Inclusion Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effects of feeding whole crop rice combined with soybean oil on growth performance, carcass quality characteristics, and fatty acids profile of Longissimus muscle and adipose tissue of pigs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of soybean oil supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acids composition in muscle and adipose tissue of pigs fed on whole crop rice (WCR, variety bc1). Forty-eight pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 36 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatments with three replications each. The diets included the ground WCR at levels of 0, 8, 12 or 16% and supplemented with soybean-oil at levels of 0, 2, 3 and 4 %, accordingly replacing the maize, and designated as control C, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. All pigs at about 90 kg were slaughtered to determine carcass quality and fatty acid composition. In growing period, the daily feed intake was significantly lower for pigs fed the diets containing WCR than for those on the control diets. The pigs on T3 diet had significantly lower average daily gain (735 g/day) than those on C (806 g/day), T1 (808 g/day) or T2 (827 g/day) diets ( P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in pigs on T1 (2.79) or T2 (2.72) diets than on the control (2.98) ( P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio among pigs on different diets in finishing period ( P > 0.05). The carcass characteristics did not differ among different treatments ( P > 0.05). The water holding capacity of loin muscle was significantly lower for pigs fed diets containing WCR than for those on the control ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in meat color, marbling, pH and cooking loss among pigs on different diets. The concentration of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in back fat decreased significantly with the inclusion of soybean oil in the diet ( P < 0.05). The same trend was showed in Longissimus muscle, and SFA in T1 and MUFA in T3 were significantly lower than those in the control ( P < 0.05), respectively. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA were significantly higher in the Longissimus muscle and backfat of pigs fed diet with soybean oil and WCR than those in the control ( P < 0.05). The Longissimus muscle and back fat of pigs fed the diet with soybean oil and WCR were significantly higher in PUFA/SFA and lower in n-6/n-3 ratio than those of the control ( P < 0.05), with exception of the ratio of n-6/n-3 in muscle for T1. The study suggests that whole crop rice could be used as a feed ingredient for growing-finishing pigs with soybean-oil supplementation and that the treatment including soybean oil would improve the fatty acid profile of the carcass as food for humans.

Níveis de energia digestível sobre os desempenhos reprodutivo e zootécnico e a deposição de lipídios nos hepatócitos de machos de tilápia-do-nilo

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo e zootécnico e a deposição de lipídios no tecido hepático de machos de tilápia-do-nilo alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de energia digestível, obtidos com a inclusão de óleo de soja. Foram utilizados 400 reprodutores (300 fêmeas e 100 machos) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto de cinco níveis de energia digestível (2.700, 2.950, 3.200, 3.450 e 3.700 kcal.kg de ração-1) e quatro repetições. Os reprodutores foram alimentados com rações contendo 35% de proteína bruta e submetidos ao manejo reprodutivo em hapas por 101 dias. O melhor resultado de concentração espermática e percentual de espermatozoides normais foram obtidos para reprodutores alimentados com rações contendo 3.465,56 e 3.443,43 kcal. kg de ração-1, que produziram 7,98 × 10(9) espermatozoides.mL de sêmen-1 e 38,98% de espermatozoides normais, respectivamente. A produção de sêmen, o pH seminal, o índice de sobrevivência espermática e o tempo de ativação espermática não foram afetados pelos níveis energéticos das rações. Os níveis de energia das rações não influenciaram o desempenho zootécnico dos peixes, mas promoveram aumento linear na deposição de lipídios nos hepatócitos e afetaram a qualidade seminal, estimulando a produção de espermatozoides e a melhora dos índices de normalidade da morfologia espermática em níveis energéticos próximos a 3.450 kcal. kg de ração-1.

Effect of dietary soybean oil addition on the odd-numbered and branched-chain fatty acids in rabbit meat

The effect of dietary soybean oil (SO) inclusion (20g/kg) on the odd-numbered (ONFA) and branched-chain (BCFA) fatty acids (FA) of two muscles, differing in fatness (Longissimus lumborum and Biceps femoris), was studied in 24 New ZealandxCalifornian rabbits. The increased muscle fatness in Biceps femoris (P<0.001) was related to higher saturated (P<0.01) and monounsaturated (P<0.01) fatty acids. Intramuscular ONFA and BCFA contents were not affected, but their proportions were reduced (P<0.01 and P<0.001) by SO addition, suggesting a dilution effect of the dietary polyunsaturates accumulated in both muscles, except for 17:0i which decreased only in Longissimus lumborum due to significant (P<0.05) soybean oilxmuscle interaction. The higher (P<0.05) BCFA contents and the FA profile in Biceps femoris were not affected by fatness, indicating an association with other muscle properties. The present study supplies new information on ONFA and BCFA in rabbit meat.

