SP Theory Research Articles

Discrete gauge anomalies and instantons

We revisit anomalous phases related to large gauge transformations, such as the Witten anomaly. The latter, known to plague d = 4 Sp(k) theories, is well-understood in terms of π4(Sp(k)) = ℤ2, but it also has an oblique relation to the instantons, labeled by π3(G) = ℤ, via the fermion zero mode counting. We revisit this relation and point out how SU(N) theories escape an anomalous sign of the latter type, only thanks to the perturbative anomaly cancelation condition that restricts the chiral fermion spectrum. This leads to the question of what happens if the latter, more mundane anomaly is canceled by an inflow instead. After raising an open question about fractional D3 probe theories, we explore the simplest bottom-up model of such a kind, due to Witten and Yonekura, from which we find the relevant chiral theories to be free of such a disease despite the unrestricted chiral spectra. We close with a simple but often-overlooked observation about how fermionic zero modes enter physics differently between Euclidean and Lorentzian descriptions and point out a related issue in d = 3.

Constructing a Precise Method to Control Non-Linear Systems Employing Special Functions and Machine Learning

This paper is about finding the best way to control certain types of equations that describe heat and diffusion using methods that are not exact but close to the best solution. A new way to control things better is suggested using patterns we've seen before and computer learning. By employing the data gathered from the EEFs are computed using the Karhunen-Loève decompose in the PDE computer. The EEFs are used to convert the PDE system into a high-order ODE system. A smaller model (ROM) that may depict the primary behavior of the PDE subsystem is created using the SP approach. This facilitates understanding of the system. In order to reduce its size, a more basic model (ROM) that demonstrates the primary motions of the PDE system is created using the SP approach. Next, the optimal controller for the ROM is designed using the HJB technique. This ensures that the high-order ODE system is stable using the SP theory. By splitting the best way to control something into two sections, we can solve a math problem to figure out the first part and come up with a new equation for the second part. Third, a method is suggested for updating and controlling based on small improvements to solve a specific equation, and it has been proven to work effectively. Moreover, we use a technique called the NN approach to estimate the cost function. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimum control approach when applied to a diffusion-reaction process using a unique spatially component.

The SP theory of intelligence

The SP theory of intelligence Dr Gerry Wolff, the Director of CognitionResearch.org, looks at the SP theory of intelligence and the way we ‘store' information in our brains. Although compression of information is normally associated with rather boring tasks like making a file smaller, the idea that information compression (IC) might be important in the workings of our brains has been the subject of research since the 1950s. There is now a wealth of evidence for the importance of IC in human intelligence, some of which is described in the first reference (1). In view of the importance of that evidence, IC is central in the SP Theory of Intelligence (SPTI) and its realisation in the SP Computer Model, the products of a lengthy period of research.

The SP Theory of Intelligence, and Its Realisation in the SP Computer Model, as a Foundation for the Development of Artificial General Intelligence

The theme of this paper is that the SP Theory of Intelligence (SPTI), and its realisation in the SP Computer Model, is a promising foundation for the development of artificial intelligence at the level of people or higher, also known as ‘artificial general intelligence’ (AGI). The SPTI, and alternatives to the SPTI chosen to be representative of potential foundations for the development of AGI, are considered and compared. A key principle in the SPTI and its development is the importance of information compression (IC) in human learning, perception, and cognition. More specifically, IC in the SPTI is achieved via the powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, the key to the versatility of the SPTI in diverse aspects of intelligence, and thus a favourable combination of Simplicity with descriptive and explanatory Power. Since there are many uncertainties between where we are now and, far into the future, anything that might qualify as an AGI, a multi-pronged attack on the problem is needed. The SPTI qualifies as the basis for one of those prongs. Although it will take time to achieve AGI, there is potential along the road for many useful benefits and applications of the research.

Twenty Significant Problems in AI Research, with Potential Solutions via the SP Theory of Intelligence and Its Realisation in the SP Computer Model

This paper highlights 20 significant problems in AI research, with potential solutions via the SP Theory of Intelligence (SPTI) and its realisation in the SP Computer Model. With other evidence referenced in the paper, this is strong evidence in support of the SPTI as a promising foundation for the development of human-level broad AI, aka artificial general intelligence. The 20 problems include: the tendency of deep neural networks to make major errors in recognition; the need for a coherent account of generalisation, over- and under-generalisation, and minimising the corrupting effect of ‘dirty data’; how to achieve one-trial learning; how to achieve transfer learning; the need for transparency in the representation and processing of knowledge; and how to eliminate the problem of catastrophic forgetting. In addition to its promise as a foundation for the development of AGI, the SPTI has potential as a foundation for the study of human learning, perception, and cognition. And it has potential as a foundation for mathematics, logic, and computing.

