Space Security Research Articles

Indian Space Force: A Strategic Inevitability

Since the beginning, the critical focus of India's space programme has been investing in space technologies for the purposes of socioeconomic development. Nonetheless, India's space agenda has always remained dynamic and over the years the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been undertaking various scientific and commercial value programmes, such as launching an astronomical satellite, undertaking missions to the Moon and Mars, launching satellites for navigation and developing the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle. Today India has increasing concerns about the security of its space assets. On 27 March 2019, the Indian Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted an anti-satellite test (ASAT). This act is said to have transformed India's strategic calculations in the domain of space. This test indicates that India is trying to redefine its own responses to space security challenges. This article attempts to recognise India's atypical space security challenges and debates on the possible response mechanism to these security challenges. The article further argues that constituting an Indian Space Force could be the most apt response mechanism in this context.

The importance of safety and security in urban space

Purpose of the study: This article presents the main determinants of security and safety in the public space of the city. The main objective is to examine the importance of security in the public area of the city and to discuss how it can be achieved.
 Methodology: In the article was used a literature review mainly on the urban public area as one of the most critical aspects of the city. "Desk research" is the method that was used to analyze.
 Main findings: From the considerations, the urban public space can be a place of excellent security or an area of crime and fear. Key factors affecting safety in urban public regions are visibility and design.
 Application of the study: This rticle refers to the behavior of citizens in urban spaces. As more and more hackers attack both companies and individuals, everyone needs to take the necessary precautions. The use of aids such as cameras and lighting can help to warn residents of possible hazards. Article's content may be helpful for residents to work together to create a safer environment.
 Originality/Novelty of the study: Safety and security must never be compromised in public places in the city. Aspects of public space are an essential part of life and must be secure for safety and well-being. The reasons for applying precautions in urban areas in this article suggest that security should not be neglected, as it can lead to large-scale accidents and tragedies in the absence of adequate safety measures. This article may stimulate further research and study in the field of public security and contribute to other interesting scientific contributions on the subject.

KEY CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL AIRPORT SECURITY SYSTEMS IN CONTEXT OF CURRENT THREATS AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS

The aim of this paper is to highlight some key challenges of global airport security systems in context of current threats, especially Covid-19 and available technological solutions. The airport environment will change significantly. Combined with the growing expectations of passengers and the need to improve security in the face of a changing global threat, this new system will lead to changes in many procedures (both in context of security and protection of airport critical environment as well as from perspective of securing the airport public areas and even health protection of overall airport community). Due to new types of threats and a significant increase in the number of passengers during pre-Covid-19 era, new technological solutions were introduced, affecting the security of restricted and public spaces. This problem, due to its complexity and unpredictability, still leaves a lot of room for improvement and increasing their effectiveness. Especially taking into consideration current pandemic scenarios and context of safety precautions and social distancing, the role of new technologies will be crucial, in order to re-build trust amongst air travellers and to ensure consistency within general aviation security measures. The paper takes into account results of selected researches.

The safety of inhabitants and the urban space design – Good practices

Purpose of the study: The main purpose of the article is to present the functional and spatial factors that significantly affect the shaping of safe spaces in the city. Methodology: The article was prepared using a literature review on urban public space context as one of the most important aspects of the city. “Desk research” is the method that was used to analyse. Main findings: Safe spaces in the city focus on safety determinants such as space and function. Space means a selected place where residents do not feel comfortable after dark. The function, on the other hand, indicates the specific socio-economic conditions of the inhabitants. Application of the study: This article refers to social life: officials, entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, activists, and in particular, the inhabitants of the city. The content contained in the article may be useful to the inhabitants of the city. Originality/Novelty of the study: The city is a “space” that can be perceived through the prism of various criteria. The article may inspire further research and investigations in the field of the security of urban spaces.

Deterrence in Space

The recent increase in space activity brought space security considerations more to the forefront. Asthe chances of conflict in space are growing, scientific research aims at finding the possibly mosteffective tools to avoid or to win conflicts in this new domain.However, equipment deployed in space, in case it is destroyed, is hard to replace and due to thegenerated debris field, it can also endanger the capabilities of the attacker. Therefore, many expertsconsider deterrence as one of the most effective methods and try to adjust it for the space domain.However, there is a fundamental difference between the Western and the Russian or Chinese conceptsof this strategy. For the latter, coercion is an acceptable and logical part of deterrence.

