Inclusion Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effect of Dietary Protein Levels and Soybean Oil Supplementation on Broiler Performance

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different protein and soybean oil levels on broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day old broiler chicks of a commercial breed (Ross 308) from both sex with equal ratio were placed in 32 pens, fifteen in each pen. Treatments were included soybean oil at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% levels and crude protein levels were NRC (1994) recommendation and 10 percent more than NRC recommendation (NRC × 1.10). Each treatment replicated four times. Inclusion of soybean oil in diet had no significant effect on feed intake in chicks in NRC protein level. Feeding high protein diet resulted to more feed intake than NRC. Increasing diet protein up to 10 % more than NRC recommendation could not improve body weight gain in broiler chickens except for 7-21d old chicks that fed a diet containing no soybean oil and high protein level that resulted to highest weight gain. In 7-21 d old chicks feeding a diet with 2.5% soybean oil and a protein level 10% more than NRC recommendation resulted to lowest feed conversion ratio. Feeding different levels of soybean oil and protein had no effect of carcass, pancreas, intestine and preventriculus weight. Lowest abdominal fat was observed in chicks fed with a diet containing 7.5% soybean oil with NRC recommendation protein level. In chickens that fed with higher protein level, fat supplementation resulted to an increase in plasma triglyceride.

Relevance of dietary oil source for contraction and quality of pre-rigor filleted Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua

Rigor contraction and quality development were studied during storage of pre-rigor fillets of farmed Atlantic cod (body weight 2 kg). For eight weeks prior to slaughtering, the fish were fed diets containing either 100% fish oil (M-group) or 60% fish oil and 40% soybean oil (S-group). Filleting was performed 0.5 h after slaughtering and the fillets were stored at 6 °C for 48 h post-mortem. The contraction rate was faster for the S-group, but after 48 h storage the contraction was 21% of the initial fillet length for both fish groups. The ATP content analysed 1 h post-mortem was lower of the S-group (4.5 μm g − 1 ww) compared with the M-group (6.1 μm g − 1 ww). After 16 h, the ATP content was similar for both fish groups (1.7–2.2 μm g − 1 ww). The muscle pH analysed 1 h post-mortem was 0.2 unit lower of the S-group (pH 6.9) than of the M-group (pH 7.1). From 8 to 12 h, the pH fell significantly to 6.3 and 6.6 for the S-group and M-group, respectively. From 24 h and onwards, the pH was similar of both fish groups (pH 6.2). Texture development differed significantly due to dietary treatment. The S-group had highest initial breaking force, demonstrating that the texture of this group was firmer immediately after slaughtering. The breaking force of the S-group dropped to a stable level after 4 h, whereas the breaking force of the M-group decreased continuously during the storage period. The breaking force was similar of both groups after 16 h storage. The L*-value (lightness) increased during the first 4–6 h storage. From 8 to 16 h, the L*-value was stable or slightly decreasing. The L*-value was consistently higher of the M-group. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of soybean oil resulted in faster energy depletion post-mortem, faster rigor contraction, faster reduction of the breaking strength and lower L*-values.

Alterations in fillet fatty acid profile and flesh quality in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) fed vegetable oils for a long term period. Recovery of fatty acid profiles by fish oil feeding

To determine the effect of long term feeding of diets with high levels of vegetable oils gilthead seabream juveniles were fed for 7 months with several diets containing vegetable oils at two inclusion levels. Anchovy oil was the only lipid source of FO (fish oil) diet, whereas in diets 60RO, 60LO and 60SO, 60% of fish oil was substituted by rapeseed (RO), linseed (LO) or soybean (SO) oils, respectively, and 80% was substituted by linseed or soybean oils in diets 80LO and 80SO. Afterwards, all fish were fed only a fish oil diet to determine the progressive evolution of fillet fatty acid profiles, since fish muscle fatty acid composition changes by feeding vegetable oils affecting its nutritional value for human health. Results showed that substitution by vegetable oils of up to 60% fish oil in diets for gilthead seabream does not affect growth and feed utilization even after a long feeding period. However, 80% substitution of fish oil significantly reduced growth. Feeding vegetable oils reduced muscle contents of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) to a lower degree than their reduction in the diet, denoting their importance, reduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in muscle being more pronounced. Moreover, re-feeding with a FO diet for 60 days effectively recovered muscle DHA and ARA contents, whereas those of EPA were not recovered even after 90 days. Linoleic acid was strongly retained even after “wash out”. Fish fillets were very well accepted by the panel of judges. Dietary soybean oil inclusion produced significantly less shiny and less hard fillets, but more juicy and adhesive than FO fillets, with a slight earthy flavour when fish were fed 80SO diet. However linseed oil inclusion only increased shininess when fish were fed 80LO diet. A significantly higher chroma value was obtained for 80LO fish fillets, although it was not noticeable to the human eye.

