basic sub‐module (SM) input number are quickly calculated to ensure the output quality by equating MMC as a 2‐level inverter. In the second stage, a finite set of the circulating current suppression is established on the basis of the basic SM input number. The optimal SM input number is selected through rolling optimisation. In the last stage, according to the SM voltage sorting and the optimal SM input number, the optimal switching state is determined to realise the SM voltage balance control. The proposed control strategy simplifies the design of the control system, reduces the computational burden and can be easily extended to MMC with any SM number. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed SVPWM strategy can reduce the circulating current and balance the SM capacitor voltage while ensuring the output quality.

An optimization method for reducing the voltage fluctuation of the floating‐capacitor in ANPC five‐level inverter

AbstractThe excessive fluctuation of the floating capacitance's (FCs) voltage affects the output performance and output power of the 3P‐5L‐ANPC converter. In order to minimize the fluctuation of the FCs voltage, an optimization control method based on zero‐sequence voltage (ZSV) injection is proposed. The method takes reducing the maximum amplitude of the voltage fluctuation of the three‐phase floating capacitor as the control target. Firstly, the mathematical equation between the modulation voltage and the voltage fluctuation of the FCs are established, and then the maximum fluctuation amplitude of the FCs voltage is obtained by using the established mathematical equations. Secondly, the range of ZSV injection is determined according to the conditions such as the control of neutral point voltage and the limitation of high‐phase voltage leaps. Finally, the equations of the maximum amplitude in the voltage fluctuation of the three‐phase FCs are established, and the ZSV with the minimum voltage amplitude fluctuation of the FCs is obtained within the effective range of the ZSV injection. Compared with the traditional shifted pulse width modulation (SPWM)/space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) method, the proposed method can effectively reduce the fluctuation of the FC voltage by 50%. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Novel SVPWM for Open Winding PMSM Drives With Simultaneous Common Mode Voltage Control and Full Frequency Zero Sequence Current Suppression

Zero sequence voltage (ZSV) can cause zero sequence current (ZSC), while variation of common mode voltage (CMV) can cause bearing current in an open winding (OW) permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) fed by common dc -bus dual two-level inverters. This article proposes a novel space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) strategy for simultaneously eliminating CMV variation and suppressing full frequency ZSC harmonics in either linear or over modulation region by optimal selection of switching combinations. The proposed SVPWM can reduce large ZSV ripples and number of switching actions in the conventional CMV control method for the common dc -bus OW drive. Thus, high-frequency ZSC harmonics and switching frequency can be significantly reduced in both linear and over modulation regions. Moreover, the proposed SVPWM can suppress large low-frequency ZSC harmonics induced by the conventional method in over modulation region. The superior performances of CMV variation elimination and full frequency ZSC suppression in the proposed SVPWM are verified by experiments.

Development Status of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) Control Method for Multi-Level Inverter

Inverter has played an important role in power electronics technology since its invention. The traditional 2-level inverter is most widely used due to its simple structure, but it cannot meet the needs of high-voltage and high-power fields anymore. Thus, three-level and multi-level inverters are invented. Although complicated in structure, these two kinds of inverters can output larger voltage, and the voltage distortion rate and the ripple current are smaller. The emergence of different modulation methods also makes up for the defects of multi-level inverters. The improvement and simplification of the control algorithm of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) make multi-level control less complicated. This paper introduces the current status and trends of SVPWM.

A Variable Switching Frequency Space Vector Pulsewidth Modulation Technique Using Virtual Flux Ripple

The variable switching frequency space vector pulse width modulation technique based on current ripple prediction (CRP-VSFSVPWM) can effectively suppress electromagnetic noise, but its effectiveness depends on the accuracy of load parameters. In this paper, a virtual flux ripple prediction model is developed. Similar to the current ripple prediction model, it is also a time-domain ripple prediction model, but it does not require load parameters and has low complexity. Furthermore, a variable switching frequency space vector modulation strategy based on three-phase virtual flux ripple is designed in this paper. The proposed method is fully validated by comparison with the fixed switching frequency space vector modulation and CRP-VSFSVPWM on a three-phase inverter. Experimental results confirm that the proposed technique can significantly suppress electromagnetic noise while maintaining current harmonic performance, and its performance is not affected by load parameters.

Multi-dimension SVPWM-based sensorless control of 7-phase PMSM drives

A new control technique for the 7-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) when a failure in the speed sensor is introduced. This will make the whole drive system more robust and at the same time reduce the cost. The speed and the position of the shaft of the motor are obtained by tracking the saturation saliency of the 7-phase motor when a failure in speed sensor is occurred. The proposed saliency-tracking algorithm is based on measuring the derivative of the stator currents of the 7-phase motor after the switching of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) of the 7-phase inverter due to the implementation of the multi-dimension space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). This modulation technique is used in the 7-phase drives to suppress the 3rd and 5th harmonics. Simulation results show that the 7-phase motor drive could track the reference speed at different load conditions when a failure in the speed sensor is occurred without compromising the performance.

