Soybean Sprouts Research Articles

English

Large amount of soybean sprouts has been produced for human consumption in Korea for a long time. Various techniques and production methods have been implied to enhance the quality and yield of soybean sprouts. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of persimmon fruit powder treatment on yield and nutritional value of soybean sprouts. The sprout yield was increased by 16% with the addition of 5% (w/v) persimmon fruit powder during seed soaking. Vitamin C and polyphenol content were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Similarly, essential as well as total amino acid content were also enhanced. However, the moisture content and DPPH radical scavenging potential of soybean sprout were not significantly affected. On the other hand, the mineral elements especially potassium and calcium content were reduced with the application of persimmon fruit powder. The results of the present study suggest that addition of persimmon fruit powder could improve the yield, vitamin C and amino acid content, and antioxidant potential of soybean sprouts. Key words: Persimmon fruit powder, nutritional value, soybean sprout, yield.

Analysis of isoflavones and coumestrol in soybean sprouts.

High-performance liquid chromatography analysis is used to examine the distribution of isoflavones in different parts of soybean sprouts. Between the seed leaf and hypocotyl, the ratio of isoflavones differs depending on the aglycone type. Glycitein exists predominantly in the hypocotyl. Three compounds isolated from 4-day-old seed coats were identified as coumestrol and its glycosides.

IP3 Mediates Nitric Oxide–Guanosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate (NO-cGMP)-Induced Isoflavone Accumulation in Soybean Sprouts under UV-B Radiation

In this study, to investigate the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in nitric oxide-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (NO-cGMP)-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts under UV-B radiation, the sprouts were treated with donors and inhibitors of NO and cGMP as well as IP3 inhibitor. Results showed that NO, with cGMP as a second messenger, stimulates IP3 accumulation under UV-B radiation. Consistent with the increase in IP3 content, the up-regulation of gene and protein expression of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (exogenous NO donor) and 8-Br-cGMP (cGMP analogue) was also observed. In addition, protein kinase G (PKG) participated in NO-cGMP-induced IP3 production. IP3 induced by the NO-cGMP pathway was involved in isoflavone synthesis by elevating the activity and gene and protein expressions of chalcone synthase (CHS) and isoflavone synthase (IFS). Overall, IP3 mediates NO-cGMP-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts under UV-B stress.

Cyclic ADP-ribose and IP3 mediate abscisic acid-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts

In this study, the roles of ABA-cADPR-Ca2+ and ABA-IP3-Ca2+ signaling pathways in UV-B-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts were investigated. Results showed that abscisic acid (ABA) up regulated cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) levels in soybean sprouts under UV-B radiation. Furthermore, cADPR and IP3, as second messengers of UV-B-triggered ABA, induced isoflavone accumulation by up-regulating proteins and genes expression and activity of isoflavone biosynthetic-enzymes (chalcone synthase, CHS; isoflavone synthase, IFS). After Ca2+ was chelated by EGTA, isoflavone content decreased. Overall, ABA-induced cADPR and IP3 up regulated isoflavone accumulation which was mediated by Ca2+ signaling via enhancing the expression of proteins and genes participating in isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean sprouts under UV-B radiation.

Mass-based metabolomic analysis of soybean sprouts during germination

We investigated the metabolite profile of soybean sprouts at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4days after germination using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–MS (LC–MS) to understand the relationship between germination and nutritional quality. Data were analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and sprout samples were separated successfully using their PLS-DA scores. Fifty-eight metabolites, including macromolecular derivatives related to energy production, amino acids, myo-inositol metabolites, phytosterols, antioxidants, isoflavones, and soyasaponins, contributed to the separation. Amino acids, myo-inositol metabolites, isoflavone aglycones, B soyasaponins, antioxidants, and phytosterols, associated with health benefits and/or taste quality, increased with germination time while isoflavone glycosides and DDMP soyasaponins decreased. Based on these metabolites, the metabolomic pathway associated with energy production in soybean sprouts is suggested. Our data suggest that sprouting is a useful processing step to improve soybean nutritional quality, and metabolomic analysis is useful in understanding nutritional change during sprouting.