Desempenho, qualidade da casca e perfil lipídico de gemas de ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com níveis crescentes de óleo de soja no segundo ciclo de postura

Performance, eggshell quality and yolk fatty acid levels of laying hens fed increasing levels of soybean oil in post-molting period. Two hundred and forty commercial layers with 68 weeks of age, previously submitted to induced molting, were used to evaluate the influence of the addition of soybean oil in increasing levels of soybean oil on performance, shell quality and profile of the fatty acids in the yolks of layers in second laying cycle. The birds were distributed in a completely at random experimental design in a factorial arrangement 5 x 2, with 3 replications of 8 birds each. The factors were 5 levels of soybean oil inclusion (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) in post molted period, and 2 levels (2 and 4%) in the production period. The different levels of inclusion of oil in the diets during the post-molted period just determined a lineal increase in the production of eggs. The levels of oil added to the diets during the production period didn't have effect on none of the parameters evaluate

Quantitative determination of total lipid hydroperoxides by a flow injection analysis system

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system coupled with a fluorescence detection system using diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP) was developed as a highly sensitive and reproducible quantitative method of total lipid hydroperoxide analysis. Fluorescence analysis of DPPP oxide generated by the reaction of lipid hydroperoxides with DPPP enabled a quantitative determination of the total amount of lipid hydroperoxides. Use of 1-myristoyl-2-(12-((7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino) dodecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as the internal standard improved the sensitivity and reproducibility of the analysis. Several commercially available edible oils, including soybean oil, rape-seed oil, olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, safflower oil, mixed vegetable oils, cod liver oil, and sardine oil were analyzed by the FIA system for the quantitative determination of total lipid hydroperoxides. The minimal amounts of sample oils required were 50 microg of soybean oil (PV = 2.71 meq/kg) and 3 mg of sardine oil (PV = 0.38 meq/kg) for a single injection. Thus, sensitivity was sufficient for the detection of a small amount and/or low concentration of hydroperoxides in common edible oils. The recovery of sample oils for the FIA system ranged between 87.2+/-2.6% and 102+/-5.1% when PV ranged between 0.38 and 58.8 meq/kg. The CV in the analyses of soybean oil (PV = 3.25 meq/kg), cod liver oil (PV = 6.71 meq/kg), rapeseed oil (PV = 12.3 meq/kg), and sardine oil (PV = 63.8 meq/kg) were 4.31, 5.66, 8.27, and 11.2%, respectively, demonstrating sufficient reproducibility of the FIA system for the determination of lipid hydroperoxides. The squared correlation (r2) between the FIA system and the official AOCS iodometric titration method in a linear regression analysis was estimated at 0.9976 within the range of 0.35-77.8 meq/kg of PV (n = 42). Thus, the FIA system provided satisfactory detection limits, recovery, and reproducibility. The FIA system was further applied to evaluate changes in the total amounts of lipid hydroperoxides in fish muscle stored on ice.