Destructive information influence and its implementation

With the dynamic development of political, economic and military processes, the guarantee of the national security in the information space is an essential element that significantly changes the appropriate functioning of any country. The current state of affairs in the context of the mainstreaming of the Ukrainian factor in the information warfare requires improvements of state institutions to counter Russian Federation destructive informational influence and its special information operations. Taking into account theoretical and applied research on the issue, it is worth mentioning that destructive information impact requires a systematic and integrated approach to problem solving. In the research authors investigate theoretical aspects of destructive informational influence and determine prior directions of the use in information warfare against Ukraine by Russian Federation. Scientific methods of modern epistemology are applied in accordance with the aim of the research. On the methodological basis of the study, the cognitive theory as a fundamental principle is used by experts in the field of information security. The results of analysis of theoretical research aspects of Ukrainian and foreign scholars determine priorities for the enemy to use destructive informational influence on Ukraine and the most vulnerable areas in information space of the country.

The Importance of Global Effort to Secure Space Sector from Cyberattack

The use of internet has grown massively since 1990s. It has brought both life improvement and criminal activities in cyberspace. The cyberattack has affected most sectors including space sector. The space sector is vulnerable to cyberattacks because a lot of human technologies depend on it. The actors behind it cannot be identified as an individual based on geographical location, so that, global effort is needed. The importance of global effort to secure space sector from cyberattacks is discussed in this paper. This paper used the descriptive method and library research techniques to collect data. Data about cyberattack on space sector and efforts to secure them were collected from academic journals and international organizations� documents. Then, they were analyzed using the global governance theory. The result shows that global effort to secure space sector from cyberattack is important because it is a transnational problem, furthermore space sector connects modern infrastructures worldwide.

MAD* Beyond Defence

Advancements in technology are regularly identified, assessed, and classed into emerging and/or potentially disruptive technologies, according to their ability to cause disruptions to defence systems, and in defence. Perhaps this is because defence capabilities centre on grand technology systems deployed at the level of nations. Hypersonic missiles are one example. The testing of a new hypersonic missile or a research program on types of hypersonic drones immediately sparks questions like: which other nations have such capability? or what types of technologies can be used to detect or counter these? In contrast, the ability to identify weak, faint factors that add up and lead to conflict are not brought together in a systematic manner. Nor is it common for there to be a cross-talk between a combination of methods used within military science and technology organizations over in to social sciences related to intelligence and/or conflict. This is a preventable strategic foresight issue relevant for enhancing, planning for, and investing in the security space. This paper describes the MAD (Methodology for Assessing Disruptions) tool, which is adaptable beyond the defence domain. MAD is a scenario-based two-part table-top exercise conducted to identify weak signals that have the potential to cause disruptions, which by consequence may coalesce into challenges for security. Exercising such methods is essential for security professionals to prepare and plan for future conflicts instead of constantly reacting to immediate acute problems.

ПОДХОДЫ К ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЮ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЛИЧНОСТИ В СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ МЕДИА

Statement of the problem. In the modern world, information and information technologies play an important role in all spheres of society and the state. At the same time, the Internet not only provides new opportunities, but can also have a destructive effect on users, mainly young people. The purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities of ensuring information security and psychological safety in the Internet space. The research methodology is based on approaches to automatic filtering of social media content. Research results. Approaches to detecting prohibited content on the Internet are analyzed and compared. The choice of a method for conducting a computational experiment is substantiated and conclusions are drawn based on the results of its implementation. Conclusion. The article presents results of the research on the problem of an automated procedure for detecting and filtering content prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation on the Internet.

An Adaptive Launch Control for Balloon-Borne UAVs with Large Wingspans

Near space has attracted major countries’ attention due to the fact that it is a new cognitive space of Earth and acts as an important national security space. Near-space solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming a focus of research in the aviation field. However, it is difficult for solar-powered UAVs to climb such high heights and achieving optimal cruising levels is challenging. A balloon-borne-based aircraft that rises with the help of a balloon avoids difficult climbing processes and initiates a new research direction in the near-space aviation domain. Simultaneously, the special mode of taking off poses a great challenge for the pull-up control of balloon-borne aircraft, especially for large wingspan aircraft. In this paper, we propose an adaptive launch control for the pull-up process of large-scale balloon-borne-based aircraft. First, the flight control of the pull-up process for a large-scale balloon-borne-based aircraft is analyzed. Then, a flight dynamic model considering elastic deformation is established. Finally, an adaptive aircraft pull-up control algorithm is proposed. We evaluate it by performing simulation experiments and comparing it with the latest control algorithm utilized in physical experiments. The experiment’s results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with respect to overcoming challenges in controlling pull-up processes and its superiority compared to the latest control algorithm.

