Space Security Research Articles

Wireless communications “N + 1 dimensionality” endogenous anti-jamming: theory and techniques

The existing theory and techniques of wireless communication anti-jamming have reached their performance limit recently. With this focus, by leveraging the inherent characteristics of wireless communication and referring to the principle of cyberspace endogenous security, this paper investigates the core issues of endogenous security in the electromagnetic space, namely, endogenous anti-jamming (EAJ), which can defend against unknown electromagnetic attacks effectively. Specifically, the subspace method is first adopted to establish the unified framework for the conventional spread-spectrum, intelligent, and endogenous anti-jamming, in which both the intrinsic development law of each technique and the internal logic between them are revealed. Then, the fundamental concept, key techniques, and development suggestions of wireless communication “N + 1 dimensionality” endogenous anti-jamming are proposed to seek a disruptive breakthrough.

ВИМОГИ З КІБЕРЗАХИСТУ IНФОРМАЦІЙНО-КОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ТА СЕРВІСІВ ЗВ’ЯЗКУ ПІД ЧАС ЇХ РОЗГОРТАННЯ ТА ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ НА ПУНКТАХ УПРАВЛІННЯ СКЛАДОВИХ СИЛ ОБОРОНИ ТА БЕЗПЕКИ

The relevance of this work is due to the fact that in recent years the communication forces have been constantly developing and equipped with the latest digital means of communication, which allows them to successfully perform their assigned tasks. Today, information and communication systems that are deployed at the control points of various branches of management ensure the implementation of priority tasks for the management of troops. Functionally, the communication system and information systems are deployed at control points as a single information and communication environment based on the implementation of the latest information and communication technologies, information exchange protocols, complexes, systems and means of communication, which ensures the exchange of all types of information between bodies military management (management bodies) and control points at all levels of management. An active communication system ensures the exchange of information with guaranteed security in a single information space as a set of material functions (including personnel and other resources) that combine to perform a certain task. In turn, information systems, as a set of equipment, methods and procedures, and, if necessary, personnel organized to perform information processing functions operate in accordance with a defined structure, namely: - services, in the context of communication and information systems; - architecture, in the context of communication and information systems; - functions in the context of service-oriented architecture; - interoperability; - information protection and cyber protection. It is clear that the more important the object of management, the more capacious flow of information can be directed to it. This allows the adversary/attacker to identify the most important targets and direct other types of information to them or suppress them in various ways. Thus, in the interests of ensuring cyber protection of electronic information resources, communication and technological systems of the control points of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the technological infrastructure of cyber protection of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has been deployed and is functioning, which is a component of the unified system of information protection and cyber protection in the information and communication systems of the Ministry of Defense and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In these conditions, to solve the tasks of preventing unwanted interventions, disruption of the stable functioning of the information and communication environment at control points, counterweights in obtaining confidential information, data theft, and other minimally necessary components of the cyber protection infrastructure are deployed. The main components of the relevant technological infrastructure of cyber protection are the security information event management system (SIEM), the threat information exchange platform (Malware Information Sharing Platform & Threat Sharing, MISP), the centralized management system of inter-network screens and the system for detecting and countering cyber threats. including computer viruses on end equipment. Therefore, solving the tasks of ensuring cyber protection in the course of deployment and operation of electronic communication networks and communication services at the control points of various branches of management turns out to be quite a serious and urgent task.

ВПЛИВ МІЖНАРОДНОГО БЕЗПЕКОВОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА НА ФОРМУВАННЯ МОРСЬКОЇ БЕЗПЕКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to highlighting the existing problems of the formation of the security environment in the state, including its influence on the formation of the maritime security policy of Ukraine. In the conditions of destabilization of the international security space, there is a threat of realization of security risks. European integration is an important component of the process of globalization of the modern world and the continuation of the path of modernization of Western civilization. Globalization affects security and defense policy, including in the maritime security environment. Russia, as an aggressor country, continues its political course of expansion in the Black Sea. It is important to build a strategy for ensuring security in the Black Sea by influential international organizations. In the conditions of globalization, Ukraine needs to use the advantages of the model for its own development, while remaining the object of external forces may have negative consequences.