장려품종 나물콩으로 재배한 콩나물의 일반성분 및 관능적 특성

장려품종 나물콩으로 재배한 콩나물의 일반성분 및 관능적 특성

Pemberian kecambah kacang kedelai terhadap kadar malondialdehid (MDA) dan superoxide dismutase (SOD) tikus Sprague Dawley hiperkolesterolemia

Background: Consumption of foods high in fat that happens in society can cause free radicals and trigger oxidative stress that results in the accumulation of fat cells in the adipose, cells damage and even cells death. An antioxidant activity that originates from food in the body, depends on the number of substances that can be absorbed and used to metabolism process. The selection of groceries that right can be alternatives management in hyperlipidemia. Soybean sprouts have properties that neutralize free radicals cause hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases because it is an antioxidant compound. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soybean sprouts (Glycine Max) to levels of MDA and levels of SOD of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Method: Research laboratory tests design post only controlled group design. The sample was 30 tailed rat Rattus norvegicus species Sprague Dawley. The rat 8-10 weeks and samples to be divided into 5 group. Group 1 was normal rat without treatment; groups II are hypercholesterolemic rat without treatment; groups III are hypercholesterolemic rat with treatment sprouts soybeans 0,53 g; group IV are hypercholesterolemic rat with treatment sprouts soybeans 1,06 g; the group V are hypercholesterolemic rat with treatment sprouts soybeans 2,12 g and all groups are treatment for 4 week. Results: After four weeks of treatment, decline MDA levels in the hypercholesterolemic rat. Doses the provision of sprouts soybean 2,12 g/day is dosed most effective shown the significant differences (p<0.05) between the treatment group first to the treatment third group. Statistical analysis to SOD levels show differences meaningful in all the treatment group (p<0.05). Doses the provision of sprouts soybean 2,12 g/day proven effective against elevated levels of sod who demonstrated the significant differences (p=0,004) between the treatment group 1 (X1) to the treatment group 3 (X3). Conclusion: Doses sprouts 2,12 g is dosed optimal in preventing elevated levels of MDA and help improve levels of SOD hypercholesterolemic Sprague-Dawley rats.

Effect of Partial Shading Treatments on Anthocyanin Synthesis in the Hypocotyls of Soybean Sprouts Under UV-A irradiation

To evaluate the effects of different partial shading treatments on the synthesis of anthocyanins under UV-A irradiation in soybean sprouts, we examined the anthocyanin content, transcript levels of key genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis (CRY1, CRY2, PAL, CHS, CHI, DFR, ANS and UFGT), and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The results showed that UV-A radiation could significantly increase the content of anthocyanins in the epidermal layer of hypocotyls in soybean sprouts. This trend was consistent with the pattern of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related gene expressions, which were significantly up-regulated by UV-A. Different partial shading treatments significantly reduced the content of anthocyanins and the expression of DFR, ANS, and UFGT in response to the UV-A irradiation. Cotyledon-shading treatment lowered the content of anthocyanin due to the down-regulation of the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes, but this effect is limited. Compared with the cotyledon and the upper part of hypocotyls, the lower part of hypocotyls was the predominant site of anthocyanin synthesis in soybean sprouts. These findings imply that anthocyanins in hypocotyls are biosynthesised locally, and there is no systemic biosynthesis, which was further supported by the PAL activity and the transcripts of the genes responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Changes in the Nutritional Compositions of Soybean Sprouts Cultivated with Bamboo Ash

Analysis of nutritional compositions of soybean sprouts cultivated with bamboo ash was carried out. Bamboo ash was utilized as sprouting water of soybeans and adjusted to 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 6.0 and 10.0 g/L. Stem length and contents of isoflavone (daidzin, glycitin, genestin, daidzein, glycitein, and genestein) and vitamin C in soybean sprouts cultivated with 0.2 g/L were higher than those in soybean sprouts cultivated with only water. Potassium, magnesium, and calcium of all cultivation methods were detected in higher contents than others. In particular, potassium showed a high absorption rate in the soybean sprouts. The major amino acid was asparagine (616.05~849.15 mg/100 g, soybean eq.), and contents of lysine, leucine, and ornithine in soybean sprouts cultivated at 0.2 g/L were higher than those of methods by only water and addition of 6-benzylaminopurine. According to the results, soybean sprouts cultivated with 0.2 g/L of bamboo ash were effective for increasing nutritional compositions.

Mechanism of Calcium Lactate Facilitating Phytic Acid Degradation in Soybean during Germination.