Tempo de trânsito intestinal, desempenho, característica de carcaça e composição corporal de frangos de corte alimentados com rações isoenergéticas formuladas com diferentes níveis de óleo de soja

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da inclusão de 0,0; 3,3; 6,6 e 9,9% de óleo de soja em rações isoenergéticas sobre o tempo de trânsito (TT), desempenho, características de carcaça e composição corporal de frangos de corte de 21 a 56 dias de idade. O TT foi determinado no 22º e 42º dias de idade, utilizando-se 192 frangos distribuídos em um esquema fatorial 2x4 (duas idades e quatro níveis de óleo de soja), com quatro repetições de seis aves cada. Para o experimento de desempenho foram utilizados 840 frangos de corte, com peso inicial médio de 870 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de 35 aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de inclusão do óleo de soja influenciaram de forma linear decrescente o TT em ambas as idades. No período de 21 a 42 dias, o ganho de peso e as conversões alimentar e calórica aumentaram de forma quadrática e os consumos de ração e de energia metabolizável, de forma linear. No período total, a adição do óleo de soja melhorou linearmente o ganho de peso, os consumos de energia e de ração e, de forma quadrática, as conversões alimentar e calórica. No 42º e 56º dias de idade, a porcentagem de gordura abdominal, como também o rendimento de carcaça no 56º dia, foi influenciada de forma quadrática. O teor de gordura total foi influenciado de forma linear crescente e o teor de cinzas reduziu linearmente aos 56 dias de idade.

Dietary Antibiotic Growth Promoters Enhance the Bioavailability of α-Tocopheryl Acetate in Broilers by Altering Lipid Absorption

The influence of intestinal microbial bile salt deconjugation on absorption of fatty acids and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol was investigated in a trial with Ross 208 broilers. Birds (n = 1600) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: no supplementation or supplementation of antibiotics (salinomycin, 40 mg/kg feed and avilamycin, 10 mg/kg feed), and inclusion of either animal fat (10 g/100 g feed) or soybean oil (10 g/100 g feed) in the diet. At d 7, 14, 21, and 35 of age, the intestinal number of the bile salt hydrolase-active bacteria Clostridium perfringens, the concentration of conjugated and unconjugated bile salts, the ileal absorption of fatty acids and tocopherols, and the blood plasma concentrations of tocopherols were measured. All variables were significantly influenced by bird age. C. perfringens counts were lower and bile salt concentrations were greater in birds fed soybean oil. The supplementation of antibiotics reduced the numbers of C. perfringens in the small intestine and reduced the concentration of unconjugated bile salts. The ileal absorption of fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol, as well as the plasma concentration of alpha-tocopherol, was greater in birds fed antibiotics. The absorption and plasma concentration of gamma-tocopherol were not influenced by antibiotics. Unlike gamma-tocopherol, which is present solely as the free alcohol, the major proportion of dietary alpha-tocopherol is present as alpha-tocopheryl acetate, which requires a bile salt-dependent enzymatic hydrolysis before absorption. In conclusion, proper digestion of lipid-soluble compounds is highly dependent on an adequate concentration of bile salts in the small intestine to provide proper lipid emulsification and activation of lipolytic enzymes.

Desempenho e características de carcaça do escargot francês (Helix aspersa maxima) alimentado com rações contendo diferentes óleos vegetais

Objetivando avaliar a utilização de óleos vegetais de diferentes origens em rações no desempenho e características de carcaça do escargot francês “gros gris” (Helix aspersa maxima), 240 animais com peso inicial médio de 0,11g, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições com dez animais cada, em aquários de 12L. As rações foram formuladas de forma a diferirem quanto ao emprego (3 % da ração) dos óleos de soja, canola, girassol, linhaça, arroz e milho. Os valores médios de peso final, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência protéica, rendimento de carcaça, percentagem de concha e taxa de sobrevivência dos animais alimentados com as rações com os diferentes óleos não diferiram (p>0,01) entre si. Os teores de umidade, cinza, proteína bruta e lipídeos totais e a relação ácidos graxos poliinsaturados/ácidos graxos saturados da porção comestível dos animais submetidos as diferentes rações não foram influenciados (p>0,05). Entretanto, os animais que receberam dieta com óleo de linhaça apresentaram o melhor (p<0,05) relação w6/ w3 do que aqueles alimentados com rações com óleos de girassol e milho. Não foram observadas diferenças (p>0,05) nos teores de umidade e cinza das conchas dos animais submetidos às diferentes rações. Por outro lado, os animais que receberam óleo de linhaça tiveram concha com menor (p<0,05) teor de proteína que aqueles que receberam ração com óleo de soja. Concluiu-se que os óleos testados podem ser utilizados em rações para o escargot francês em fase de crescimento, porém, o óleo de linhaça promove melhor relação de w6/ w3 do que os óleos de girassol ou de milho na porção comestível deste animal.