ГУМАНІТАРНІ КРИЗИ ТА МІЖНАРОДНА ГУМАНІТАРНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ

It is determined that a humanitarian crisis is an emergency situation fundamentally caused by natural or anthropogenic factors, creating a critically threatening and dangerous condition for a large group of people, exceeding their ability to overcome the associated difficulties, and necessitating intervention and assistance from others. The exceptional and ambivalent nature of modern humanitarian crises is substantiated: ambivalence involves, on one hand, a destructive impact on socio-economic development, and on the other hand, it forms the foundation for new development. The exceptional nature is defined by the impossibility of people overcoming crisis phenomena independently, legitimizing the assistance from external parties. The main characteristics of humanitarian crises particularly highlighted include internal political crises, armed conflicts, deterioration of the security situation in the country, and worsening economic conditions in the country. It is determined that international humanitarian activities consist of aid and protection, encompassing two components: ensuring the fulfillment of the basic needs of those in need, and directly, protection. Humanitarian organizations do not participate in conflicts and, accordingly, do not have leverage over them. Their task is to create a humanitarian security space where humanitarian assistance is provided to all those affected by crisis phenomena. The principles of humanitarian activities are characterized as humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality. The content of the paradigm of humanitarian activities is clarified by specifying its theoretical and methodological basis according to specific classification features, which include the temporal space, the nature of crisis development, the determination of needs, the subjects of humanitarian activities, the goal-setting and conceptualization of humanitarian aid, its organizational mechanism, etc. It is proven that the evolution of the humanitarian landscape of the global economy, the increasing frequency and intensity of humanitarian crises have contributed to the supplementation of the classical paradigm of humanitarian activities with the resilience paradigm, according to which a crisis is defined as the new normal. Keywords: crisis, humanitarian crisis, international humanitarian aid, international humanitarian system.

РАЗВИТИЕ ДОКТРИНАЛЬНЫХ ОСНОВ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИЙСКО-БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the experience of conceptual support for the formation of the Union State of Russia and Belarus, taking into account the current international situation. The problematic situation is that the next stage of the escalation of world politics, launched by the world hegemons, requires the search for new forms and technologies for defending the interests of a single security space within the framework of an allied association. Why is retrospective analytical processing of the process of doctrinal support for the integration of the Russian Federation and Belarus necessary using comparative, historical, structural-functional methods, traditional document analysis and content analysis. Research results. The author presented a chronology of the development of the doctrinal foundations of the union association in the period of 1990-2000s. The stages of implementation of the integration model, which became the basis for the strategy of unification of the two states in the conditions of national sovereignty and the influence of factors of the post-bipolar era, are structured. The positive results of the policy of interaction between Russia and Belarus in solving the problems of regulatory and legal support for efforts to recreate a single political-economic, military and humanitarian space of the two fraternal peoples are summarized. The reasons for the problematic aspects of the bilateral integration strategy are assessed. As a result, a conclusion is made about the need to further use the potential for designing integration processes obtained in the previous period.

Asian Space Race: New Priorities for Industrial Development of Solar System Bodies

The article provides an overview of space programs and projects of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) with an assessment of their effectiveness and target orientation. The key emphasis is placed on the consideration of projects for the industrial development of Solar system bodies, which allow us to conclude about the emergence of a space industry aimed at the development and extraction of space resources. The features of the Asian model of space exploration are highlighted, which is focused more on the peaceful use of space and overcoming the problem of depletion of terrestrial resources. The space programs of China and Japan are considered in detail and an overview of space projects of other countries in the region, including Vietnam, Malaysia, India, Singapore, is made. As part of the analysis of China's space program, the most significant stages in its implementation and mechanisms ensuring the success of space projects, including a successful combination of state participation and the involvement of private companies in the implementation of space projects, are highlighted. The Japanese experience in the development of space projects and their targeted orientation to the industrial development of Solar system bodies is evaluated. The approaches of other countries of the Asia-Pacific region to the implementation of space projects based on international cooperation and cooperation with more developed countries in space exploration are shown. The special importance of the development of such projects in the space sphere is emphasized due to the fact that they can bring stability to the system of international space security, since they involve to a greater extent the peaceful use of space, focused on overcoming the problem of depletion of terrestrial resources.

Multi-Modal Noise-Robust DDoS Attack Detection Architecture in Large-Scale Networks Based on Tensor SVD

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks consumes the resources of traditional or cloud computing networks, resulting in the network unable to provide normal services. Therefore, accurate detection of DDoS attacks can avoid greater losses and provide an important guarantee for network space security. But with the rapid development of the Internet, the network scale is becoming larger and larger, and the structure is becoming more and more complex. Network data shows large-scale heterogeneous characteristics, which lead to data processing becomes more difficult and the traditional algorithms cannot accurately identify attack traffic. Therefore, how to accurately and efficiently detect DDoS attacks in large-scale networks has become a new challenge. To deal this problem, this paper proposes a novel DDoS attack detection framework. Which has mainly made three contributions: (i) Representation of large-scale heterogeneous network data by tensor; (ii) A multi-modal denoising algorithm based on tensor SVD is proposed; (iii) An efficient anomaly detection architecture suitable for large-scale networks is proposed, which combines (i), (ii) and XGBoost classification model. Experiments show that the framework can achieve a high detection rate of 98.84%, and has the characteristics of well extendable, strong noise-robust and fast detection speed.