Calcium lactate facilitates the growth and phytic acid degradation of soybean sprouts, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, calcium lactate (Ca) and calcium lactate with lanthanum chloride (Ca+La) were used to treat soybean sprouts to reveal the relevant mechanism. Results showed that the phytic acid content decreased and the availability of phosphorus increased under Ca treatment. This must be due to the enhancement of enzyme activity related to phytic acid degradation. In addition, the energy metabolism was accelerated by Ca treatment. The energy status and energy metabolism-associated enzyme activity also increased. However, the transmembrane transport of calcium was inhibited by La(3+) and concentrated in intercellular space or between the cell wall and cell membrane; thus, Ca+La treatment showed reverse results compared with those of Ca treatment. Interestingly, gene expression did not vary in accordance with their enzyme activity. These results demonstrated that calcium lactate increased the rate of phytic acid degradation by enhancing growth, phosphorus metabolism, and energy metabolism.

A comparative transcriptome and proteomics analysis reveals the positive effect of supplementary Ca2 + on soybean sprout yield and nutritional qualities

Effects of Ca2+ on yield and nutritional qualities of soybean sprout were investigated. Ca-treated sprouts had higher yield than water-treated ones. Metabolism of selected storage materials and bioactive substances in soybean sprouts was strengthened by Ca2+. The phytic acid and saponin content of Ca-treated soybean sprouts were lower than those of control. Supplemental Ca2+ increased content of gamma-aminobutyric acid, isoflavones, phenolics, and vitamins, respectively. These findings indicate that supplemental Ca2+ can increase soybean sprout yield and improve its nutritional qualities. The comparative transcriptome and proteomics between water-treated and Ca-treated soybean sprouts were studied. As consequence 1912 genes and 460 proteins were up- or down-regulated after 4days of Ca2+ treatment. The functional classification of these differentially expressed genes and proteins indicated their connection with primary/secondary metabolic pathways, ion transport, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation. The results obtained here will enable to understand how changes in yield and nutritional quality are regulated by extra Ca2+ in soybean sprouts. Biological significanceIn this study, a total of 1912 genes and 460 proteins involved in the growth, storage material decomposition, and bioactive substance synthesis in soybean sprouts after treated with Ca2+ were identified. This is the first report of a comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of soybean sprout in response to supplemental Ca2+.

Changes of Soyasaponin Contents in Soybean Sprouts

콩 재배 및 이용확대를 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 발아과정 중 기능성 성분인 soyasaponin의 함량 변화를 조사하였다. 1. Soyasaponin I과 soyasaponin II의 함량은 품종에 따라 차이가 있었으나 발아과정 중 떡잎부위에서 함량이 10배 이상 증가하였고, soyasaponin I은 배축에서도 종자 당 이 <TEX>$140{\sim}360{\mu}g$</TEX> 수준의 함량을 나타내었다. 2. Soyasaponin III 및 soyasaponin V의 함량은 발아를 통해 증가하는 경향이었고, soyasaponin V의 경우 배축에서 그 함량이 급격히 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Soyasaponin I, II, III and V contents were investigated in seed, cotyledons and sprouts of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) subjected to germination over five days. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method was used to evaluate the content of soyasaponins. Soyasaponins contents were different according to the varieties. Germination of soybeans dramatically increased soyasaponin contents in soybean sprouts in a time-dependent manner. Cotyledons had a higher contents of soyasaponins compared to dried seed (p<0.05). After five days of germination, Soyasaponin I and II increased 10 times higher after germination. Soyasaponin I and II are major metabolites in cotyledons and hypocotyls. Soyasaponin III and V were also detected in seed and increased depended on the germination stage. Soyasaponin V was at its highest levels in the hypocotyl, almost 7 times higher than the initial content in soybean seeds. Therefore, the germination of soybean sprouts significantly increased soyasaponin content.

Efficient and Selective Enrichment of Ultratrace Cytokinins in Plant Samples by Magnetic Perhydroxy-Cucurbit[8]uril Microspheres.

