Soybean Meal Diet Research Articles

Effects of Perilla Seed Meal on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism of Wenchang Breeder Hens.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding perilla seed meal (PSM) to the diet on reproductive performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acids, antioxidant capacity and liver lipid metabolism in breeding hens. A total of 192 31-week-old yellow-feathered hens were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 birds for 8 weeks. The chickens were fed a typical corn-soybean meal diet containing 0% (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1% PSM. The results showed that PSM can change the productivity of laying hens. Adding 0.6% PSM to the feed reduced the mortality rate of chickens. Adding 1% PSM improved the fertilization rate and hatching rate of chickens. Regarding egg quality, the albumen height and Haugh unit were improved in the 0.6% PSM group. The content of MUFAs and PUFAs in the egg yolk was increased in all the PSM groups, while SFAs were only increased in the 0.6% PSM group. Among the indicators related to lipid metabolism, serum GLU decreased in all the PSM groups. The 0.6% PSM group had a reduction in serum and liver TG, as well as reductions in serum LDL-C and ALT. The same results were observed for the abdominal fat percentage in the 0.6% PSM group. Liver lipid metabolism-associated gene expression of FAS and LXRα was decreased in all the PSM groups, and the mRNA expression of ACC and SREBP-1c was significantly reduced in the 0.6% PSM group. HE staining showed that the vacuoles in the liver tissue gradually decreased with increasing PSM doses, especially the 1% PSM dose. Lipid droplets with a similar trend were observed using Oil Red O staining. In the results of the antioxidant capacity test, the serum T-AOC was increased in the 0.6% and 1% PSM groups, and the SOD in both the serum and liver was significantly increased in all the PSM groups. The expression of antioxidant-related genes such as Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, CAT and GSH-Px was significantly upregulated in the 1% PSM group. In conclusion, the PSM diet improved the lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of breeding hens. PSM reduces mortality and improves fertilization and hatchability in the late laying period of chickens, resulting in greater benefits. We recommend adding 0.6% PSM to layer feed, which improves the physical condition of the hens and brings higher economic benefits.

Influence of Guar Meal from Pig Compound Feed on Productive Performance, Nitrogen Metabolism, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is an annual legume tolerant to drought. Guar meal (GM) is a protein- and carbohydrate-rich co-product generated after the mechanical separation of the endosperm from the germ and hull of guar seed. GM has received considerable interest in animal feed as an alternative to soybean meal (SM). In this study, we aimed to assess the nitrogen (N) balance indicators, performance, carcass traits, and main greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from enteric fermentation (E-CH4) and manure (M-CH4 and N2O). Two tests were performed: (i) a biological trial on 45 pigs (15 animals/group) and (ii) a digestibility test in metabolism cages (N = 15, 5 replicates/group). Three different diets were given to the pigs: one diet was based on 0% GM (SM diet); in the second, GM-50%, GM replaced 50% of the SM; and the third was GM-100%, in which GM fully replaced the SM. The GM and SM diets were analyzed for their proximate composition. A model based on prediction equations was used to estimate the GHGs. GM up to 10% in the diets of finishing pigs did not significantly impact growth performance or carcass traits, although a slight increase in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was observed. GM up to 10% improved N digestibility (p < 0.0001), net protein utilization (p < 0.0001), the biological value of protein, coefficients of metabolizability, and the coefficient of the total tract’s apparent digestibility. Irrespective of its dietary proportion, GM decreased total nitrogen output (TNO, p = 0.11). A highly significant impact was noted for N2O and E-CH4 (for DM, p < 0.0001), as well as a significant impact for E-CH4, expressed as g CO2 Eq (p = 0.007), and g CO2 Eq. LU (livestock unit, p = 0.005), also reported as ADG (p = 0.024). Manure, M-CH4, was not significantly influenced. In conclusion, GM can replace up to 100% SM and is thus a valuable byproduct that does not alter animal performance and can positively impact N2O and E-CH4.

Effects of rutin supplementation on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of laying hens fed a diet containing stored soybean meal