Univariate and Multivariate Gaussian Models for Anomaly Detection in Multi Tenant Distributed Systems

Due to the flaws in shared memory, settings, and network access, distributed systems on a network always have been susceptible to cyber intrusions. Co-users on the same server give attackers the chance to monitor the activity of many other users and launch an attack when those users' security is at risk. Building completely secure network topologies immune from risks and assaults has traditionally been the goal. It is also hard to create an architecture that is 100 percent safe due to its open-ended nature. The precise parameters and infrastructure design whereby the strike is instantiated are a constant which can always be detected regardless of the sort of attack. This work now have the chance to simulate any abnormality and subsequent attack possibilities using network parameter values thanks to the increased usage of algorithms for machine learning and data-gathering tools. This work proposes a Gaussian model to forecast the likelihood of an attack occurring depending on certain system parameters. This work model a univariate and a multivariate Gaussian model on the training dataset. This work makes use of various threshold values to predict whether the data point is an inlier or an outlier. This research examines accuracies for various threshold values. An important challenge in an anomaly detection situation is class imbalance. As long as this work just utilizes training data, a class imbalance is not a problem. Our data-driven results show that combining machine learning with Gaussian-based models might be a useful tool for analyzing network intrusions. Although more steps are being made to boost digital space security, machine learning algorithms may be utilized to examine any abnormal behavior that is left uncontrolled.

Enhancing Space Law for Ensuring Global Space Security in an Era of Growing Space Threats

Enhancing Space Law for Ensuring Global Space Security in an Era of Growing Space Threats

On the New Initiative for Responsible Space Behaviors Proposed by United Kingdom, United States, and Other States

In December 2020, the Draft Resolution on Reducing Space Threats through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviours proposed by the United Kingdom, United States, and other States was adopted at the UN General Assembly (hereafter referred to as the “New Initiative for Responsible Space Behaviours”). Nevertheless, it does not mean that the international community would achieve the expected breakthroughs and progress on the topic of preventing an arms race in outer space. The methodology of “identifying threats - characterising behaviors (responsible/irresponsible) - formulating rules” proposed by the Initiative seems reasonable; however, it might bring more unexpected uncertainties than it is supposed to do. This approach could also be found in the Defense Space Strategy promulgated by the United States in 2020. The pros and cons of this Initiative should be calmly and objectively analyzed to avoid a political deadlock in formulating rules of behaviors. It should insist on identifying the threats and risks faced by the international community as a whole rather than that by individual States and interest groups, and reexamine the dichotomy of “responsible/irresponsible behaviors,” focus on the identification and interpretation of rule of international law related to space security so as to reach a consensus on the insufficiency of lex lata and subsequently lay the foundation for the formulation of effective new rules for arms control in outer space.

Safety Assessment of Liquid Launch Vehicle Structures Based on Interpretable Belief Rule Base

A liquid launch vehicle is an important carrier in aviation, and its regular operation is essential to maintain space security. In the safety assessment of fluid launch vehicle body structure, it is necessary to ensure that the assessment model can learn self-response rules from various uncertain data and not differently to provide a traceable and interpretable assessment process. Therefore, a belief rule base with interpretability (BRB-i) assessment method of liquid launch vehicle structure safety status combines data and knowledge. Moreover, an innovative whale optimization algorithm with interpretable constraints is proposed. The experiments are carried out based on the liquid launch vehicle safety experiment platform, and the information on the safety status of the liquid launch vehicle is obtained by monitoring the detection indicators under the simulation platform. The MSEs of the proposed model are 3.8000e-03, 1.3000e-03, 2.1000e-03, and 1.8936e-04 for 25%, 45%, 65%, and 84% of the training samples, respectively. It can be seen that the proposed model also shows a better ability to handle small sample data. Meanwhile, the belief distribution of the BRB-i model output has a high fitting trend with the belief distribution of the expert knowledge settings, which indicates the interpretability of the BRB-i model. Experimental results show that, compared with other methods, the BRB-i model guarantees the model’s interpretability and the high precision of experimental results.