Cytokinins play a critical role in controlling plant growth and development, but it is difficult to be determined in plant samples due to the extremely low concentration level of picomole/gram. So it is important for efficient sample preparation with selective enrichment and rapid separation for accurate analysis of cytokinins. Herein, a supramolecular perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril (PCB[8]) was fabricated into the Fe3O4 magnetic particles via chemical bonding assembly and magnetic perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril (MPC) materials were obtained. The MPC had good enrichment capability to cytokinins and the enrichment factors were more than 208. The interaction of MPC and cytokinins was investigated by adsorption test and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the results showed that the main drive forces were the host-guest interaction and hydrogen-bonding interaction between the perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril with analytes. Combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), the MPC was used as a sorbent of magnetic solid-phase extraction for the analysis of cytokinins in plant samples. A sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method was developed with low detection limits of 0.14-0.32 ng/L for cytokinins analysis. Five cytokinins including zeatin riboside, meta-topolin, kinetin, kinetin riboside, and zip with 6.12-87.3 ng/kg were determined in the soybean sprout and Arabidopsis thaliana. The recoveries were in the range of 76.2-110% with relative standard deviations (n = 5) of 2.3-9.7%. On the basis of these results, magnetic perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril materials with selective enrichment capability have good potential on the analysis of ultratrace targets from complicated sample matrixes.

Investigation of soybean sprout rot and the elimination of improper seeds for quality control on soybean seedlots

Soybean sprouts have been a considered a nutrient-rich vegetable for hundreds of years. To evaluate the seedlot quality of soybean sprouts grown, and to evaluate a method for reducing the presence of improper seeds in soybean seedlots, microbes associated with soybean sprout rot were isolated from samples collected. Morphological characteristics and gas chromatography profiles of the cultured fungal and bacterial strains were identified. Eight types of improper seeds were identified: purple stain(Ps), black rot(Br), seed coat black spot(Cb), wrinkled seed(Ws), brown hilum(Bh), seed coat fracture(Cf), unripe seed(Us), and brown seed coat(Bc). The improper seeds were also dipped into 15%, 20%, and 25% NaCl solutions, as well as a saturated solution of NaCl, for 1min. As the NaCl concentration increased, the number of floating improper seeds increased as well. The highest floating rates were observed for the Cf seeds.

Nitric oxide mediates isoflavone accumulation and the antioxidant system enhancement in soybean sprouts

In this study, we investigated the relationships between endogenous NO signal transduction pathways, the antioxidant system and isoflavone accumulation induced by UV-B radiation in soybean sprouts. Results showed that UV-B-triggered NO generation induced isoflavone accumulation by up-regulating the activity and gene expression of key enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL; chalcone isomerase, CHI; chalcone synthase, CHS; isoflavone synthase, IFS) that participate in isoflavone biosynthesis and enhanced the antioxidant system by regulating levels of antioxidants (glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione S-transferase, GST; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione GSH; ascorbic acid, ASC), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT) and their gene expression. These effects were inhibited by the addition of a specific NO-scavenger, carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO). The inhibition was reversed through application of the exogenous NO donor, SNP. Overall, NO is an essential signaling molecule, mediating UV-B-induced isoflavone accumulation and the antioxidant system enhancement in soybean sprouts.

Evaluation of Safety of Iron-Fortified Soybean Sprouts, a Potential Component of Functional Food, in Rat.

Ferritin-iron is currently considered as one of the most promising iron forms to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. We found that the cultivation of soybean seeds in a solution of ferrous sulfate results in material with extremely high iron content - 560.6 mg Fe/100 g of dry matter, while ferritin iron content was 420.5 mg/100 g dry matter. To assess the potential adverse effects of a preparation containing such a high concentration of iron, male and female Wistar rats were exposed via diet to 10, 30, 60 g soybean sprouts powder/kg feed for 90 days. There were no differences in final body weight and mean food consumption between controls and rats administered sprouts. No statistically significant differences in haematology and clinical chemistry parameters were found between controls and treated rats. Microscopic examination of 22 tissues did not reveal any pathology due to soybean sprouts intake. Long term administration of the test material did not cause oxidative damage to DNA and protein in the liver as evidenced by the unchanged basal levels of DNA damage as well as carbonyl groups content. Lipid peroxidation was slightly increased only in females. The activity of several antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase was increased, which substantially enhanced the antioxidant status in the liver from the rats treated with soybean sprouts. Hence, the material tested can be recommended as a component of food supplements for individuals with iron deficiency anaemia and inflammatory bowel diseases.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11130-016-0535-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