Performance of eventing horses fed high fat diet

The objective of this study was to the evaluate physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters of eventing horses fed diets containing soybean oil and submitted to physical effort tests. Twelve horses were used in a completely randomized design with two diets and six replications. The diets used were: diet without soybean oil inclusion (control) and diet with inclusion of 10% soybean oil. The experiment lasted 82 days, with three exercise tests: at the beginning, 60th and 82th day of the experiment. There were five data collections for each test: before the test with the horses at rest, immediately after the test, and at 10, 20 and 120 minutes after each test. Body temperature and rate heart were taken and blood samples were collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical variables.The mean values of the physiological, metalogical and biochemical parameters were submitted to non-parametric analysis.The inclusion of soybean oil only altered the γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and creatinine concentration in function time of intake of the diet. There was effect of trainings time on the horses conditioning that improved with reduction in the lactate concentration while the glucose concentration increased at the last exercise test.

204 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FOLLICULAR FLUID FROM DAIRY COWS FED TROPICAL FORAGE-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH INCREASING LEVELS OF SOYBEAN OIL

Recent studies have shown that dietary supplementation with sources rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can improve reproductive perfor-mance of lactating dairy cows. However, no studies have reported the fatty acids composition of follicular fluid (FF) from dairy cows fed high-PUFA diets. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acids composition of FF from dairy cows fed tropical forage-based diets containing different levels of soybean oil (SO). Four multiparous Holstein-Zebu cows in midlactation (90 ± 25 days in milk) were assigned to 1 of the following dietary treatments (on a dry matter basis): (1) T1 (control) = no SO; (2) T2 = diets containing 1.5% of SO; (3) T3 = diets containing 3.0% of SO; and (4) T4 = diets containing 4.5% of SO. Diets were composed of chopped elephant grass and a concentrate mixture and the forage concentrate ratio was 55 : 45 (dry matter basis). The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square in which each period lasted 21 days. All cows received intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices and follicular waves were synchronized with 0.5 mg of gonadorelin. The FF from dominant follicles was collected by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration on the last day of each period (Day 21) and centrifuged (10000 × g, 1 min) and the supernatant was frozen at -80°C until fatty acid analysis. Extraction and methylation of fatty acids in FF were performed according to the 1-step simplified method described by Masood A et al. (2005 J. Lipid Res. 46, 2299-2305). The fatty acid profile from FF was determined by gas chromatography as described by Cruz-Hernandez C et al. (2007 J. Dairy Sci. 90, 3786-3801). Treatment effects were determined by regression analysis using the REG procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and declared significant at P &lt; 0.05. Nearly 30 different fatty acids (70% of the total area) were identified in the FF samples. The most representative fatty acids (% total area) for the 4 dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively) were C18 : 2 cis - 9, cis - 12 (19.8, 20.3, 16.1, and 24.2), C18 : 0 (17.7, 16.6, 19.5, and 16.8), C16 : 0 (12.2, 10.7, 11.3, and 17.8), and C18 :1 cis - 9 (6.5, 7.3, 5.5, and 7.7). Inclusion of SO in the diet linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of C16 : 1 cis - 9 (0.8, 0.7, 0.4, and 0.5) and C20 : 3 (1.2, 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7), but linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of C18 : 1 trans - 11 (0.4, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.4), C18 : 1 cis - 11 (0.4, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.9), and C18 : 1 cis - 12 (0.2, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.7) isomers in FF. The increase in the concentration of C18 : 1 trans - 11 in FF from cows fed higher levels of SO was not accompanied by an increase in the proportion of CLA cis - 9, trans - 11 (0.9, 1.0, 0.7, and 0.9 for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively). It suggests the absence or low activity of A9-desaturase enzyme in the follicular environment, unlike that observed in the mammary gland. In general, our results indicate that fatty acid composition of follicular fluid from lactating dairy cows is sensitive to changes in dietary supply of PUFA. Financial support: FAPEMIG (CVZ1815/06).