Protein oxidation of soybean meal (SBM) during storage may have adverse effects on the intestinal health of laying hens. Moreover, rutin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which might be used as a feed additive to mitigate the intestinal damage caused by oxidised protein of SBM. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rutin supplementation on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, immunity and caecal microbiota in laying hens fed a diet containing stored SBM. A total of 384 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (220 days) were randomly allocated into four groups with eight replicates of 12 laying hens each according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 types of SBM (FSM: SBM was stored in the cold storage warehouses at −20 °C for 45 days, and was considered as fresh and control SBM; RTSM: SBM was stored in room temperature warehouse (15 °C to 25 °C), average temperature was 20 °C for 45 days) and 2 levels of rutin (0 and 500 mg/kg). The results showed that the RTSM diet decreased the ileal glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, the jejunal superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and ileal NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) mRNA expression levels (p < 0.05), and tended to decrease the jejunal superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), ileal glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and increase the jejunal interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA expression levels. Dietary rutin decreased the jejunal crypt depth (CD) (p < 0.05), increased the jejunal total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and GSH-Px activities (p < 0.05), decreased the content of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the jejunum (p < 0.05), and significantly reduced levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IFN-γ, and IL-4 in the ileal mucosa (p < 0.05). Dietary rutin increased SOD2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NQO1 mRNA expression levels in the jejunum and GPX1, Nrf2 and NQO1 mRNA expression levels in the ileum, and decreased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA expression in the jejunum and NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA expressions in the ileum. What’s more, dietary rutin changed the caecal microbiota. PCoA analysis indicated significant structural differences among four groups (p < 0.05), and SBM × Rutin interactions were found in Actinobacteriota and unclassifiedk_norank_d_ Bacteria at the phylum level (p < 0.05). These results suggested that RTSM had slight adverse effects on the intestinal health, and dietary rutin improved intestinal morphology, exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via Nrf2 and NF-κB signal pathways, and changed the composition of caecal microbiota. Highlights The RTSM diet has adverse effects on the intestinal health of laying hens compared with the FSM diet. Dietary rutin improved the intestinal health by increasing the intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary soybean meal and rutin changed the composition of caecal microbiota.

Amino acid supplementation during the adaptation period did not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn and soybean meal fed to pigs.

The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9±2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole AA source and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for four and half days, and the 3 diets containing an AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following two and half days. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7. The addition of an AA mixture during the adaptation period increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (p<0.05) but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of an AA mixture during the adaptation period increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (p<0.05) but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of the AA mixture during the adaptation period. The addition of amino acids to a low-protein diet during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in pigs.

Implications of dietary soybean meal replacement with corn gluten meal on growth performance, antioxidant activities, hepatopancreatic histopathology, and intestinal flora of juvenile Pacific shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

This study aimed to investigate the potential of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with corn gluten meal (CGM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Litopaeneaus vannamei). The study examined the effects of a dietary soybean meal replacement on growth, biochemical indices, antioxidant activities, histology, and intestinal flora. A total of 840 juvenile Pacific shrimp were fed seven diets containing different levels of CGM, ranging from diet 1 (diet1) 0% (control), diet2 (3%), diet3 (7%), diet4 (9%), diet5 (11.8%), diet6 (12.7%), and diet 7 (14.4%). The experiment was conducted over 56 days, with three replicate of each group (initial mean weight = 0.13 0.00 g). The results showed that dietary CGM significantly increased final body weight, average weight gain, and specific growth rate. However, the inclusion of dietary CGM decreased with higher levels. The feed conversion ratio of diets 2 and 3 was considerably lower than that of the control group. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase increased significantly with the feeding of CGM, while the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly. The histology of the hepatopancreas showed an evident epithelial tubule (E, B, R, and F), and the number of intact epithelial cells increased considerably with the increasing inclusion of CGM (P < 0.05). The intestinal flora in the shrimp intestine responded favorably to the replacement of SBM with CGM in the dietary CGM treatment groups, including a number of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Moreover, with rising CGM levels, diversity indices and richness estimates rose. The regression model with a broken line was found to describing the relationship between the growth rate and the optimal level of CGM required. The results showed that a CGM dose of 3.31% was the most effective for achieving optimal growth performance in juvenile L. vannamei.

High-fibre diets regulate antioxidative capacity and promote intestinal health by regulating bacterial microbiota in growing pigs.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a high-fibre diet on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal health, and intestinal microbiota composition of growing pigs. Twelve healthy "Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire" castrates (49 ± 1.35 kg) were randomly divided into two groups with six replicates and one pig per replicate. The two diet treatments were fed the basal diet (CON) based on corn and soybean meal and high fibre diet (HF)respectively. The nutritional levels of the two treatments were the same. The experiment lasted 28 days. The results showed that the addition of 16% wheat bran fibre to the diet of growing pigs did not affect growth performance (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON, contents of isobutyric and butyric acid, GSH-PX and T-AOC in serum were increased in the HF. It decreased the gross energy digestibility and acetic acid content in feces of growing pigs (p < 0.05), the contents of GSH-PX and T-AOC in serum. It decreased the gross energy digestibility and acetic acid content in feces of growing pigs (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON, the Shannon, and Chao1 indexes of the HF were increased (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the abundance of g_Lactobacillus increased in the HF (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that a total of 18 microbial genera were correlated with antioxidant capacity and volatile fatty acid levels (p < 0.05). In summary, this study showed that adding 16% wheat bran to the diet of growing pigs had no effect on growth performance but helped to improve the richness and stability of intestinal microbiota, promote posterior intestinal fermentationand increase serum antioxidant capacity.