장류를 이용하여 조리하는 한식 메뉴에 대한 성인 기호도 조사

This study was performed to investigate menu preferences of adult customers for Korean food made from Korean traditional sauces. A total of 962 valid responses were used for data analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS package program (ver 20.0). The results of this study are summarized as follows: overall preferences were highest for braised spareribs, followed by braised short ribs, grilled beef ribs, and bulgogi. On the other hand, overall preferences were lowest in eggplant namul, followed by squid and radish soup, and grazed lotus roots and burdock. Females overall preferences were significantly higher than males for nine menu items, including japchae and seasoned acorn starch curd with vegetables, whereas males overall preferences were significantly higher than females for 19 menu items, including grilled deodeok and frozen pollack stew. Moreover, the menu item that was most significantly preferred was soybean sprouts soup in subjects aged under 20 years and Korean meatballs in subjects in their twenties. Subjects in their forties showed significantly higher preferences for 15 menu items, including braised hairtail, grilled deodeok, and seasoned and grilled yellow corvina compared to other age groups. Furthermore, menu preferences of production･service workers were significantly higher than other groups for frozen pollack stew, loach stew, grilled dried pollack, steamed dry pollack, dried pollack soup, eggplant namul, and seasoned and grilled yellow corvina, whereas menu preferences of official･professional workers and students were significantly higher than those of production･service workers for braised short ribs, grilled beef ribs, seasoned and simmered chicken, mixed noodles, Korean meatballs, stir-fried rice pasta with vegetables, spicy soft bean curd stew, japchae, mung bean jelly mixed with vegetables and beef, bibimbap, and stir-fried squid. The results show that menu preferences of adults customers differed depending on gender, age, and occupation. In conclusion, the results of this study should provide foodservice managers with information about menu planning for target customers of commercial or non-commercial foodservice cafeterias and recipe development of low-sodium Korean foods.

Evaluation of crude protein, crude oil, total flavonoid, total polyphenol content and DPPH activity in the sprouts from a high oleic acid soybean cultivar

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merill] are a rich source of antioxidants and other phytonutrients. Soybean sprouts contain many biologically active secondary metabolites and are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. In the present study, two soybean cultivars, Hosim, with high oleic acid (- 80% in total seed oil), and Pungsannamul, with normal oleic acid (- 23%) in seed, were examined for changes in the content of crude protein, crude oil, total flavonoids, total phenolics, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) during the sprouting duration of 5 days. The protein content in both the varieties was found to increase by the days of sprouting. The crude oil content of Pungsannamul sprouts was found to be maximum on day 1 (16.9%, w/w) and decreased thereafter to reach to the level of 14.8% on day 5. No significant differences in the crude oil content of Hosim sprouts from day 1 to 5 were observed. Flavonoid content was found to increase up to day 4 and then dropped on day 5, in both the cultivars. Total polyphenol content showed a tendency to increase up to day 3 and started to decrease significantly from day 4. DPPH activity was found to increase up to day 5 in both the varieties. All the components studied in the high oleic acid soybean sprouts showed a change in content during the sprouting process similar to the change that would occur in normal oleic acid soybeans. The study showed that the contents of antioxidant, flavonoid, and polyphenol significantly increase during the sprouting.

나노 TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;를 적용한 식품 포장 필름 개발 및 콩나물의 이취 제거

For testing the ultraviolet (UV)-blocking property of functional films coated with Nano-TiO₂ particles, UV-Vis spectra of oriented polypropylene (OPP) films uncoated and coated with TiO₂ of 3% and 5% in Polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB)-Cellulose binders were measured. The result of UV-Vis analyses showed that the film coated with 5% TiO₂ in PVB binders had a significant effect on UV protection of 90% compared with the film uncoated. Also The result of The photodegradation of methylene blue (MB), OPP films coated with 5% in both PU and PVB binders had a high photocatalytic activity for MB degradation. To evaluate the effect of the developed functional film coated with Nano-TiO₂ particles, fresh soybean sprouts were used. Nano-TiO₂ coated film was observed to decompose the off-flavor produced by soybean sprouts within packages during distribution, but uncoated film did not. Therefore, Nano-TiO₂ coated film package could give the greatest effect in extending the shelf life of soybean sprouts.

Effect of Chlorella sp. on Improving Antioxidant Activities and Growth Promotion in Organic Soybean Sprout Cultivation

Effect of Chlorella sp. on Improving Antioxidant Activities and Growth Promotion in Organic Soybean Sprout Cultivation