Perfil hematólogico e características das fezes de equinos consumindo dietas hiperlipidêmicas

Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros sanguíneos, o consumo de matéria seca e as características fecais de equinos alimentados com dietas hiperlipidêmicas. Foram utilizados 15 equinos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e cinco repetições. As dietas utilizadas foram: dieta sem inclusão de óleo de soja (controle); dieta com inclusão de 8,5% de óleo de soja; dieta com inclusão de 19,5% de óleo de soja. O ensaio teve duração de 34 dias, sendo 30 dias de adaptação dos equinos às dietas e quatro dias de coleta de amostras. As amostras sanguíneas para avaliação hematológica e bioquímica foram coletadas no 34° dia, as características das fezes foram avaliadas no 33° e no 34° dia do ensaio e, a partir do 30° dia, o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi avaliado. Os equinos alimentados com as dietas hiperlipidêmicas apresentaram aumento no número de eritrócitos e redução no volume corpuscular médio (P&lt;0,05). O nível de hemoglobina dos equinos avaliados diferiu (P&lt;0,05) somente entre os animais que consumiram as dietas de controle e com inclusão de 8,5% de óleo de soja, com menor valor na dieta de controle de 9,5d dL-1. A inclusão de 19,5% de óleo de soja na dieta elevou os níveis séricos de triglicerídios nos equinos. Houve redução no CMS diário de 1,9 e 2,8kg, nos equinos alimentados com as dietas com 8,5 e 19,5% de óleo de soja em relação à dieta de controle de 9,0kg MS. A produção fecal diária reduziu em 0,7 e 1,1kg MS, nos equinos alimentados com as dietas com 8,5 e 19,5% de óleo de soja, respectivamente, em relação à dieta de controle de 3,4kg MS. A utilização de dietas hiperlipidêmicas para equinos com inclusão de óleo de soja possibilita a redução do consumo dietético e o aumento da disponibilidade plasmática de triglicerídeos sem a ocorrência de diarreias ou alteração das características das fezes.

Consumo, cinética digestiva e digestibilidade de nutrientes em equinos atletas alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de soja

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, a cinética digestiva e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em equinos consumindo rações suplementadas com óleo de soja. Foram utilizados 15 equinos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três dietas e cinco repetições. As dietas experimentais foram formuladas a partir de uma dieta controle (sem inclusão de óleo de soja) acrescida 8,5% ou 19,5% de óleo de soja. O ensaio teve duração de 34 dias: 30 de adaptação dos equinos às dietas e quatro de coleta de fezes. A cinética da fase líquida da digesta no trato digestivo foi estimada pela LIPE® (lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida) na forma líquida. A LIPE® foi fornecida no 30º dia, em dose única, e as amostras de fezes foram coletadas nos tempos 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72 e 78 horas após o fornecimento. O consumo de matéria seca das dietas reduziu com a inclusão de óleo de soja. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo aumentou nas dietas hiperlipidêmicas, enquanto o de digestibilidade da celulose reduziu com a inclusão de 19,5% de óleo de soja. O coeficiente de digestibilidade dos demais nutrientes, exceto o de proteína bruta, e a cinética da digesta no trato gastrointestinal não foram alterados. A inclusão de óleo de soja em dietas práticas para equinos possibilita reduzir o consumo de matéria seca e aumentar a concentração energética, desejável em equinos atletas.

Suplementação com óleo de soja na dieta de potros

Em um delineamento quadrado latino 4 X 4 balanceado, foram utilizados quatro potros, filhos do mesmo garanhão, com idade entre 10 e 12 meses e 270 ± 9,80 kg. Foram analisados os efeitos dos níveis de 5, 10, 15 e 20% de óleo de soja no concentrado sobre a aceitabilidade e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e sobre a concentração plasmática de colesterol total e suas frações nas lipoproteínas de densidade muito baixa (VLDL-C), densidade baixa (LDL-C) e densidade alta (HDL-C) e nos triglicérides totais. O aumento do nível de óleo na dieta afetou as digestibilidades da matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido, que apresentaram resposta quadrática, com diminuição após os valores de 10,7; 9,5 e 10,5%, respectivamente, de extrato etéreo na dieta. Os níveis de óleo de soja tiveram efeito linear sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol e LDL-C, que apresentaram diminuição de 0,65 mg/dL e 0,58 mg/dL, respectivamente, a cada 1% de aumento no extrato etéreo do concentrado. Níveis de óleo de soja superiores a 9,5% no concentrado afetam a digestibilidade da dieta, principalmente na parede celular, e diminuem as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol e LDL-C.