Soybean oil is not allergenic to soybean-allergic individuals

Rationale Soybean-allergic individuals may be instructed by clinicians to avoid all foods derived from soybeans including soybean oil. However, highly refined soybean oil contains extremely low levels of protein. Previous work suggested that soybean oil was not allergenic, but the number of subjects challenged was small and the protein content of the oil was unknown. These deficiencies are rectified in this study. The study objective was to determine the allergenicity of highly refined soybean oil in soybean- allergic individuals. Methods Soybean-allergic subjects were selected by convincing history, positive skin test and positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Challenge materials consisted of a mixture of 4 soybean oils with the highest protein level from a group of 30 highly refined oils obtained from 30 different worldwide processors. Subjects consumed increasing doses of 1, 5, and 10 grams soybean oil (test material) and canola oil (control material) in a double-blind placebo controlled food challenge. Prepared oatmeal was the challenge vehicle. Results Twenty-eight soybean allergic subjects were challenged. No untoward reactions were encountered to either soybean or canola oils. No reaction with this number of subjects indicates with 95% certainty that 89.85% of soybean allergic individuals would not react to this soybean oil. Conclusions The lack of reactions to commercially available soybean oil supports the previous claim that hot solvent-extracted, bleached and deodorized soybean oil is not allergenic for soy-allergic individuals and avoidance of soybean oil of the type used in this study is unwarranted. The allergenicity of cold-pressed or expeller-pressed soybean oil remains uncertain.

Vegetable lipid sources for gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata): effects on fish health

Commercial feeds for gilthead seabream are highly energetic, containing fish oil as the main lipid source. The steady production and raising prices of fish oil encourage the inclusion of vegetable oils in fish feeds. Fish oil could be at least partially substituted by vegetable oils in diets for marine species, being this substitution resulted in good feed utilization and maintenance of fish health, since imbalances in dietary fatty acids may alter the immunological status and stress resistance in fish. In order to evaluate the effect of vegetable oils on gilthead seabream health, fish were fed different isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for 101 days (Experiment I) and 204 days (Experiment II). In Experiment I, diets were formulated to contain 60% of the fish oil used in the control diet (FO) as soybean oil (Diet 60SO), rapeseed oil (60RO), linseed oil (60LO) or a blend of those oils (Mix). In Experiment II, the same diets plus two which contained 80% of the fish oil as soybean oil (80SO) and linseed oil (80LO), respectively, were assayed. At the end of both experiments, basal levels of different immunological parameters were determined, including both humoral immunity (alternative complement pathway activity and serum lysozyme activity) and cellular immunity (circulating neutrophil activity and phagocytic index of head kidney macrophages). In addition, response to a confinement stress was assayed in terms of variations in plasma cortisol. The effect of dietary vegetable oils on fatty acid composition of head kidney macrophages and circulating red blood cells (RBC) was also studied. No effects of dietary vegetable oils were found in fish fed the experimental diets for a medium period. Feeding dietary vegetable oils for a long period did not affect lysozyme or neutrophil activity. However, in Experiment II, the inclusion of soybean oil reduced both serum alternative complement pathway activity (from 249 IU/ml (FO2) down to 153.8 IU/ml (60SO2)) and head kidney phagocytic activity (from 25.75% (FO2) down to 14.58% (80SO2). Inclusion of rapeseed oil reduced phagocytic activity. Fish fed vegetable oil-containing diets showed different patterns of stress response, especially those fish fed the linseed oil diets that showed a significant increase in plasma cortisol level after stress. The fatty acid composition of head kidney macrophages reflected the fatty acids content of the respective diets, but a selective incorporation of essential fatty acids into these cells was observed. The same trend was found in circulating red blood cells, indicating the important role of essential fatty acids on these cells. Sixty percent of fish oil can be replaced by a blend of different vegetable oils without affecting gilthead seabream health. However, if single vegetable oil is used to replace 60% of fish oil, fish health can be affected in terms of immunosuppression or stress resistance. Rapeseed oil affected head kidney macrophages activity, soybean oil affected serum alternative complement pathway activity and linseed oil altered stress response of fish.