PSVI-1 Effect of Soy co-Products in Supplements for Growing Cattle on Hemocytology Following a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of including soy co-products (soybean meal and soy oil) in the diet on the hemocytology of cattle after an endotoxin challenge. For the growing phase, crossbred Angus steers (n = 36; initial body weight = 289 ± 31 kg) were stratified by body weight and sire and randomly assigned to pastures (n = 9; 0.45 ha mixed grass). Pastures were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: 1) a control supplement containing no soy co-products (CON); 2) a supplement containing soybean meal (SBM); or 3) a supplement containing soy oil (SBO). All supplements were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Cattle were fed supplements (2.45 kg DM/day) for 56 days. At the conclusion of the growing phase, cattle were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups for a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (i.v. infusion of 0.5 µg LPS/kg of body weight). A minimum of 18 hours before sampling, cattle were fitted with jugular vein catheters and placed into stanchions. Blood was collected starting 2 hours before LPS infusion (-2 hr), immediately prior to LPS infusion (0 hr), and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr. Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 as repeated measures with treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction as fixed effects, challenge group as random effect, and calf specified as the subject. Statistical significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies declared at 0.05 &amp;lt; P ≤ 0.1. There were treatment × time interactions for neutrophils (P = 0.003), percentage of neutrophils (P = 0.002), percentage of lymphocytes (P = 0.006), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NE:LY ratio; P = 0.001). Briefly, neutrophils, percentage of neutrophils, and NE:LY ratio were decreased in cattle on CON diets compared with SBM at -2 h and 0 h (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Also, the percentage of neutrophils were greater at 8 h for cattle on SBO diets than SBM diets (P = 0.018). The percentage of lymphocytes were greater in cattle on the CON diets compared with the SBM diets at 0 and -2 h (P &amp;lt; 0.015). There was a treatment effect for percentage of monocytes (P = 0.035), as the CON diet had greater monocyte percentage compared with the SBM diet, and the SBO diet tended to have greater monocyte percentage compared with SBM diet. There was a time effect for all other hematology variables (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), as leukocytes were typically greater pre-administration of LPS, sharply decreased at 2 and 4 h post-administration of LPS and began to increase at 6 and 8 h. Preliminary results indicated that the inclusion of soy co-products in growing cattle diets influenced hemocytology.

237 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal and Valine:Lysine and Tryptophan:Lysine Ratios on Finishing pig Performance

Abstract A total of 621 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 62.9 kg) were used in a 65-day growth trial to determine the effect of increasing soybean meal (SBM) and Val:Lys and Trp:Lys (AA) ratios on finishing pig performance. Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based containing 25% DGGS and fed in 3 phases. The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial, with main effects of SBM level (Low, Medium, High) and AA ratios (Standard, High). Ratios of Trp:Lys were: Phase 1: Standard 19, High 24%, Phase 2: Standard 19, High 23%, and Phase 3: Standard 19, High 23%. Ratios of Val:Lys were: Phase 1: Standard 70 to 83, High 87 to 88%, Phase 2: Standard 70 to 83, High 88%, and in Phase 3: Standard 76 to 96, High 96%. The additional amino acids provided by increasing levels of SBM in diets with standard AA ratios were expected to result in a greater ADG by balancing out the increased leucine from corn. Conversely, ADG was expected to stay the same as SBM increased when the Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios were increased. Pens of pigs were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. There were approximately 10 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. No evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.05) of SBM × AA ratio interactions or treatment differences was observed for any response criteria for phases 1 and 2 (Table). In phase 3, a marginally significant SBM × AA ratio interaction was observed for ADG (P = 0.084). The medium level of SBM with standard AA ratios resulted in greater ADG compared with other SBM levels (quadratic, P = 0.003), whereas no differences in ADG were observed with increasing SBM when Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios were increased (P = 0.501). Additionally, G:F increased at the medium level of SBM in phase 3 (quadratic, P = 0.007). In spite of the improvements observed in phase 3, there were no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) observed in overall ADG or ADFI. A marginally significant SBM × AA ratio interaction was observed for overall G:F (P = 0.052). Increasing SBM in diets with greater Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios resulted in decreased G:F (P = 0.049), whereas no difference in G:F was observed with increasing SBM in diets with standard AA ratios (P = 0.435). In conclusion, in early finishing there were no responses to increasing SBM; however, in the late finishing period when diets included 0, 4 or 8% SBM, pigs fed 4% SBM diets with standard Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios had increased ADG and G:F. Throughout the study, increasing Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios had little effect on pig performance.