Satellite Navigation in Ukraine: Legal Frameworks and Implications for Space Security

Satellite Navigation in Ukraine: Legal Frameworks and Implications for Space Security

Gender Agitation and Anti-Sexual Harassment : A Study of Kuntowijoyo's Prophetic Social Perspectives

<p>Sexual harassment and violence seems to be a taboo subject and its resolution has not been holistically understood in our society. The fame of the case that never stops surfacing in the public eye, forms a collective massive agitation to crush the naughty sexual paradigm. The author is interested in examining how the construction of movements and counter-narratives are formed in realizing fundamental freedom and understanding related to sexual harassment. The author uses a descriptive qualitative approach using secondary data from literature. The description of the study will be obtained through optimizing the formulation of the topic interpretation surrounding the issue of sexual harassment. The elaboration of interpretation and data that was carried out was then analyzed through Kuntowijoyo's Social Prophetic theoretical lines. This research concludes that the various forms of agitation that are exposed are exposures in building humanization and liberation values for all people in a fair and safe manner. The idea in the form of agitation is a form of invitation for all groups to be involved in efforts to uphold human rights, freedom and security in the public space.</p>

Customer Authentication in Mobile Banking-MLOps Practices and AI-Driven Biometric Authentication Systems

The intersection of customer demands, security, and innovative services in the diverse mobile banking space calls for continuous adaptation by financial institutions. Small challenges such as on-demand customization and scalability are addressed through merging technologies, which is important for smaller institutions undergoing IT modernization. Despite the slow pace of ML adoption in banking, those leveraging ML experience increased their success in this competitive landscape. This article looks at the role of MLOps in overcoming challenges posed by evolving data volumes and complexities in deploying and developing ML models within financial institutions. As online banking authentication holds an important role in securing financial transactions, a historical overview of authentication methods, from biometrics to tokens, creates a chance to delve into the transformative potential of AI-driven biometric authentication. With the increase in mobile banking fraud, the need to safeguard sensitive customer data is met with radical technology. The article examines the varied authentication methods employed in online banking applications and depicts the potential of biometrics, majorly behavioral biometrics, to improve security and user experience. The rise of online mobile banking systems introduces both convenience and security concerns, thus prompting a closer look at the adoption of biometrics to mitigate fraud risks and improve the seamless authentication process throughout the user session. Customers increasingly demand quick and easy mobile payments, so biometrics has become a key fraud prevention and detection solution. By running in the background and eliminating setup authentication and risk-based authentication, behavioral biometrics significantly reduces fraud, thus addressing the limitations of traditional authentication methods like email verification and passwords. The article navigates the evolving mobile banking security space, highlighting the important role of MLOps and the potential of AI-driven biometric authentication in meeting the dual objectives of improving customer experience and strengthening severity protocols.

Scientific discourse on NATO's strategic evolution

In 2022 it is planned to release a new strategic concept of NATO. Experts and scholars are taking a prominent part in its development. They have a significant impact on the formation of the foreign policy identity of this transnational political space through their place in the construction of the foreign policy identity of states, NATO institutions and related structures. In the research, using the method of discourse analysis, were studied the publications of think tanks affiliated with NATO, the EU, the US, the UK. The researchers’ current approaches to the strategic development of the alliance are considered, a comparative analysis is carried out, the established scientific schools – NATO, EU, USA and the UK – are highlighted. It is concluded that the scientific community creates narratives about the past and future of the organization, contributes to determining its place in international relations, its partners and rivals. In turn, NATO's foreign policy identity as a transnational political space transforms the identities of the member states, which leads to the homogeneity of the transatlantic security space, isomorphism between its subjects – states. NATO is perceived by Western experts as a community of democratic states with global ambitions and responsibility in maintaining international security and promoting Western values. The key threats are the policies of Russia and China, technological changes, contradictions within the alliance. At the same time, in each of the schools are researched problems that are relevant to it. The most influential are the schools of NATO and the US. European schools, primarily the EU’s, have less influence, which is due to their emphasis on EU defence integration, disagreements within the Union itself, limited results of new defense initiatives after 2016.