Desempenho reprodutivo e zootécnico e deposição de lipídios nos hepatócitos de fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo alimentadas com rações de diversos níveis energéticos

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os desempenhos reprodutivo e zootécnico e a deposição de lipídios no tecido hepático de fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo alimentadas com rações contendo diferentes níveis de energia digestível, obtidos pela inclusão de óleo de soja. Foram utilizados 100 reprodutores e 300 reprodutoras, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os reprodutores, machos e fêmeas, foram alimentados com rações contendo, por quilograma, 35% de proteína bruta e 2.700, 2.950, 3.200, 3.450 ou 3.700 kcal de energia digestível. Os animais foram mantidos em hapas por 93 dias. O desempenho reprodutivo e zootécnico não foi influenciado pelos níveis energéticos das rações, o que pode estar relacionado ao curto período de tempo de alimentação com as dietas experimentais. Contudo, o aumento nos níveis de energia teve efeito linear nas deposições lipídicas nos hepatócitos. Desta forma, os níveis crescentes de energia digestível nas rações fornecidas às fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo, obtidos pela inclusão de óleo de soja, apenas aumentam o tempo de sobrevivência das larvas ao jejum e a deposição de lipídios nos hepatócitos das fêmeas.

Composição química e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite e muçarela de búfalas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de lipídeos

Avaliaram-se a composição química e o perfil de ácidos na gordura do leite de búfalas alimentadas com fontes de lipídeos. Foram utilizadas nove búfalas em lactação, multíparas e com produção média diária de leite de 6,5kg. O delineamento experimental foi quadrado latino 3x3, triplo, composto por três tratamentos, três períodos de 21 dias e nove repetições. Os tratamentos foram dietas sem lipídeo adicional, com grão de soja e com óleo de soja. A proporção de silagem de milho variou entre 70 e 75%. A inclusão de óleo de soja elevou os teores de gordura no leite e no queijo tipo muçarela. As concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) variaram de 62,8 a 69,8%. Não houve diferenças nos teores de AGS entre os tratamentos sem lipídeo adicional e com grão de soja. O tratamento com óleo de soja resultou em queda de 10% no teor de AGS. As fontes lipídicas reduziram as concentrações de AGS e aumentaram as concentrações de ácidos graxos insaturados. Ácidos graxos encontrados na muçarela, em ordem decrescente, foram: palmítico, oleico, láurico e esteárico. O óleo de soja apresentou maior capacidade de elevar as concentrações do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e do ácido vaccênico no leite e no queijo muçarela.

A novel biocompatible adhesive incorporating plant‐derived monomers

We describe a new class of biomaterials with potential for a variety of applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and transdermal drug delivery. These materials are based on oleic methyl ester (OME), which is derived from various plant oils including soybean oil. The OME was acrylated (AOME) and subsequently copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to form pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). We assessed the cytocompatibility of each PSA product using Alamar Blue and Live/Dead assays. It was found that after 2 h, human fibroblast cells attached on all four of the PSA polymers tested. After 24 h, cell spreading was seen on all materials with the exception of the polymerized AOME product (PAOME). Cells attached to the copolymer PSA products continued to proliferate for up to 2 weeks, as shown by fluorescent confocal microscopy imaging. Finally, a mechanical analysis of each of the copolymers is presented demonstrating that they have a range of mechanical properties and cell adhesiveness depending on the formulation, making them attractive candidates for use as bioactive adhesives.