102 Growth Performance in Pigs fed a High Soybean Meal Diet During Heat Stress

Abstract In the U.S. swine industry, feeding programs are focused on using feed ingredients that are easily digestible and cost effective. With the predicted increases in soybean processing, pig producers may have increased availability of a cost-effective protein source in soybean meal (SBM). This expanded availability of SBM may result in feeding protein above the ostensible requirements, which would likely intensify the thermic effect of digestion, potentially increasing the susceptibility of the pig to heat stress (HS). Heat stress has damaging effects on feed intake and growth performance, costing the swine industry &amp;gt;$900 million annually. Therefore, the study objectives were to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein diets (in the form of SBM) during HS on growth performance in growing pigs. Growing pigs (n = 40; initial BW = 55 ± 5.6 kg) were allocated into six treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) ad libitum control diet (TN-Ctl; n = 6), 2) TN pair-fed (PF) control diet (PF-Ctl; n = 6), 3) HS ad libitum control diet (HS-Ctl; n = 8), 4) TN ad libitum high SBM diet (TN-SBM; n = 6), 5) TN PF high SBM diet (PF-SBM; n = 6), and 6) HS ad libitum high SBM diet (HS-SBM; n = 8). The control diet included 15% crude protein (CP) while the high SBM diet included 23% CP with excess amino acids. The study consisted of two periods: Period 1 (P1; 7 d) in which all pigs were housed in TN environments (26.7 ± 1.4°C) with ad libitum access to respective diets. Period 2 (P2; 21 d), HS groups were exposed to cyclical HS with daytime temperatures reaching 35°C and evening temperatures decreased to 29.4°C. During P2, PF groups were fed to respective HS-Ctl or HS-SBM equivalents in TN conditions. Pigs exposed to HS had an overall increase in rectal temperature and respiration rate (0.91°C and 45 bpm, respectively; P ≤ 0.01) and HS-SBM pigs had increased evening rectal temperature (± 0.13°C; P ≤ 0.01), relative to HS-Ctrl. Overall, HS decreased ADFI (19%; P ≤ 0.01), ADG (26%; P ≤ 0.01) and increased F:G (10%; P ≤ 0.01) irrespective of dietary CP levels. Loin muscle area (P = 0.19) and backfat (P = 0.98) were not different between the TN and HS pigs regardless of diet. Circulating blood urea nitrogen levels did not differ between HS and TN pigs (P = 0.68), but an increase was observed in pigs fed the SBM diet relative to the control diet (P ≤ 0.01). In summary, these results demonstrate that HS decreases growth performance, but the negative effects are not augmented by feeding a high SBM diet.

40 Effect of Soybean Meal Inclusion on Grow-Finish Pig Performance and Nitrogen Balance

Abstract Mixed-sex pigs (n = 240 PIC 337×1050; initial BW = 23 ± 4.7 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) inclusion on the growth performance and nitrogen balance of grow-finish pigs. Pigs were assigned across 60 split-sex pens, and pens were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (10 pens∙treatments-1∙sex-1). Diets were formulated with increasing SBM for an approximate 3% incremental difference in crude protein (CP) between treatments. The treatments were: 1) low SBM (L-SBM) corn-soy diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids, 2) medium SBM diet (M-SBM) with SBM formulated to replace all synthetic lysine and equal to L-SBM in SID lysine, and 3) high SBM diet (H-SBM) contained excess levels of all amino acids. Diets were fed in four feeding phases ranging from approximately 25-50, 51-75, 76-105, and 106-135 kg for phases 1-4, respectively. From phases 1 to 4, SBM inclusion ranged from approximately 26-48% (SID Lys 1.06-1.32%), 19-41% (SID Lys 0.89-1.15%), 15-35% (SID Lys 0.76-1.01%), and 13-29% (SID Lys 0.68-0.86%), respectively. Additionally, diets within each phase were isocaloric. Pig BW and feed intake were measured for each phase to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. On day 66, 18 gilts (n =6/treatment) were placed into metabolism stalls for total urine and feces collection over a 72 h period to assess CP digestibility and nitrogen balance. Pigs were marketed at approximately 134 kg BW, and carcass weight, backfat depth, and loin depth were measured at the harvest facility. Data were subject to ANOVA in SAS 9.4. Pen was the experimental unit, and the results were significant at P ≤ 0.05. Overall (d 0-98) pig ADFI, ADG, or G:F did not differ across treatments (P ≥ 0.202). However, there was a significant diet-by-phase interaction for ADG (P = 0.045) and G:F (P = 0.008), where H-SBM fed pigs grew faster in phase two compared with the M-SBM (1.07 vs. 1.02 kg/d; P = 0.026) or L-SBM (1.07 vs. 1.02 kg/d; P = 0.028) fed pigs. Consequently, in phase two, H-SBM pigs had improved G:F compared with M-SBM (0.47 vs. 0.44; P = 0.005) or L-SBM pigs (0.47 vs. 0.44; P = 0.001). However, these effects were not evident in the other phases. Apparent total tract digestibility of CP and nitrogen retention were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.762). However, as expected, nitrogen retention as a proportion of intake, linearly decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) as SBM inclusion increased, which translated to an approximate 130% increase in total nitrogen excretion in pigs fed H-SBM compared with L-SBM (40.8 vs. 17.7 g/d; P &amp;lt; 0.001). In conclusion, low and high SBM formulations did not alter grow-finish pig overall performance. However, linearly increased nitrogen excretion was reported as SBM levels increased.