Cyber Crimes and Cyber Hygiene Practices Among Young Girls

The world evidences an immense transformation from pen & paper culture to digital culture, particularly, post covid pandemic. We live in the digitally complex generation. The evolution of digitalization and explosive usage of internet have lead to cyber crimes (e-crimes) and cyber violations. With the increase of ‘Work from Home’ option, women are more prone to serious consequences of cyber attacks and lead to traumatic experiences. The Government of India has started attempting to renovate our nation into digitally enabled and empowered, through its “The Digital India” project. But, is the digitalization completely favourable for our people? The primary aim of the study is to answer this question by creating awareness on cyber crimes and security measures among women and young girls, whom the law looks down and does not recognize properly, even in today’s developed society. An attempt is made to keep them away from any sort harm by cyber usage or exploitations. In the direction to caution women about cyber threats by not hindering digitalization and innovation, the authors have analyzed previous research studies conducted with respect to cyber threats and security space, major cyber crime cases in India, Cyber laws, agencies that deal with cyber security and key initiatives implemented by our Indian government to protect innocent people from cyber threats. Hence, at the end of this study, protective measures and cyber hygiene practices are suggested to make women and young girls become more cautious and reorient their behaviour to make safest use of internet and protect themselves against cyber attacks.

Heimat Wilhelmsburg: Belonging and resistance in a racialized neighborhood

ABSTRACT Considering how Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg has been stigmatized for decades, and recently targeted for redevelopment, you would hardly guess from the outside that the neighborhood is beloved by racialized long-time residents, and considered to be a warm, welcoming Heimat: a space of belonging, where you do not have to justify your presence. This identification is tied to the neighborhood’s racialization; the qualities that have been labeled as problems to be transformed through social mix make it a space of relative safety and security, in a context in which many residents experience attempted exclusions from German identity. Based on interviews with racialized long-time residents, contextualized within racialization in Germany, the racialized displaceability embedded in social mix policy, the contested meaning of Heimat, and the experiences of Wilhelmsburg residents with migrantization, I argue that this emphatic claim is a strength that is threatened by the current process of social mix gentrification.

Underlying Security Transmission Design for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) Modulation.

With the aim of ensuring secure transmission in high-mobility wireless scenarios, this paper proposes a 2D permutation-aided Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) secure transmission scheme, which uses the Gosudarstvennyi Standard (GOST) algorithm to perform disturbance control on the OTFS modulation domain. Furthermore, we develop an improved SeLective Mapping (SLM) algorithm, which can significantly improve the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) problem with very low complexity. In addition, we carry out the security analysis, investigating the proposed scheme’s resistance performance to a range of effective attacks. Finally, our numerical results show that our proposed transmission scheme can guarantee the underlying security property of OTFS.

Anti-weaponization of Outer Space for Maintaining Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities

Space weaponization should be prevented because of its detrimental effects on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (LTSOSA). International law that currently governs weaponization in outer space should be implemented, and international rules that pertain to the LTSOSA should impose direct and indirect soft-law constraints on space weaponization. Nevertheless, the direct and indirect roles of international law in inhibiting space weaponization are limited, and a legal lacuna still exists in the governance of conventional weapons in the Earth's orbit. Independent and more focused discussions on specific issues related to space security are recommended given that the disagreement on related issues has prevented real progress from being made during multilateral discussions addressing the space technologies that could be used in a hostile manner. The integration of some norms of responsible space activity into the new LTSOSA Guidelines discussed under the auspices of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is also recommended, along with an ongoing strong political constraint on the deployment and testing of dedicated space weapons in outer space through the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions and international condemnation. The latter is a good alternative under the current circumstances to preserve the LTSOSA by working against the weaponization of outer space.

Harmonization of Media Legislation in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries as a Factor of Information Security

The article substantiates the need to harmonize the national laws governing the activities of the media of the EAEU countries in order to ensure information security in the post-Soviet space in the context of exacerbation of international geopolitical conflicts and intensification of information confrontation. The authors identify some aspects of media space regulation that are not robust legislatively including the conceptual apparatus, regulation of social media and copyright on social media platforms. The study analyzed main legislative acts regulating the activities of mass media in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. To clarify the meaning of legal norms some other laws and instructions were also taken into account. The article examines current regulatory framework according to a number of parameters identified by the authors for possible contradictions that hinder the formation of the unified information space of the Union. The analysis revealed discrepancies in legislation including requirements for media registration and accreditation of journalists, the use of language in the media, the supremacy of international treaties, as well as indications of the possibilities of international cooperation in the field of mass media. The study identified possible directions of work on the harmonization of the federal and republican legislations of the member states at the national and supranational levels. The authors proposed variants of harmonization, among them the compilation of a reference glossary of key concepts, model laws and a unifying set of legal norms common to all states. The study contains an assumption about the expediency of gradual harmonization using various tools.

Race-based readings of safety in public space in Milan, the challenge for urban design

Urban designers have long sought to plan more secure public spaces by encouraging a sense of territory through the surveillant and the surveyed. Nevertheless, the racial dimension of this territorialisation is insufficiently recognised. Our research tool, which we have trialled in Milan, identifies the influence of design in creating a sense of security in public space and, independently, the influence of race. It provides designers with a tool that could facilitate a more radically just practice that takes ownership of the role of race in perceptions of secure public space and challenges existing conscious and unconscious bias and which in so doing makes design practice more resilient to the rise of populist administrations increasingly engaging in bordering practices that conjoin migration, race and security at a national scale, but which are often enacted at the city scale.