Feeding Soybean Oil to Dairy Goats Increases Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Milk

A total of 24 Murciano-Granadina dairy goats milked once daily throughout lactation were used to study the effects of including soybean oil (SBO) in the diet on lactational performance and milk fatty acid (FA) content, particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1, TVA). Three weeks after parturition, goats were allocated to 2 balanced groups according to lactation number, body weight, and daily milk yield, and were kept in separate pens. The experiment consisted of a 2-period (28 d each) crossover with 2 dietary treatments: control and SBO (6% as fed in the concentrate). Goats were fed dehydrated fescue (ad libitum), alfalfa pellets (0.5 kg/d), and concentrate (1 kg/d) to which the SBO was or was not added. Forage was fed in the pens, and concentrate was fed individually in 2 equal portions at milking (0900h) and in the afternoon (1700h). Final SBO content in the consumed SBO diet was 2.5% (dry matter basis). Diets were isonitrogenous (17.4% crude protein), but their total FA content varied from 2.2% (control) to 4.6% (SBO). There was no effect of SBO on dry matter intake, milk yield, energy-corrected milk, body weight, or body condition score. Compared with the control diet, feeding SBO increased milk fat content (4.57 vs. 5.24%) and yield as well as total solids content. Soybean oil had no effect on milk crude and true protein contents, but it reduced milk casein content (2.48 vs. 2.34%). Short- and medium-chain FA decreased by feeding SBO, whereas long-chain FA increased. Feeding preformed linoleic acid through SBO increased milk concentrations of linoleic, oleic, and stearic FA but reduced levels of linolenic and palmitic FA. As a consequence, feeding SBO decreased the saturated-to-unsaturated FA ratio and the atherogenicity index. Compared with the control treatment, milk contents of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.68 vs. 2.03%) and TVA (2.04 vs. 6.41%) in the SBO treatment increased by approximately 200%. In conclusion, feeding a moderate dose of SBO to dairy goats was a useful way to increase milk fat, CLA, and TVA contents in milk and to reduce the atherogenicity index without negative effects on intake, milk yield, and protein content.

Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil on growth performance and liver biochemical composition in juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli

A 9-week feeding experiment was carried out on juvenile black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegeli to evaluate the effects of dietary replacement of fish oil by soybean oil on fish growth and liver biochemical composition. Fish in triplicate were fed four diets, in which 0% (FO as control), 60% (60SO), 80% (80SO) and 100% (100SO) of fish oil was replaced by soybean oil. The weight gain of fish fed 60SO or 80SO diet was similar to that of fish fed the control diet, but a total replacement of fish oil by soybean oil significantly reduced fish growth. Although the inclusion of soybean oil resulted in an increase in the crude lipid content of the liver, the level of fish oil replacement did not significantly alter the hepatosomatic index, feed conversion ratio, condition factor and liver proximate composition. The inclusion of soybean oil in seabream diets increased hepatic α-tocopherol concentrations, but reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and plasma cholesterol. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid significantly increased in fish fed soybean oil diets, but docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and the ratio n−3/n−6 were significantly reduced by the inclusion of dietary soybean oil (P<0.05). Our results indicated that the inclusion of soybean oil increased the hepatic α-tocopherol content and reduced lipid peroxidation in fish. However, complete substitution of fish oil with soybean oil reduced growth efficiency. Thus, 60–80% replacement of fish oil by soybean oil is recommended in diet formulation for black seabream.

Ácido linoléico conjugado e perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo e na capa de gordura de novilhos bubalinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de lipídios

Avaliaram-se o teor de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo e na capa de gordura de novilhos bubalinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de lipídios. Utilizaram-se 12 animais castrados, da raça Murrah, com peso vivo de 306±8kg, submetidos aos tratamentos sem lipídeo adicional, grão de soja e óleo de soja, confinados durante 84 dias. Após o abate a carcaça foi resfriada a 5ºC, durante 24 horas. Foi feita secção entre a nona e a 11ª costelas da meia carcaça direita, de onde se separou músculo e capa de gordura, analisadas as concentrações de CLA e de ácidos graxos, por cromatografia gasosa. O fornecimento de óleo de soja resultou em maior concentração de CLA no músculo e na capa de gordura, e a adição de óleo de soja menores concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados, principalmente os ácidos mirístico e palmítico. Os animais que receberam a dieta com grão de soja integral também apresentaram menor teor de CLA e redução nas concentrações de mirístico e palmítico. Esses efeitos foram observados somente na capa de gordura e em menor intensidade.