Field-programmable gate array-based field-oriented control for permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a special type of synchronous electric motor that has many applications such as in the manufacturing industry of robots, self-propelled mechanisms, in the medical fiel. In this paper, the permanent magnet synchronous motor motor control structure according to the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm will be implemented on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card. Function blocks in FOC algorithm for example PI controller, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm will be integrated into individual itegrated circuit (Ics) then will be connected to form an IC with the function of implementing FOC algorithm. Furthermore, this algorithm will be used for powertrains using gallium nitride (GaN). GaN technology provides switching frequencies up to 100 kHz instead of the upper 2 to 20 kHz like insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors. With GaN technology, it is possible to reduce switching losses as well as increase the efficiency of the power converter. The performance results will be verified through the typhoon hardware in the loop (HIL) device.

A Novel SVPWM Fault-Tolerant Strategy for Torque Ripple Reduction of Seven-Phase Induction Machines Under Single-Phase Open-Circuit Fault

The development of multiphase drives has taken on an accelerated pace in the last decades, and fault-tolerance has been the subject of many classic studies. Traditional space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) would cause significant torque ripple in the case of open-circuit fault, which in turn degrades the fault-tolerant performance of multiphase machines. This work proposes a novel SVPWM fault-tolerant strategy for seven-phase induction machine under a single-phase open-circuit fault. A deeper insight has been provided into the reconstruction of voltage vectors without using reference current, ensuring the generality for various fault-tolerant principles. Subsequently, an eight-sector-based sector division method is proposed, and five specific nonzero voltage vectors and two zero-voltage vectors in each sector are determined to be candidates. Without confliction of switching state, the symmetric modulation module can still be utilized, which will minimize the modifications after fault occurrence. Besides, the close-loop control for harmonic planes can be fulfilled. Finally, experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed SVPWM fault-tolerant approach under both steady and transient states.

A Unified Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring Method for Three-Level T-Type Inverter

Traditional fault diagnosis (FD) and condition monitoring (CM) methods for three-level T-type (3L-T) inverters are studied separately, which is not conducive to guaranteeing the reliability of the 3L-T inverter in an all-around way. This article presents a unified open-circuit FD and CM method for the 3L-T inverter based on the proposed <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> -state voltage measurement circuit (OVMC). The designed OVMC comprises a voltage limiter, an absolute value circuit, and a minimum value circuit, separating all the OVs and actual switching state information with a few devices and terminals. The corresponding sampling method is designed under the space vector pulsewidth modulation mode, and the sampling frequency is only twice the switching frequency. Three exceptional cases are considered during the implementation to achieve accurate OV sampling. The proposed method for fault locating requires only a straightforward lookup table without complicated feature extraction and threshold setting steps. Meanwhile, the FD results would help to correct the OV distribution. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed unified FD and CM method merits high measurement accuracy, fast response speed, and short FD time.

Analysis of Explicit Model Predictive Control for Track-Following Servo Control of Lunar Gravity Compensation Facility

The Lunar Gravity Compensation Facility (LGCF) is a critical component in ground tests for a crewed lunar roving vehicle (CLRV). The track-following servo subsystem’s performance is of critical importance in the LGCF, as it needs to achieve high-precision tracking of the CLRV’s fast, wide range of motion in the horizontal direction. The subsystem must also operate within various constraints, including those related to speed, acceleration, and position. These requirements introduce new challenges to both the design and control of the subsystem. To tackle these challenges, this paper employs a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) vector control method based on Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) to achieve accurate speed tracking. Additionally, this paper presents an Explicit Model Predictive Control (EMPC) strategy for precise position servo control of the track-following system under multi-parameter constraints. The simulation model of the track-following servo subsystem is established based on the above methods. The simulation results demonstrate that the position tracking error of the gravity compensation system, constructed using the above method combined with EMPC control, is less than 0.2 m. The control performance of the EMPC is significantly better than those of the PI and LQI controllers. The influence of errors on the drawbar pull is within 12.5%, and its effect on the compensation force is negligible. These results provide theoretical support for the design of a track-following servo subsystem.

An SVPWM Algorithm for a Novel Multilevel Rectifier with DC-Side Capacitor Voltage Balance

The recently proposed novel unidirectional multilevel rectifier, a three single-phase star-connected multilevel rectifier, has the characteristic of having a large number of DC-side capacitors and a complex capacitor voltage balancing control structure under conventional carrier-based phase-shift sine wave pulse-width modulation (SPWM). Hence, a space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm for the novel multilevel rectifier is proposed in this paper, which can quickly balance the capacitor voltage without an additional voltage balancing control structure. Firstly, it divides the space vectors of the rectifier, then it determines the two basis voltage vectors that synthesize the output reference voltage. After that, based on the analysis of the relationship between switching states and the charge–discharge of capacitors, the final action sequences of redundant vectors are determined according to the principle of keeping the capacitor charge–discharge time consistent. Thus, the capacitor voltages can be automatically balanced without an additional voltage balancing control structure. Finally, simulation and experimental results validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed SVPWM algorithm. The results also show improvements in current quality, capacitor voltage balance and the fluctuation of the neutral point voltage on the DC-link, allowing for further reduction in the overall volume and cost of the rectifier.