Liquid holding capacity, texture and fatty acid profile of smoked fillets of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing fish oil or soybean oil

This study evaluates the effects of dietary vegetable oils on the liquid-holding capacity, texture properties and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon fillets. Three diets containing 100% of fish oil (FO), 100% of soybean oil (SO) or a 50/50 mixture of the two oils (FO/SO) as oil dietary source, were fed to triplicate groups of salmon. After slaughter, a third of the fish were studied fresh while the rest of fish were smoked and stored at two temperatures (4 °C or 14 °C) for 5 or 15 days. The liquid-holding capacity and the texture of fresh and smoked fillets were not significantly affected by dietary oil whereas the smoking yield increased with the inclusion of soybean oil. The fatty acid profile of fresh and smoked fillets reflected these of the diets, and no selective loss of fatty acids was observed after smoking and after storage. On the other hand, increased storage time and storage temperature reduced strongly the liquid-holding capacity of all smoked salmon particularly obvious as increased fat loss, irrespective of the diets. This study showed that an increase in storage time and temperature of smoked fillets of Atlantic salmon affected the liquid-holding capacity, irrespective of the diets.

Aumento do nível de óleo em dietas isoenergéticas para cavalos submetidos a exercício

O efeito da inclusão de óleo de soja na dieta foi avaliado em 4 cavalos machos castrados, mestiços Quarto de Milha, com idade aproximada de 42 meses e peso médio inicial de 382kg. Os cavalos foram submetidos a exercício de intensidade e duração média e receberam a dieta controle (sem óleo de soja) e a dieta com óleo de soja (4,7% de óleo) duas vezes ao dia, por 3 períodos de 21 dias, num delineamento do tipo Reversão Simples. A ração foi fornecida de modo a proporcionar uma ingestão diária isoprotéica e isoenergética para os dois tratamentos. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: freqüência cardíaca (FC), freqüência respiratória (FR) e a concentração de glicogênio muscular, antes do exercício e 20 minutos após o término do exercício, e os níveis plasmáticos de glicose e de lactato, antes do exercício e aos 10, 20, 30 e 50 minutos após o exercício. O aumento do nível de óleo na dieta não influenciou significativamente (P>0,05) a FC, a FR, os níveis de glicose e de lactato, antes e após o exercício. A concentração de glicogênio muscular foi maior (P<0,025), antes do exercício, para os cavalos que receberam a dieta com óleo de soja. O aumento da concentração de glicogênio em cavalos condicionados a consumir dieta com óleo de soja pode significar um maior suprimento de energia para a atividade muscular, durante o exercício.

Effects of supplemental soybean oil level on in vitro digestion and performance of prepubertal beef heifers.