249 The Impact High Soyhull and Soybean Meal Diet Formulations on Grow-Finish Pig Performance

Abstract The objectives of this study were two-fold in evaluating the effects of soybean meal and soyhulls inclusion level in diets fed to grow-finish pigs on growth performance. Firstly, we compared high soybean meal (minimal crystalline amino acids) vs. crystalline amino acids diet formulations. Secondly, we evaluated the addition of soyhulls and soyhulls plus xylanase to diet formulations. In a complete randomized design, a total of 463 grower pigs (BW of 28.4 ± 5.6 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (n = 12 pens/treatment; 9 – 11 pigs/pen). Within each phase, dietary treatments were formulated to the same SID Lys:ME, and to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations (NRC, 2012) and were fed over three phases consisting of: 1) corn soybean-meal based diet formulated with crystalline amino acids (CON); 2) corn soybean-meal based diet formulated to meet AA requirements via soybean-meal with limited crystalline amino acids (HSBM); 3) As diet #1 with 15% soyhulls (SH); and 4) As diet #3 + commercial xylanase enzyme (SH+X). Diets were formulated with to a SID Lys:ME of 3.26, 2.46, and 1.95 in phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded at phase change to calculate ADG, ADFI, and feed efficiency (G:F) over the study duration of 95 days. All data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 with pen as the experimental unit and the model included the fixed effect of treatment with least squares means reported. There were no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) amongst treatments in phase 1 for any growth performance measures. There was an increase in ADFI of pigs fed SH and SH+X when compared with CON and HSBM (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in phase 2 (P2; 2.89 and 2.82 vs. 2.75 and 2.73 kg/d, respectively) and phase 3 (P3; 3.42 and 3.40 vs. 3.18 and 3.28 kg/d, respectively). However, no differences in ADG or G:F (P &amp;gt; 0.05) compared with CON were reported in P2 or P3. Overall, there were no differences in ADG (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between treatments. Pigs fed SH and SH+X had an increase ADFI compared with CON and HSBM (2.84 and 2.83 vs. 2.68 and 2.71 kg/d, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.05) and a decrease in G:F when fed SH; however, no differences between CON, HSBM, and SH+X (0.38 vs. 0.40, 0.40, and 0.39, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.05). In conclusion, there were no negative growth performance effects of feeding a diet containing minimal crystalline amino acids and meeting the requirement of the pigs via soybean meal. Further, there was an increase in feed intake when pigs were fed a diet containing 15% soyhulls, regardless of if there was an addition of xylanase.

160 Effect of Nexpro on Immune Response and Performance of Finishing Steers

Abstract This study aimed to determine the effect of NexPro on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and markers of immune function in finishing cattle. Angus-cross steers (n = 210) weighing 465 ± 48 kg were used for this 89-day study. Steers were blocked by BW into four treatments: SBM; a control diet with 11% soybean meal on DM basis; NP9 (9% NexPro), NP12 (12%), and NP15 (15%). NexPro replaced dry-rolled corn in the diet as NP inclusion increased. NexPro treatments each had 9 pens and SBM had 8 pens (6 steers per pen). On day 0, steers were implanted with Component TE-200 (Elanco Animal Health). The BW of all steers and bunk refusals were measured on d -1, 0, 26, 61, 75, and 89 and were used to calculate pen gain, DMI and feed efficiency for each period. One steer per pen was selected for blood collection and muscle biopsies collected on d 26 and 75. From d 61 to 89 steers received 300 mg/d of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC; Actogain; Zoetis). Fresh blood samples were used for immune cell population determination using flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and fixed effects of treatment and block. Performance data were analyzed using d 0 BW as covariate. During the pre-RAC period (d 0 to 61) steers fed the SBM treatment ate more (P &amp;lt; 0.001) than steers fed the NP diets. Steers on the SBM diet had the greatest ADG, with NP12 and NP15 intermediate, and NP9 lowest (P ≤ 0.06), with no treatment differences in G:F (P = 0.26). However, during RAC DMI improved in all NP treatments, and were not different (P = 0.32) from SBM. During the RAC period, ADG tended to be greater (P = 0.09) in NP15 than all other treatments, and G:F was improved (P = 0.01) in NP15 compared with other treatments. Carcass-adjusted BW and ADG, and HCW were less in NP9 (P ≤ 0.02) but similar between SBM, NP12 and NP15. Carcass-adjusted G:F did not differ by treatment (P = 0.50). On d 26, NP12 and NP15 had greater frequencies of live gamma-delta T cells, and on d 75, NP15 had the greatest frequency of these cells (P ≤ 0.016). All NexPro treatments had greater percentages of CD45RO positive B cells on d 75 (P = 0.03) and increased frequency of live total natural killer cells from d 26 to 75 (P = 0.06). The less than expected DMI and greater rumen undegradable protein in NexPro may have caused NP9 to be RDP deficient. However, the greater inclusions of NexPro supported excellent cattle gains, similar or better than SBM.