Indicators Affecting the Urban Resilience with a Scenario Approach in Tehran Metropolis

Urban resilience refers to the capacity of an urban system to fully recover from unforeseen calamities. This study aims to assess the physical resilience indicators used to measure urban resilience in Tehran, the political and economic capital of Iran, and to pinpoint the most significant direct and indirect influences on urban resilience. The research process divided into two parts. The environmental scanning approach (reviewing papers and published sources, interviewing specialists, and monitoring conferences) and the literature review were employed in the first part to compile a database of the key information on the elements impacting physical resilience. The most significant factors impacting physical resilience over the next ten years were requested to be identified by specialists and intellectuals in the second part. Finally, the MicMac program was used to analyze the data after 29 variables were specified in Delphi. In light of the trace-analysis-dependence diagram, which depicts the instability of the influential factors and the persistence of their impact on other variables, the results demonstrate that Tehran’s physical resilience is in an unstable condition. According to the results, the factors that have the maximum impact on other variables are granularity drivers, emergency evacuation capacity, rescue and security spaces (emergency, fire station, and police station), impermeability, rate of the amendment and retrofitting measures in the buildings of each zone, building age, and the compatibility of land uses. The variables that are most susceptible to change from other variables include the distribution status of dangerous land uses, the quality of the buildings, the rate of historically vulnerable buildings, the vulnerability of internal and external roads, the rate of improvements and retrofitting measures in buildings in each zone, as well as historically vulnerable historical buildings.

Формирование и развитие институциональной системы обеспечения культурной безопасности региона

The purpose of the article is to study the cultural security of the South Russian region, taking intoaccount the relevance of this issue in the context of internal and external challenges in Russian society. The article contains conclusions about cultural security as an organic component of national and social security in the Russian regional space. It is noted that in the conditions of the need for social and political consolidation, the influence of risks in the field of culture increases as containing hidden conflict, but having the property of converting into social and political risks. The South of Russia as a multicultural education actualizes the model of cultural security at the level of preservation of cultural and historical heritage, continuity of traditions and innovations and prevention of cultural extremism. In the aspect of national security, the conflictogenic potential of cultural pluralism is noted, which is not only true for Western multicultural societies, but also has resonance in Russian regions, when cultural risks become obvious, determined by the closeness of cultural forms on the basis of the preservation, equivalence and immutability of cultural values, the main argument in favor of which is tradition. The institutional system of ensuring the cultural security of the South Russian region in a situation of internal and external challenges needs to mobilize the resources of state and public institutions. This is necessary to create a special platform that includes cooperation and dialogue, strengthening the forms of civil identity of the population based on the mechanisms of cultural heritage of historical memory. An equally important conclusion is that, as a consequence, it is necessary to block the channels of informal reproduction of cultural risks and imbalances, but this can be done through access to socio-informational and cultural resources of active groups of the population for whom associations of interests in the field of culture become the starting point in approving the goals of cultural security in the South Russian region.

The national security field under conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022

This article touches upon the problem of organizing security space under the conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022. According to the understanding of the “security” concept, it is determined that the security space should put a state and its vital interests under protection from any internal and external threats. It is emphasized that in conditions of armed aggression, the central components of the security space should be international (global) security and national security. The main areas of international (global) security should include the development and control of weapons, the fight against international terrorism, the development by the international community of effective mechanisms for countering modern global security challenges (proliferation of mass destruction weapons, namely nuclear weapons). Inclusion of military, state, information and cyber security is proposed as the main areas of national security.

Quality of Public Space Safety at Kumbasari Tukad Badung Park, Denpasar

<p>Public space / public space is a container that accommodates certain activities of the community both individually and in groups. Public space is stated to be ideal and must have several important aspects, namely convivial, namely comfortable, safe, then becomes a forum for the community to interact between fellow users or other individuals. One of the public spaces owned by the city of Denpasar is Taman Kumbasari Tukad Badung, Taman Kumbasari Tukad Badung is located on the edge along the Badung river which has a length of approximately 548 meters, is in the middle of Badung Market and Kumbasari market and is located on the banks of the Badung River. This location poses a risk to the safety of its users, especially during the rainy season. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of security at the Kumbasari Tukad Badung Park facilities considering the position of this public space is on the edge of the Tukad Badung River. References. The research method uses quantitative statistical methods, namely by giving values based on existing standards. The results showed that the percentage of the quality of public space security in Taman Kumbasari Tukad Badung is in the range of 50%, where the facilities in Kumbasari Park can be said to have standard public space security.</p>