Investigation on performance evaluation of electric vehicle batteries under different drive cycles

The drive cycles influence the design, sizing, rating, and selection of electric vehicle components. So, it is required to test the Electric Vehicle (EV) on different standard drive cycles in the simulation environment before testing in real-time to evaluate the life cycle and determine the efficient and economical design of the EV. Different standard driving cycles are available to evaluate the performance of the EVs, but these drive cycle patterns vary from country to country due to differences in road conditions, traffic density, and driver disciplines. The range and performance of the EV battery mainly depend on its cell chemistry. In this research paper, the performance of different EV batteries on various standard international and Indian drive cycles has been evaluated. To determine the performance of the EV battery, an EV drive train test system has been developed, Nissan leaf 2018 EV model data has been taken in this paper. FOC control strategy for PMSM traction motor has been developed. To reduce the harmonics and improve quality of the switching losses, Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) algorithm has been adopted for PWM Inverter. Battery energy consumption, and cost per charge based on the distance travelled by the vehicle are calculated for comparing different EV batteries to evaluate their performance.

Hybrid low switching frequency modulation strategy with high dynamic response for high‐power voltage source converter

AbstractFor high‐power converters, the low switching frequency (SF) modulation represented by selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE‐PWM) is crucial to reduce the switching loss and enhance the efficiency with a good steady‐state performance. However, since the advantages of SHE‐PWM mainly come from the fixed switching angle distribution limited by non‐linear equations, switching angles should be adjusted slowly. This requires that the bandwidth of proportional integral (PI) controllers be limited hugely, resulting in a poor dynamic response. As the most popular control to improve the dynamic response, finite‐control‐set model predictive control (FCS‐MPC) has a worse steady‐state performance under low SF because of large errors caused by a long prediction period and harmonics caused by space vector PWM (SVPWM). Therefore, a hybrid modulation strategy with an acceptable complexity is proposed in this article, which combines SHE‐PWM and FCS‐MPC. PI + SHE‐PWM is adopted in a steady state with low SF, while MPC + SVPWM is used in a transient state with high SF. By studying smooth switching from the modulation level and control level, the proposed method can eliminate the current surge when switching between PI + SHE‐PWM and MPC + SVPWM. Experiments verify that the proposed method have a good steady‐state performance and high dynamic response simultaneously under overall low SF.

A space vector PWM fed SRM with full bridge power converter

In order to reduce the torque ripple of a switched reluctance motor in the electric vehicles, a space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) driving method for the switched reluctance motor (SRM) is proposed. With a ring structure, a three-phase SRM can be driven by using a standard full-bridge power converter instead of the conventional asymmetric H-bridge. Based on this type of driving topology, an SVPWM method is applied for driving the SRM. The SVPWM method is compared to the conventional SRM driving method by using the asymmetric H-bridge, the results show that the SVPWM can reduce the torque ripple in the SRM effectively. The experimental validation is also made to verify the proposed driving topology and method, of which the results match well with the simulated results.

PSO based Solar PV system for SVPWM Controlled Induction Motor for Agricultural Applications

Nowadays, renewable energy sources play a major role in agricultural applications. The recommended Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with DC-DC converter supports in refining the output voltage. This is beneficial however since the partial shading condition of PSO technique has high output power with fewer searching steps of MPPT. The objective of this work is to propose a PSO based boost converter using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) method. PSO has been anticipated to track the Global Maximum Point (GMP) under the partial shading condition. The welfares of the SVPWM technique are fixed switching frequency and lower harmonic content. The centrifugal pump used in agricultural system is obsessed by SVPWM controlled three-phase induction motor. The extent of the motor as well as the photovoltaic array evaluations are certain as the water could be pumped out even at temperature fluctuations and irradiation levels. The efficacy of the proposed design is observed under the MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Design of optimal PI controller for torque ripple minimization of SVPWM-DTC of BLDC motor

Conventional direct torque control (CDTC) for brushless DC motor (BLDCM) using proportional integral (PI) controller suffers from torque ripple minimization and speed regulation issues. A novel method in fusion with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) with DTC using optimal PI controller is developed to minimize these issues. In this method, SVPWM replaces switching table and hysteresis controllers in CDTC. To get better performance in steady state, conventional PI controllers are preferred in SVPWM-DTC for BLDCM. However, uncertainty arises due to PI controller tuning as well as load variations. In such a case, optimal PI controller tuned properly can minimize these uncertainties. Here, JAYA algorithm is used to tune controller gain parameters. Simulations of proposed PI controller of SVPWM-DTC for BLDCM are carried away in Simulink. To appreciate the performance of proposed optimal controller of SVPWM-DTC for BLDCM, the simulation results are compared with Conventional PI controller and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique based tuned PI controller. This proposed technique reduces the toque ripple by 63.1% when compared to conventional PI and 58.5% when compared to PSO-PI controller. It also improves the settling time by 43.9% when compared to conventional PI and 46.79% when compared to PSO-PI controller.