239 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn- or Corn-Ddgs-Based Diets on Growth Performance of Early Finishing Pigs

Abstract With the recent renewable fuels initiative, demand for soybean oil is expected to reach a record high. Consequently, there will be unprecedented amounts of soybean meal (SBM) produced and available. As a result, the opportunity will arise for increased usage of SBM in swine diets at the expense of feed-grade amino acids. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the maximum amount of SBM that can be added to early finishing pigs fed corn- (Exp. 1) or corn-DDGS- (Exp. 2) based diets. Experiment 1 used 625 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 43.2 ± 0.68 kg], 70 pens with 9 or 10 pigs per pen, and 5 added SBM levels, 19.1, 22.6, 26.3, 29.9, and 33.4%, corresponding to crude protein levels of 13.1, 14.1, 15.2, 16.2, and 17.3%, respectively, with 14 replicate pens per treatment. Experiment 2 used 1,053 pigs (initially 39.1 ± 0.78 kg), 40 pens with 26 or 27 pigs, and 4 added SBM levels, 18.2, 23.5, 28.9, and 34.3%, corresponding to crude protein levels of 18.2, 23.5, 28.9, and 34.3%, respectively, with 10 replicate pens per treatment (Table). The diet with the highest level of SBM in each experiment contained no feed-grade amino acids. Minimum levels of Ile, Met &amp; Cys, Thr, Trp, and Val were 58, 60, 65, 19.8, and 72% of lysine, respectively. The experimental diets were corn-SBM-based, and in Exp. 2, 20% DDGS was added to all diets. In both experiments, diets were isocaloric and formulated considering SBM NE at 100% of Corn NE. In Exp. 1, no differences were observed for BW (P = 0.42) and ADFI (P = 0.46); however, increasing SBM linearly increased ADG (P = 0.04), though the greatest change was from increasing SBM from 19.1 to 22.6%, and tended to quadratically improve feed efficiency (P = 0.09). In Exp. 2, with the inclusion of DDGS, no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.32) were observed for any growth performance criteria. In conclusion, increasing levels of SBM (up to 33.4%) in early finishing pig diets linearly improved growth performance and feed efficiency in corn-soybean meal-based diets. However, when DDGS were included in the diet, pig performance was not affected regardless of the amount of SBM within the range from 18.2 to 34.3%. Replacing feed-grade amino acids by increasing the level of SBM in early finishing diets can improve growth performance, but this effect was not observed when DDGS were added to the diets.

Effect of Dietary Soy Protein Source on Effluent Water Quality and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout Reared in a Serial Reuse Water System.

Juvenile rainbow trout (125 ± 0.8 g) were fed a fishmeal control diet (C), a high soy protein concentrate diet (SP), a high soybean meal diet (HiS), or a diet with high levels of fermented soy protein concentrate (fSP) for 12 weeks in a tank system capable of receiving 1st and 3rd use water from a serial-reuse production hatchery. Water quality was generally lower in 3rd use compared to 1st use water and after passing through tanks (inflow vs. outflow). Total dissolved solids were significantly higher (p = 0.003) for 3rd use compared to 1st use water, and values were also higher (p < 0.001) for the fSP diet. Turbidity and ammonia were highest in tanks for trout fed the HiS and fSP and SP and fSP diets, respectively, but were characterized by high variation, which likely prevented the detection of significant differences. Weight gain (p < 0.001) and survival (p = 0.008) were significantly lower for trout in 3rd use compared to 1st use water. Trout fed the HiS diet were generally in poorer physiological condition with lower body fat stores (p = 0.05) and lower growth rate (p < 0.001) and survival (p = 0.05) compared to the other diets, which were similar. The expression of several stress-associated genes (FK506, DIO2, REGPS, Cyp1a, G6PH, GADD45a, and IRF-1) in the liver and gill showed that diet and water source affected their regulation. Replacement of FM by SP providing 50% of dietary protein promotes acceptable growth performance compared to an FM diet and was superior to HiS. The impacts of soy protein concentrate on water quality under commercial production conditions, however, require further study.