In vitro digestion and growth studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of level of soybean oil inclusion in forage-based diets. In Exp. 1, diets were bromegrass hay (H), bromegrass hay and corn-soybean meal supplement (C), C with 3% added soybean oil (O3), and C with 6% added soybean (O6). Diets containing supplements were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Treatment means were compared using a single-degree-of-freedom contrast (H vs C, O3, and O6) and orthogonal polynomial contrasts within diets C, O3, and O6. Diet H had the lowest (P = .0003) IVDMD and a linear decline (P = .0001) in IVDMD was observed from C to O6, but 24-h IVDMD disappearance was greatest (P = .001; quadratic) for O3. Total VFA increased from C to O3 and then decreased from O3 to O6 (quadratic; P = .001), and acetate:propionate ratio decreased linearly (P = .0001) from C to O6. Changes in long-chain fatty acids reflected biohydrogenation by ruminal microbes; however, only 18:3 was hydrogenated to the same extent across all diets. In Exp. 2, 36 Angus x Gelbvieh heifers (260.0 +/- 6.0 kg initial BW) were individually fed C, O3, or O6 as mixed rations for 104 d. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and provide ADG of .91 kg. Feed efficiency and ADG was greatest (P < .02; quadratic) for O3 heifers. Serum NEFA increased linearly (P = .02) and serum glucose (P = .02), cholesterol (P = .002), and GH (P = .04) showed a quadratic response to level of dietary soybean oil. Plasma proportions of 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 increased quadratically (P < .03), and 18:2 increased linearly (P < .001) from C to O6. In Exp. 3, 42 Angus x Gelbvieh heifers (288.7 +/- 6.6 kg initial BW) were divided into six pens (two pens/treatment) in a randomized complete block designed experiment. Rations were delivered as hay plus a top-dressed supplement (C, O3, or O6). Heifers fed O3 conceived 10 d earlier (quadratic; P = .06) than heifers fed C and O6. Other production estimates did not differ (P > or = .10) among dietary treatments. Inclusion of soybean oil at 3% of a forage-based diet increased total VFA, many blood metabolites, ADG, and feed efficiency, and it decreased time to conception. Adding soybean oil as 3% of a forage-based diet is an acceptable feeding strategy for developing beef heifers.

Two Component Type of Organogel-Forming Agent Working by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding.

On the basis of the assumption that an equimolar mixture of 2, 4, 6-triamino-1, 3, 5-triazine derivative and barbituric acid derivative forms molecular aggregation through complementary intermolecular hydrogen bonding, two component type of organogel-forming agents were developed. The developed agents consisted of two different components and worked by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between them. Gelation test using equimolar mixtures was carried out against fourteen solvents, including soybean oil, triolein, benzene. toluene, nitrobenzene, kerosene, light oil, tetrachloromethane, chloroform, cyclohexane, N, N-dimethylformamide, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone. It was found that equimolar mixtures of appropriate combination of 2, 4, 6-triamino-1, 3, 5-triazine derivative and barbituric acid one having long or branched alkyl chain gelled soybean oil and triolein. FT-IR spectra revealed the formation of defective hydrogen bonds between C=0 and N-H of 2, 4, 6-triaminol, 3, 5-triazine derivative and barbituric acid one. The X-ray diffraction patterns of cocrystal from acetone and triolein gel suggested the bilayered structure which was built up through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. It was assumed that the fiber-like aggegations were formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between 2, 4, 6-triamino-1, 3, 5-triazine derivative and barbituric acid one, then they were juxtaposed and interlocked by van der Waals interaction, finally immobilized soybean oil or triolein.

Evolution of plasma phospholipid fatty acid pattern in patients receiving postoperative TPN including soybean oil- or olive oil-based lipid emulsions: a comparative multicenter trial

Evolution of plasma phospholipid fatty acid pattern in patients receiving postoperative TPN including soybean oil- or olive oil-based lipid emulsions: a comparative multicenter trial

A histopathological study on the carp fed .ALPHA.-tocopherol deficient diets including oxidized methyl linolate.

Five month feeding experiments were conducted on the carp, Cyprinus carpio, with diets which included oxidized methyl linolate of unsaturated fatty acid. The experimental diets included 10% of 30, 40, 90 and 200hrs-oxidized methyl linolate and 0 or 50mgα-tocopherol acetate per 100g diet. The diets for control included 10% purified soy bean oil and 0 or 25mg α-tocopherol acetate per 100g diet. Carps fed the tocopherol free diets including oxidized methyl linolate showed less growth and visibly thinner across the back. The histopathological signs were characterized by atrophy and necrosis of white muscle fibers and visceral ceroidosis. Carps fed a diet containing 40hrs oxidized methyl linolate with 50mg α-tocopherol acetate and a tocopherol free diet including soy bean oil showed lesser growth, visceral ceroidosis and no sign of myopathy. No pathological change was found in carps fed the diet including soy bean oil supplemented with 25mg α-tocopherol acetate. These results indicated nutritional myopathy of the carp was caused by oxidized fatty acid and tocopherol deficiency.