International legal issues on biosafety: general overview

Objective: The legal concept and content of biosafety is discussed in the context of International Law. Biosafety issues are enumerated as part of a definition of concrete aspects related to responsibility of the states for using biological weapons. The latest trends in international law on ensuring the international biosafety are analysed. Legal issues concerning the definition of a just war are discussed in terms of international humanitarian law, the issues of fundamental principles in current international law (the principle of necessity governing the use of force, the right of states to self-defence in case of a bioattack, the principle of the peaceful settlement of international disputes, the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, arms control, and responsibility). The article presents an overview of new types of sovereignty such as biosovereignty, cyber sovereignty, and genomic sovereignty of states, along with the legal concept of international biocrime (genomocide), as well as classifications of bioterrorism, bioaggression, biopolitics and bioeconomics. Under current conditions, the importance of facilitating a broad interpretation of the concept of biosafety is emphasized.Methodology: The research uses general scientific and special cognitive techniques wherein legal analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and dialectical methods are applied.Results: Despite the prohibition of biological weapons, urgent issues, such as establishing an international control mechanism for monitoring the non-proliferation of biological weapons, remain. Moreover, the Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), which entered into force in 1975, is yet to be fully adopted and / or ratified by all member states. Identifying certain types of biomedical research that should be banned according to generally accepted principles, the study concludes that the problem of banning these research activities has yet to be solved by some states. The concept of biosafety is interpreted broadly in terms of issues arising in relevant industrial processes. Biosecurity and biosafety are directly related to ensuring environmental security, marine security, food security and the security of outer space. Principles governing effective legal regulation for ensuring environmental, biological, and food safety are presented.

A Review of Cyber Security and Cyber-Attacks – What to Know?

In this era, human activities have seen a shift and our majority activities including social, cultural,economic and even governmental and NGOs are being done in the cyberspace, especially during andafter the crisis of corona pandemic. Due to this shift in communication culture, many individuals andorganizations including governments have to face cyber-attacks. Due to heavy reliance ontechnology and little awareness, defending against cyber-attacks is very challenging. Cyber attacksare usually conducted with the goal of harming an organization or individual financially or theseattacks may also be motivated for political or military purposes. Viruses, malwares, ransomwares,denial-of-service and phishing attacks are some of the examples. To protect themselves,organizations employ variety of strategies to mitigate or prevent the threat of these attacks. Toprevent and mitigate cyber-attacks, researchers and professionals have devised a number oftechniques. This paper is written to thoroughly study and analyze these various approaches andproposed cybersecurity standards, and also to look into the problems, limitations and strengths ofthese techniques. Fundamental concepts of cyber-attacks and cyber security are discussed alongwith the current advancements and upcoming trends in security of cyber space. Such acomprehensive review paper would be highly beneficial.

To a criminological analysis of justification, recognition as legitimate or denial of armed aggression of the Russian Federation and glorification of its participants as a new challenge to the security of the information space of Ukraine

The article attempts to research and give a criminological assessment of the recently criminalized phenomenon of justification, recognition or denial of armed aggression of the Russian Federation and glorification of its participants (Article 4362 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), which is new for the legal field of Ukraine. It is proven that such actions of the perpetrators are a serious challenge to the security of the country's information space, especially in the conditions of the active phase of the Ukrainian people's resistance to Russian aggression. In addition, a forecast was made regarding the future state of this dangerous phenomenon.

Ketidakefektifan ICOC dalam Mengatasi Potensi Ancaman di Luar Angkasa

as collective initiation from major countries in Europe, ICoC or International Code of Conduct on Outer Space was launched in 2008. This code of conduct is expected to call the main actors in space activity with more concern about space security, cooperation, and anti-space militarization activities. However, there are many interpretations in each country and make this code of conduct not effective. In recent decades, a lot of space missions launched to LEO and GEO have produced a million debris. Moreover, security dilemmas in each actor bring them to traditional security competition. The US, China, and Russia officially reform the Space Force to strengthen their space capability. Worstly, this force is armed with high-tech space technology such as Satellite for military operations, satellite jamming and so on. This research will mention various ineffectiveness of ICoC, limited in space debris production and militarization of outer space by major actors on the global level.

Indian Space Force: A Strategic Inevitability

Since the beginning, the critical focus of India's space programme has been investing in space technologies for the purposes of socioeconomic development. Nonetheless, India's space agenda has always remained dynamic and over the years the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been undertaking various scientific and commercial value programmes, such as launching an astronomical satellite, undertaking missions to the Moon and Mars, launching satellites for navigation and developing the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle. Today India has increasing concerns about the security of its space assets. On 27 March 2019, the Indian Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted an anti-satellite test (ASAT). This act is said to have transformed India's strategic calculations in the domain of space. This test indicates that India is trying to redefine its own responses to space security challenges. This article attempts to recognise India's atypical space security challenges and debates on the possible response mechanism to these security challenges. The article further argues that constituting an Indian Space Force could be the most apt response mechanism in this context.