Alfalfa leaf meal as a new protein feedstuff improves meat quality by modulating lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs.

The effects of alfalfa leaf meal (ALM) on the meat quality of finishing pigs are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of ALM diet on meat quality by replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of soybean meal in the diet of finishing pigs, respectively. The findings showed that 25% ALM diet increased the IMF, cooked meat rate, a* and antioxidant capacity of longissimus dorsi (LD), improved amino acid composition, increased MUFA content, and increased LD lipid synthesis and mRNA expression of antioxidation-related genes. At the same time, ALM diet altered serum lipid metabolism (TG, FFA). Correlation analysis showed that antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with meat quality. In addition, metabolomic analysis of LD showed that the main metabolites of 25% ALM diet altered stachydrine and l-carnitine were associated with meat quality and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, ALM replacing 25% soybean meal diet can improve the meat quality of pigs.

Partial dietary fishmeal replacement with soy products in grow‐out‐stage Burbot

AbstractObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to determine how soy products affect Burbot Lota lota maculosa growth and gastric evacuation. The secondary objective was to determine the digestibility of common soy products in Burbot.MethodsA 130‐day feed study was conducted with subadult (grow‐out stage) Burbot to evaluate performance with 25% of the dietary fish meal replaced with soybean meal or soy protein concentrate compared with a control diet formulated to resemble a salmonid diet. Additionally, diets from the feed study, along with chironomid meal (a natural forage item), were used to determine Burbot gastric evacuation rates using fish naive to soy. These diets, containing over 12% soy, were applied to fish from the same cohort of Burbot used in the initial feed study. A digestibility assessment was conducted using diets with 30% of the fish meal replaced with soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, and a fermented soybean meal.ResultNo differences in growth performance were observed. The gastric evacuation assessment revealed that soy protein concentrate was evacuated at a significantly higher rate than chironomid meal; however, no other differences in gastric evacuation rates among diets were detectable. Apparent digestibility of protein was significantly higher in the soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, and fermented soybean meal treatments relative to the control diet. Apparent lipid digestibility was significantly lower in the soybean meal diet relative to the control diet; however, neither diet was significantly different from the soy protein concentrate or fermented soybean meal treatments.ConclusionSoy protein is highly digestible in grow‐out‐stage Burbot, these fish can be produced to market size on diets with ≥25% of the fish meal (relative to the experimental control diet) replaced with soybean meal or soy protein concentrate with no impact on growth performance relative to a salmonid diet formulation.

Evaluation of a hepatic biomarker of nutritional imbalance in juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed 60% soybean meal-based diets using NMR-based metabolomics

A 12-week feeding trial with juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed high-soybean meal (SBM) diets was conducted to investigate a putative biomarker of nutritional imbalance, N-formimino-L-glutamate (FIGLU). Three fishmeal-free, 60% SBM pelleted diets (named B12, Fol, and Met, respectively) were tested to evaluate the effects on growth performance and tissue metabolite profiles of supplementation of vitamin B12 (0.012 mg/kg), folate (10 mg/kg), methionine (1 g/kg) respectively, above basal supplementation levels. A fourth SBM-based diet (named B12/Fol/Met) was formulated with a combination of B12, folate, and methionine to attain the above-mentioned target concentrations. A fifth 60% SBM diet (named FWS) with methionine supplementation (1 g/kg above basal supplementation levels), enriched with taurine, lysine and threonine as well as minerals, was also tested. This diet contained formulation targets and additives which have allowed for replacing fishmeal with plant proteins in rainbow trout feeds. Control diets included a fishmeal-based diet (named FM), an unsupplemented basal 60% SBM diet (named SBM60), and a “natural” diet (named N) made up of equal parts of fish (cigar minnows), squid and shrimp as a positive reference for growth performance. Formulated feeds contained approximately 37% total crude protein, approximately 14% total crude lipid and were energetically balanced. Standard growth performance metrics were measured, and tissues (liver, muscle) were collected at week 12 to evaluate diet-induced metabolic changes using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Our results show that the FWS diet outperformed all other SBM diets and the FM diet under all performance metrics (P < 0.05). FIGLU was not detected in fish fed the N diet but was detected in those fed the SBM diets and the FM diet. Fish fed the FWS diet and the Met diet showed lower hepatic levels of FIGLU compared with the other SBM-based diets (P < 0.05), suggesting that among the different supplementation regimes, methionine supplementation was associated with lower FIGLU levels. The FWS diet produced tissue metabolite profiles that were more similar to those of fish fed the N diet. Based on our results, the FWS diet constitutes a promising SBM-based alternative diet to fishmeal for red drum.