Effect of soybean oil supplementation on milk fatty acid composition from Saanen goats fed diets with different forage:concentrate ratios

Twelve lactating Saanen goats were randomly assigned to four experimental diets, which differed in terms of forage:concentrate ratio and soybean oil supplementation. A 4×4 Latin square design was used. On a dry matter (DM) basis, forage:concentrate ratios were 63:37 (‘high-forage’ diet) and 35:65 (‘low-forage’ diet/high beet pulp). These diets were given either with oil (100 g·d-1) or without. The inclusion of soybean oil in the diet resulted in a significant increase in milk yield (but with HF diet) and in milk fat yield and concentration (P<0.05). Milk protein content remained unchanged across the diets. Milk protein yield was, however, higher for the high-forage diet containing added oil (forage × oil interaction, P<0.05). Soybean oil in the diet modified the milk fatty acid composition, reducing the levels of medium-chain and saturated fatty acids and increasing the levels of C18:2 n-6 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The addition of soybean oil to the diet resulted in a significant increase in rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) content in the milk fat. Interactions between forage and oil resulted in a significant increase in rumenic acid and vaccenic acid in animals fed a high-forage plus oil diet, and in trans-10 C18:1and trans-10, cis-12 CLA in animals fed a low-forage plus oil diet, probably due to a shift in the rumen’s biohydrogenation of linoleic acid.

Effect of forage/concentrate ratio and soybean oil supplementation on milk yield, and composition from Sarda ewes

Sixteen lactating Sarda ewes were fed four diets differing in the forage/concentrate ratio (two diets 75/25, two diets 60/40, on a DM basis) and in soybean oil supplementation (two diets with 100 g·d −1 oil, two diets with no oil), in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The inclusion of soybean oil in the diet resulted in a significant increase of both daily milk yield and fat corrected milk (P ≤ 0.01), while diets with higher concentrate content resulted in lower levels of milk production (P ≤ 0.05). Milk fat content did not differ among treatments, while milk fat yield was increased when ewes consumed oil added diets (P < 0.01). Milk protein content was lower when oil was added to the diet (P ≤ 0.01), which was attributed to a dilution effect, while milk protein secretion did not differ among treatments. Dietary soybean oil modified the milk fatty acid composition towards a lower level of medium chain and saturated fatty acid and a higher level of PUFA and CLA, confirming how an adequate dietary strategy can broadly modify sheep milk quality towards a more desirable composition for human health. In particular, soybean oil in the diet resulted in a significant increase of both rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) in milk fat. Interactions among forage and oil resulted in a significant increase in rumenic acid and vaccenic acid with the HF/ Od iet andtrans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA with the LF/O diet, probably due to a shift in rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. CLA / trans fatty acid / sheep milk / soybean oil

Evaluation of the inclusion of soybean oil and soybean processing by-products to soybean meal on nutrient composition and digestibility in swine and poultry

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of selected soybean (SB) processing byproducts (gums, oil, soapstock, weeds/trash) when added back to soybean meal (SBM) during processing on the resulting nutrient composition, protein quality, nutrient digestibility by swine, and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content and standardized AA digestibility by poultry. To measure ileal DM and nutrient digestibility, pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The concentration of TMEn and the standardized AA digestibility by poultry were determined using the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Treatments in the swine experiment included SBM with no by-products; SBM with 1% gum; SBM with 3% gum; SBM with 0.5% soapstock; SBM with 1.5% soapstock; SBM with 2% weeds/trash; SBM with a combination of 3% gum, 1.5% soapstock, and 2% weeds/trash; SBM with 5.4% soybean oil; and roasted SB. A 10 x 10 Latin square design was utilized. The experiment was conducted at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and at The Ohio State University, Columbus. In the swine experiment, apparent ileal DM, OM, CP, and AA digestibilities were reduced (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the combination by-product diet compared with the diet containing no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, CP, and total essential, total nonessential, and total AA were lower (P < 0.05) for any diet containing by-products compared with the diet with no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and AA were lower (P < 0.05) for the roasted SB-compared with the SB oil-containing diet. In the rooster experiment, TMEn values were greater (P < 0.05) for roasted SB compared with SBM with no by-products and increased linearly as the addition of soapstock increased. Individual, total essential, total nonessential, and total AA digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) for roosters fed roasted SB versus SBM devoid of by-products. Gums, soapstock, and weeds/trash reduce the nutritive value of the resultant meal when they are added back during processing.