A Possible Essential Role for Dietary Linolenic Acid in the Development of the Young Rat

Female rats were fed semi-purified diets containing 10% safflower oil or 10% soybean oil for six weeks prior to mating and through-out pregnancy and lactation. The progeny were weaned to the diet of the dam. Physical, neuromotor and reflex development was monitored in the progeny prior to weaning and learning ability of the mature progeny was assessed in a simple Y-maze test. Brain lipid analyses were conducted in the progeny at birth, 21 and 210 days of age. Inclusion of soybean oil in the diet resulted in higher levels of 22:6omega3 and lower levels of 22:5omega6 in the brain ethanolamine glycerophosphatides. The nature of the dietary fat exerted no effect on the physical development, onset of reflexologic responses or onset of neuromotor co-ordination in the pups. The soybean oil-fed animals spent more time in certain neuromotor activities possibly associated with explorative drive than did their safflower oil-fed counterparts. The performance of the mature soybean oil-fed progeny in the discrimination-learning test was superior to that of progeny fed safflower oil. The association of superior learning capacity with dietary soybean oil-induced incorporation of omega3 fatty acids into the brain glycerophosphatides is offered as support for an essential role for dietary linolenic acid for the young rat.

Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils in Rations for Broiler Chickens: Oro and Hydrogenated Oro Oil

The effects of feeding broiler-type chickens rations containing 5% or 15% of a low erucic acid rapeseed oil prepared commercially from the Oro variety of rapeseed (ORO), a commercially hydrogenated Oro oil (HORO) and soybean oil (SBO) on body weight, apparent digestibility of total fatty acids, weights of heart, liver and spleen, total lipid and total fatty acid content of heart and liver and fatty acid composition of heart and liver lipids were studied. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the chickens from day old to four weeks of age.Body weight and weights of heart and liver were not influenced significantly by the dietary treatments. Spleen weight was smallest in the group fed the 15% ORO—containing diets.The apparent digestibilities of total fatty acids were similar for ORO and SBO (89.4% and 94.2% for 5% and 15% ORO; 90.9% and 94.7% for 5% and 15% SBO), however they were lower for HORO (85.7% and 90.2% for 5% and 15% HORO).Total lipid and total fatty acid contents of liver were not influenced significantly by the different dietary treatments. Feeding 5% ORO in the diet decreased the content of total fatty acids in heart as compared to feeding 5% HORO or 5% SBO in the diet. The fatty acid composition of heart and liver lipids was influenced by the fatty acid content of the diets. Only small amounts of erucic acid were found in the tissues of the birds fed diets containing ORO or HORO.The inclusion of 5% or 15% of low erucic acid rapeseed oils (ORO and HORO) in diets for broiler chickens proved nutritionally as satisfactory as the inclusion of SBO.

Application of partial hydrogenation theory to the design of commercial reactors for hydrogenating triglyceride oils

AbstractWithin the last 15–20 years, major advances have been publicized regarding the mechanism and general understanding of the partial hydrogenation of triglycerides, including soybean oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and various animal fats (primarily hog and beef fats). Although edible shortenings, oleomargarine stocks and soap stocks are produced in large quantities, there is considerable doubt that the theory and fundamental information relative to hydrogenation is always applied to the fullest extent in designing and operating commercial reactors. This paper will review past accomplishments, the current state of the art and probable directions to be taken to obtain even further reactor improvements.

Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats with dimsylsodium

AbstractThe conjugation of polyunsaturated fatty esters, including soybean oil, trilinolein, soybean methyl esters, and methyl linolenate and linoleate, with the sodium salt of dimethyl sulfoxide (dimsylsodium) as catalyst has been investigated. Methyl esters are ca. 95% conjugated within 2 hr. Glycerides react more slowly but are similarly conjugated within 24 hr. The glyceride linkages are not destroyed as they would be with aqueous or alcoholic alkali. Highly conjugated oils can thus be prepared.