Giant gravitons, Harish-Chandra integrals, and BPS states in symplectic and orthogonal mathcal{N} = 4 SYM

We find generating functions for half BPS correlators in mathcal{N} = 4 SYM theories with gauge groups Sp(2N), SO(2N + 1), and SO(2N) by computing the norms of a class of BPS coherent states. These coherent states are built from operators involving Harish-Chandra integrals. Such operators have an interpretation as localized giant gravitons in the bulk of anti-de-Sitter space. This extends the analysis of [1] to Sp(2N), SO(2N + 1), and SO(2N) gauge theories. We show that we may use ordinary Schur functions as a basis for the sector of states with no cross-caps in these theories. This is consistent with the construction of these theories as orientifold projections of an SU(2N) theory. We make note of some relations between the symmetric functions that appear in the expansion of these coherent states and symplectic Schur functions. We also comment on some connections to Schubert calculus and Gromov-Witten invariants, which suggest that the Harish-Chandra integral may be extended to such problems.

PERANCANGAN TEKNIK SULAM KRUISTIK SEBAGAI HIASAN PADA KELAMBU TEMPAT TIDUR BAYI

Currently the use of mosquito nets is mostly replaced by using mosquito repellents with modern electronic devices that are filled with liquid. However, excessive use of chemicals is very bad for the health of the body in long term. This is makes the author have the idea to design a baby mosquito net by add a cross stitch technique in creating a motif on the fabric surface design so that the mosquito net in addition to protecting it self from mosquito bites, the mosquito net can also be a decorative in the room because of the motifs made using cross stitch techniques. The design of mosquito net product is carried out using the application theory of SP. Gustami in creating craft art there are three stages, the exploration stage which includes the search for ideas and data for the initial design, the design stage includes data analysis as a reference in making the work, and the embodiment stage includes the final result of the work. The cross embroidery technique was chosen as a way to apply the motif, which has been considered from how the structure of the perforated tille fabric. The advantages of using the technique of cross embroidery, the resulting motif are more neat and orderly, the shapes and colors that are expected from the beginning of the design can be realized ad expected.

How the SP System May Promote Sustainability in Energy Consumption in IT Systems

The SP System (SPS), referring to the SP Theory of Intelligence and its realisation as the SP Computer Model, has the potential to reduce demands for energy from IT, especially in AI applications and in the processing of big data, in addition to reductions in CO2 emissions when the energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels. The biological foundations of the SPS suggest that with further development, the SPS may approach the extraordinarily low (20 W)energy demands of the human brain. Some of these savings may arise in the SPS because, like people, the SPS may learn usable knowledge from a single exposure or experience. As a comparison, deep neural networks (DNNs) need many repetitions, with much consumption of energy, for the learning of one concept. Another potential saving with the SPS is that like people, it can incorporate old learning in new. This contrasts with DNNs where new learning wipes out old learning (‘catastrophic forgetting’). Other ways in which the mature SPS is likely to prove relatively parsimonious in its demands for energy arise from the central role of information compression (IC) in the organisation and workings of the system: by making data smaller, there is less to process; because the efficiency of searching for matches between patterns can be improved by exploiting probabilities that arise from the intimate connection between IC and probabilities; and because, with SPS-derived ’Model-Based Codings’ of data, there can be substantial reductions in the demand for energy in transmitting data from one place to another.

The Potential of the SP System in Machine Learning and Data Analysis for Image Processing

This paper aims to describe how pattern recognition and scene analysis may with advantage be viewed from the perspective of the SP system (meaning the SP theory of intelligence and its realisation in the SP computer model (SPCM), both described in an appendix), and the strengths and potential of the system in those areas. In keeping with evidence for the importance of information compression (IC) in human learning, perception, and cognition, IC is central in the structure and workings of the SPCM. Most of that IC is achieved via the powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, which is largely responsible for the AI-related versatility of the system. With examples from the SPCM, the paper describes: how syntactic parsing and pattern recognition may be achieved, with corresponding potential for visual parsing and scene analysis; how those processes are robust in the face of errors in input data; how in keeping with what people do, the SP system can “see” things in its data that are not objectively present; the system can recognise things at multiple levels of abstraction and via part-whole hierarchies, and via an integration of the two; the system also has potential for the creation of a 3D construct from pictures of a 3D object from different viewpoints, and for the recognition of 3D entities.

Gauge/Gravity Dynamics for Composite Higgs Models and the Top Mass.

We provide gauge/gravity dual descriptions of explicit realizations of the strong coupling sector of composite Higgs models using insights from nonconformal examples of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We calculate particle masses and pion decay constants for proposed Sp(4) and SU(4) gauge theories, where there is the best lattice data for comparison. Our results compare favorably to lattice studies and go beyond those due to a greater flexibility in choosing the fermion content. That content changes the running dynamics and its choice can lead to sizable changes in the bound state masses. We describe top partners by a dual fermionic field in the bulk. Including suitable higher dimension operators can ensure a top mass consistent with the standard model.