Consumo, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com óleo de soja e diferentes fontes de carboidratos na dieta

Foram utilizadas 12 vacas lactantes Holandês-Gir com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de dietas formuladas com diferentes fontes de carboidratos no concentrado, associadas ou não à suplementação com óleo de soja, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e a composição do leite. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrados à base de milho ou farelo de trigo (FT) ou polpa cítrica (PC), associados ou não a óleo de soja (0 e 2,25%). Não houve interação significativa entre a presença de óleo e a fonte de carboidratos em qualquer variável avaliada. O consumo de MS (18,4 kg/dia) e a produção de leite (23,5 kg/dia) não diferiram entre MI, FT ou PC, mas a dieta com FT proporcionou maior consumo de FDN e menor digestibilidade aparente total da MO e dos CHOT e reduziu o teor de lactose no leite. A síntese microbiana não foi influenciada pela fonte de carboidrato ou pelo óleo, sendo, em média, de 239,4 g N/dia. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo óleo apresentaram menor consumo de matéria seca (19,0 vs 17,8 kg/dia) e menores teores de lactose (4,49 vs 4,33%) e gordura (3,34 vs 3,13%) no leite, mas não diferiram quanto à produção de leite, ao teor de proteína, à digestibilidade dos nutrientes e à síntese microbiana. A presença de óleo promoveu maior eficiência alimentar (1,35 vs 1,23) e aumentou a relação proteína:gordura do leite (0,94 vs 1,00). Do ponto de vista econômico, PC e FT podem substituir totalmente o milho no concentrado em dietas para vacas com produção de até 24 kg/dia. O óleo na dieta diminui o consumo e mantém o nível de produção, aumentando a eficiência alimentar e alterando a composição do leite.

Growth, digestibility and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed different dietary soybean oil levels

A shortage of marine raw ingredients, such as fish oil, is predicted in the near future. The use of suitable alternative lipid sources, such as vegetable oils, is crucial for sustainable growth of the aquaculture sector. Three isonitrogenous (50% Crude Protein) and isoenergetic (19 kJ g−1) diets, in which fish oil was gradually replaced by soybean oil (0, 25 and 50% of the oil fraction) were tested for 12 weeks, using European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. No dietary effects (p>0.05) on growth performance, feed conversion, digestibility or body composition were observed with either species. The results obtained suggest the inclusion of soybean oil up to 50% of the dietary lipid is possible, in diets for sea bass and/or rainbow trout juveniles.

Regulation of dietary energy level and oil source on leptin and its long form receptor mRNA expression of the adipose tissues in growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy level and source of oil on leptin mRNA and long form leptin receptor (Ob-Rl) mRNA expression in dorsal, abdominal and visceral adipose tissues in young growing pigs. In experiment one, 15 barrows (initial body weight 15.0 kg) were used to examine the effects of dietary energy levels on leptin mRNA and Ob-Rl mRNA expression. The pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments ( n = 5 per treatment) containing 13.4, 15.1 or 16.7 MJ DE/kg diet for 28 days. Based on the results of experiment one, experiment two was designed to examine the effects of oil sources including soybean oil (rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids) or fish oil (rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on leptin mRNA and Ob-Rl mRNA expression in the same adipose tissues examined in experiment one. The energy content of these diets was 15.1 MJ/kg. Fourteen barrows (initial weight 20.5 kg) were allocated to either of the two dietary treatments ( n = 7 per treatment), which was supplemented with either soybean or fish oil (both 5.73% of the diet) and fed to the pigs for 21 days. At the end of both experiments, blood samples were collected to determine plasma leptin and insulin concentrations. Adipose tissues were sampled to determine leptin and Ob-Rl mRNA expression using real-time fluorescence quantification PCR. In experiment one, plasma leptin concentrations were enhanced ( P = 0.02), and insulin concentrations were decreased ( P < 0.01) in pigs fed the high-energy diet (16.7 MJ DE/kg). Dorsal adipose tissue leptin mRNA expression was increased by feeding the diet containing 15.1 MJ/kg DE compared with the diets containing 13.4 and 16.7 MJ/kg DE. There was no difference in leptin mRNA expression in abdominal and visceral adipose tissue. In experiment two, there were no differences in plasma leptin and insulin concentrations between pigs fed with either fish oil or soybean oil diets. Nevertheless, fish oil decreased both leptin mRNA and Ob-Rl mRNA expression in dorsal adipose tissues compared with soybean oil ( P < 0.01). These experiments indicate that the source of oil plays a more potent role in regulation of leptin mRNA expression relative to dietary energy levels by an insulin-independent mechanism. Plasma leptin concentrations may also be regulated by a post-transcriptional mechanism.