Screening and Stability Analysis of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂) Fed Diets Containing Different Soybean Meal Levels.

In this study, we screened the expression stability of six reference genes (18S rRNA, β-actin, GAPDH, EF1a, B2M, and HPRT1) in hybrid yellow catfish (n = 6), considering the SBM levels, sampling time points, and different tissues. Four different statistical programs, BestKeeper, NormFinder, Genorm, and Delta Ct, combined with a method that comprehensively considered all results, were used to evaluate the expression stability of these reference genes systematically. The results showed that SBM levels significantly impacted the expression stability of most of the reference genes studied and that this impact was time-, dose-, and tissue-dependent. The expression stability of these six reference genes varied depending on tissue, sampling time point, and SBM dosage. Additionally, more variations were found among different tissues than among different SBM levels or sampling time points. Due to its high expression, 18S rRNA was excluded from the list of candidate reference genes. β-actin and GAPDH in the liver and β-actin, HPRT1 and EF1a in the intestine were the most stable reference genes when SBM levels were considered. HPRT1, and EF1a in tissues sampled at 2 W and EF1a and β-actin in tissues sampled at 4 and 6 W were proposed as two stable reference genes when different tissues were considered. When the sampling time points were considered, β-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the top three stable reference genes in the intestine. In contrast, β-actin and B2M are the most stable reference genes in the liver. In summary, β-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the more stable reference genes in this study. The stability of reference genes depends on the tissues, sampling time points, and SBM diet levels in hybrid yellow catfish. Therefore, attention should be paid to these factors before selecting suitable reference genes for normalizing the target genes.

Gallic acid acts as an anti-inflammatory agent via PPARγ-mediated immunomodulation and antioxidation in fish gut-liver axis

Gallic acid's therapeutic potential for addressing fish enteritis is attributed to its capacity to interact with zebrafish PPARγ. Notably, the administration of gallic acid supplementation within a soybean meal diet has been shown to manifest anti-inflammatory effects, thereby contributing to the preservation of intestinal and hepatic well-being. Histology results showed that both the villi length and CD4 signals in the intestinal mucosa were comparable to the healthy control group. The inflammatory aggregation of neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes in larvae's hindgut was also suppressed. In 3-month-old zebrafish, the typical hepatic markers associated with soybean meal-induced inflammation, such as lipid droplets and accumulating macrophages, were reduced. Examination of transcriptome data through enrichment analysis revealed a discernible modulation of pathways. Specifically, there was a notable downregulation observed in pathways associated with intestinal cytokines, apoptosis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Concurrently, pathways related to the upregulation of immunosuppressive short-chain fatty acids and arginine were evident. The prominent hepatic processes that were suppressed were connected to fatty acid metabolism. After the intestinal microbiota's 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroides was found to be comparable to that in the healthy control. The presence of more Verrucomicrobia may protect the intestinal barrier and the proportion of commensal Shewanella increased, matched by fewer pathogens in the gallic acid group. The gut metabolome then indicated an increase in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compounds and pathways, such as those related to tryptophan, arginine, linoleic acid, and histidine metabolism. Through an integrative assessment associating differentially expressed genes with altered gut metabolites, a compilation of potential anti-enteritis metabolites emerged. These metabolites exhibited pertinent associations with immunoregulatory genes, such as il21, il22, tnfrsf118, and mapkapk3. This intricate interplay underscores the plausible involvement of metabolic crosstalk between the host and the microbial milieu in driving anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Notably, gallic acid, through the stimulation of PPARγ-mediated immunomodulatory pathways and antioxidative processes within the fish gut-liver axis, is posited to mitigate instances of foodborne inflammation.

Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as an Alternative to Soybean Meal for Broiler Chickens

The production of soybean meal (SBM) has a substantial impact on the environment and reducing its inclusion in poultry diets by using alternative protein sources, such as insect meal, is an important challenge for nutritionists. This study aimed to compare the productive performance of broiler chickens fed one of two isonitrogenic (195 g/kg CP) and isocaloric (12.91 MJ/kg) diets. The first diet contained SBM as the main protein source, whereas SBM was completely replaced by defatted meal from Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.; BSFL) in the second diet. Compared to the BSFL diet, the final body weight (BW) and weight gain (WG) of birds fed the SBM diet was ~17% greater and feed was utilised 19% more efficiently (p &lt; 0.05). The differences in WG and FCR were supported by improved energy metabolism metrics, fat digestibility and digestibility of acid detergent fibres (ADFD) (p &lt; 0.05). The present study shows that a complete replacement of dietary SBM with BSFL meal must be achieved with care, ensuring that all other factors (e.g., insect processing technology, feed additive supplementation, non-protein nitrogen accounting, mineral balance, fatty acid profile, amino acid supplementation) have been considered.