Logic and rational languages of scattered and countable series-parallel posets

Let A be an alphabet and SP⋄(A) denote the class of all countable N-free partially ordered sets labeled by A, in which chains are scattered linear orderings and antichains are finite. We characterize the rational languages of SP⋄(A) by means of logic. We define an extension of monadic second-order logic by Presburger arithmetic, named P-MSO, such that a language L of SP⋄(A) is rational if and only if L is the language of a sentence of P-MSO, with effective constructions from one formalism to the other. As a corollary, the P-MSO theory of SP⋄(A) is decidable.

Information compression as a unifying principle in human learning, perception, and cognition, and as a foundation for the SP Theory of Intelligence

Information compression as a unifying principle in human learning, perception, and cognition, and as a foundation for the SP Theory of Intelligence

BPS partition functions for S-folds

We derive a formula for the BPS partition functions of arbitrary S-fold theories. We first generalize the known result for the mathcal{N}=4 U(N) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory to SO and Sp theories, and then we extend the formula to mathcal{N}=3 theories. We confirm that the results for rank 1 and 2 are consistent to the supersymmetry enhancement from mathcal{N}=3 to mathcal{N}=4 . We also derive the same formula from the quantization of D3-branes in S5/ℤk.

A Roadmap for the Development of the ‘SP Machine’ for Artificial Intelligence

AbstractThis paper describes a roadmap for the development of the SP Machine, based on the SP Theory of Intelligence and its realization in the SP Computer Model. The SP Machine will be developed initially as a software virtual machine with high levels of parallel processing, hosted on a high-performance computer. The system should help users visualize knowledge structures and processing. Research is needed into how the system may discover low-level features in speech and in images. Strengths of the SP System in the processing of natural language may be augmented, in conjunction with the further development of the SP System’s strengths in unsupervised learning. Strengths of the SP System in pattern recognition may be developed for computer vision. Work is needed on the representation of numbers and the performance of arithmetic processes. A computer model is needed of SP-Neural, the version of the SP Theory expressed in terms of neurons and their interconnections. The SP Machine has potential in many areas of application, several of which may be realized on short-to-medium timescales.

Mathematics as Information Compression via the Matching and Unification of Patterns

This paper describes a novel perspective on the foundations of mathematics: how mathematics may be seen to be largely about “information compression (IC) via the matching and unification of patterns” (ICMUP). That is itself a novel approach to IC, couched in terms of nonmathematical primitives, as is necessary in any investigation of the foundations of mathematics. This new perspective on the foundations of mathematics reflects the facts that mathematics is almost exclusively the product of human brains, and has been developed, as an aid to human thinking, mathematics is likely to be consonant with much evidence for the importance of IC in human learning, perception, and cognition. This perspective on the foundations of mathematics has grown out of a long‐term programme of research developing the SP Theory of Intelligence and its realization in the SP Computer Model, a system in which a generalised version of ICMUP—the powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment—plays a central role. This paper shows with an example how mathematics, without any special provision, may achieve compression of information. Then, it describes examples showing how variants of ICMUP may be seen in widely used structures and operations in mathematics. Examples are also given to show how several aspects of the mathematics‐related disciplines of logic and computing may be understood as ICMUP. Also discussed is the intimate relation between IC and concepts of probability, with arguments that there are advantages in approaching AI, cognitive science, and concepts of probability via ICMUP. Also discussed is how the close relation between IC and concepts of probability relates to the established view that some parts of mathematics are intrinsically probabilistic, and how that latter view may be reconciled with the all‐or‐nothing, “exact,” forms of calculation or inference that are familiar in mathematics and logic. There are many potential benefits and applications of the mathematics‐as‐IC perspective.

Dualities and 5-brane webs for 5d rank 2 SCFTs

We consider Type IIB 5-brane configurations for 5d rank 2 superconformal theories which are classified recently by geometry in [1]. We propose all the 5-brane web diagrams for these rank 2 theories and show dualities between some of different gauge theories with explicit duality map of mass parameters and Coulomb branch moduli. In particular, we explicitly construct 5-brane configurations for G2 gauge theory with six flavors and its dual Sp(2) and SU(3) gauge theories. We also present 5-brane webs for SU(3) theories of Chern-Simons level greater than 5.

Perception Based Object Recognition Using SP Theory

Improved SP theory is an approach for extracting distinctive invariant features from images. It has been successfully applied to a variety of computer vision problems based on feature matching including object recognition, pose estimation, image retrieval and many others. The main idea is to divide the features extracted from both the test and the model object image into several sub-collections before they are matched. The features are divided into several sub-collections considering the features arising from different octaves that are from different frequency domains. This study provides a preliminary, concise, but complete background of the object detection problem. Problems like more energy consumption, bulkiness, less sophisticated for parallel streams of data and more elapsed time occurred, to resolve this issue combination of IPSO-GA has been used. Thus, based on this study, for a given problem environment and data availability, a proper framework can be chosen easily and quickly. In this research the accuracy and the capability to detect the object in the noisy medium is achieved.

Supersymmetric Casimir energy and mathrm{S}mathrm{L}left(3,mathrm{mathbb{Z}}right) transformations

We provide a recipe to extract the supersymmetric Casimir energy of theories defined on primary Hopf surfaces directly from the superconformal index. It involves an mathrm{S}mathrm{L}left(3,mathrm{mathbb{Z}}right) transformation acting on the complex structure moduli of the background geometry. In particular, the known relation between Casimir energy, index and partition function emerges naturally from this framework, allowing rewriting of the latter as a modified elliptic hypergeometric integral. We show this explicitly for mathcal{N}=1 SQCD and mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory for all classical gauge groups, and conjecture that it holds more generally. We also use our method to derive an expression for the Casimir energy of the nonlagrangian mathcal{N}=2 SCFT with E6 flavour symmetry. Furthermore, we predict an expression for Casimir energy of the mathcal{N}=1 SP(2N) theory with SU(8) × U(1) flavour symmetry that is part of a multiple duality network, and for the doubled mathcal{N}=1 theory with enhanced E7 flavour symmetry.

Information Compression, Multiple Alignment, and the Representation and Processing of Knowledge in the Brain.

The SP theory of intelligence, with its realization in the SP computer model, aims to simplify and integrate observations and concepts across artificial intelligence, mainstream computing, mathematics, and human perception and cognition, with information compression as a unifying theme. This paper describes how abstract structures and processes in the theory may be realized in terms of neurons, their interconnections, and the transmission of signals between neurons. This part of the SP theory—SP-neural—is a tentative and partial model for the representation and processing of knowledge in the brain. Empirical support for the SP theory—outlined in the paper—provides indirect support for SP-neural. In the abstract part of the SP theory (SP-abstract), all kinds of knowledge are represented with patterns, where a pattern is an array of atomic symbols in one or two dimensions. In SP-neural, the concept of a “pattern” is realized as an array of neurons called a pattern assembly, similar to Hebb's concept of a “cell assembly” but with important differences. Central to the processing of information in SP-abstract is information compression via the matching and unification of patterns (ICMUP) and, more specifically, information compression via the powerful concept of multiple alignment, borrowed and adapted from bioinformatics. Processes such as pattern recognition, reasoning and problem solving are achieved via the building of multiple alignments, while unsupervised learning is achieved by creating patterns from sensory information and also by creating patterns from multiple alignments in which there is a partial match between one pattern and another. It is envisaged that, in SP-neural, short-lived neural structures equivalent to multiple alignments will be created via an inter-play of excitatory and inhibitory neural signals. It is also envisaged that unsupervised learning will be achieved by the creation of pattern assemblies from sensory information and from the neural equivalents of multiple alignments, much as in the non-neural SP theory—and significantly different from the “Hebbian” kinds of learning which are widely used in the kinds of artificial neural network that are popular in computer science. The paper discusses several associated issues, with relevant empirical evidence.

The SP Theory of Intelligence: Distinctive Features and Advantages

This paper aims to highlight distinctive features of the SP theory of intelligence, realized in the SP computer model, and its apparent advantages compared with some AI-related alternatives. Perhaps most importantly, the theory simplifies and integrates observations and concepts in AI-related areas, and has potential to simplify and integrate of structures and processes in computing systems. Unlike most other AI-related theories, the SP theory is itself a theory of computing, which can be the basis for new architectures for computers. Fundamental in the theory is information compression via the matching and unification of patterns and, more specifically, via a concept of multiple alignment. The theory promotes transparency in the representation and processing of knowledge, and unsupervised learning of natural structures via information compression. It provides an interpretation of aspects of mathematics and an interpretation of phenomena in human perception and cognition. concepts in the theory may be realized in terms of neurons and their inter-connections (SP-neural). These features and advantages of the SP system are discussed in relation to AI-related alternatives: the concept of minimum length encoding and related concepts, how computational and energy efficiency in computing may be achieved, deep learning in neural networks, unified theories of cognition and related research, universal search, Bayesian networks and some other models for AI, IBM's Watson, solving problems associated with big data and in the development of intelligence in autonomous robots, pattern recognition and vision, the learning and processing of natural language, exact and inexact forms of reasoning, representation and processing of diverse forms of knowledge, and software engineering. In conclusion, the SP system can provide a firm foundation for the long-term development of AI and related areas, and at the same time, it may deliver useful results on relatively short timescales.