Soybean Meal Diet Research Articles

Effects of mixed selenium sources on the physiological responses and blood profiles of lactating sows and tissue concentration of their progeny.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium benefits on the physiological responses, litter performance, blood profiles and milk composition of lactating sows and tissue concentration of their progeny when mixed form of selenium was provided in a lactation diet. A total of 45 multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) with similar body weight, backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of three treatments with 15 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Organic and inorganic selenium were mixed and added to the diet at 0.15 ppm and 0.25 ppm, respectively. A non-Se-fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet served as a negative control. Treatments were as follows: i) Control: corn-soybean meal based diet, ii) ISOS15: control+ inorganic Se 0.15 ppm+organic Se 0.15 ppm, iii) ISOS25: control+inorganic Se 0.25 ppm+organic Se 0.25 ppm. Serum selenium concentrations of sows and piglets were increased by the supplemental Se mixture at 7 days of lactation compared with the control (p<0.01, respectively). The kidney and muscle selenium concentrations of piglets were increased by the supplemental Se mixture at 21 days of lactation compared with the control (p = 0.03; p = 0.04, respectively). Consequently, supplementation with mixed inorganic and organic selenium in a lactating diet could improve the selenium status of sows and piglets; no differences were observed among the mixing levels.

Impact of increasing standardized ileal digestible valine: lysine in diets containing 30% dried distiller grains with solubles on growing pig performance.

A total of 2,430 pigs (DNA 600 × Topigs Norsvin 70, initially 39.4 kg) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys requirement for pigs fed with diets containing 30% DDGS. Treatments included five diets containing 30% DDGS with SID Val:Lys ratios of 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 80%, plus a corn soybean meal (SBM) diet, for a total of six dietary treatments. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric through the inclusion of fat and to contain equal amounts of SID Lys within phase. Pens were assigned to dietary treatment in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight (BW) as the random blocking factor. Each dietary treatment was replicated 15 times and pens contained 27 pigs, balanced for sex. Increasing the SID Val:Lys ratio in diets containing 30% DDGS increased (Quadratic; P ≤ 0.007) 14-d BW, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) for all periods. Providing an SID Val:Lys ratio of 75% resulted in the heaviest 14-d BW and final BW as well as greater ADG and ADFI of pigs fed with 30% DDGS for all periods. The G:F response was maximized when an SID Val:Lys ratio of 70% was provided from day 0 to 14 while an SID Val:Lys ratio of 75% maximized G:F from day 14 to 28 and for the cumulative period. The SID Val:Lys requirement was estimated at 66.6% (95% CI [65.9, 67.4]), 65.7 (95% CI: [64.8, 66.5]), and 68.4% (95% CI [66.0, 70.8]) for ADG, ADFI, and G:F, respectively, using the straight broken line (SBL) method and 69.9% (95% CI [68.2, 71.5]), 67.6 (95% CI [65.4, 69.8]), and 72.8% (95% CI [69.8, 75.8]) for the quadratic broken line (QBL) method. Pigs fed the corn-SBM diet had heavier 14-d BW, final BW, and greater ADG, ADFI, G:F (P ≤ 0.032) compared to pigs fed diets containing 30% DDGS, except for cumulative ADFI compared to pigs receiving 75% SID Val:Lys (P = 0.167). In conclusion, these results suggest that when feeding 30% DDGS during the growing period, an SID Val:Lys ratio of 68% would yield more than 99% and 97% of the maximum ADG and G:F response for the 39 to 68 kg pigs. However, growth performance of pigs fed diets containing 30% DDGS did not equate to pigs consuming the corn-SBM diet regardless of the SID Val:Lys ratio.

The use of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles as a protein source in practical diets for Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

A two-stage growth trial using identical diets was conducted to examine the viability of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with corn distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS) simulating the commercial growth cycle of shrimp from 1 g to 19 g body weight. In both trials, the reference diet was formulated using 25 % SBM, 8 % fish meal (FM) and 20 % poultry by-product meal (PBPM). Test diets were formulated by replacing SBM with 5 %, 10 % and 15 % of DDGS, respectively. All diets contain approximately 36 % crude protein and 7 % crude lipid. In trial 1, fifteen shrimp with average initial weight of 1.04 ± 0.04 g were stocked into 98 l aquaria tank (equivalent to 150 shrimp m-2) in a completely randomized design with ten replicates per treatment and fed with the experimental diets for 52 days. In trial 2, shrimp (5.2 ± 0.2 g) were stocked randomly into 200 L clear tanks at a density of 50 shrimp per tank (equivalent to 250 shrimp m-2) with eight replicates per treatment and fed for 84 days. The results showed growth performance of shrimp in both studies was not affected as the dietary SBM was partially replaced with DDGS. There were no significant differences observed in terms of crude protein, fat content, dry matter and ash content of the shrimp in both studies. The results from this study demonstrated that corn DDGS could be used up to 15 % in commercial feed formulations without causing any adverse effect on growth, feed conversion, nutrient utilization efficiency and whole body composition. Since the price per unit protein of corn DDGS is much cheaper than SBM, the use of corn DDGS could offer the development of sustainable and economically sound practical diets for Pacific white leg shrimp L. vannamei.

Does Exposure of Broodstock to Dietary Soybean Meal Affect Its Utilization in the Offspring of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)?

Simple SummaryReplacement of fishmeal in fish diets with plant protein has been an ongoing challenge. High-quality plant protein concentrates are widely used since their digestibility can be comparable to fishmeal. However, their price can exceed the cost of marine raw materials. Progress with utilization of lower-quality plant protein sources has been made but a number of concerns must be overcome to maintain acceptable growth rates at high fishmeal substitution levels. Nutritional programming represents a promising approach to offset the negative effects of dietary plant protein through its exposure in early life. We tested an unconventional programming strategy by exposing parental zebrafish to soybean meal diet to improve dietary soybean meal utilization in progeny fish. The study observed a strong trend showing better growth performance between progeny zebrafish fed soybean meal diet that originated from broodstock exposed to soybean meal as opposed to progeny fish fed soybean meal diet that originated from fishmeal diet fed broodstock. However, the study found no changes in the richness, diversity, or composition of gut microbial communities associated with progeny fish from fishmeal or soybean meal fed broodstock. Hence, the mechanism behind nutritional programming does not seem to be associated with modified gut microbiome.Nutritional programming (NP) is a concept in which early nutritional events alter the physiology of an animal and its response to different dietary regimes later in life. The objective of this study was to determine if NP via broodstock with dietary plant protein (PP) has any effect on the gut microbiome of the progeny fish and whether this modified gut microbiome leads to better utilization of PP diet. The experiment consisted of four different treatments as follows: (1) progeny that received FM diet obtained from fishmeal (FM)-fed broodstock (FMBS-FM, +control); (2) progeny that received PP diet obtained from FM-fed parents (FMBS-PP); (3) progeny that received PP diet obtained from “nutritionally programmed” parents (PPBS-PP; −control); and (4) progeny that received FM diet obtained from “nutritionally programmed” parents (PPBS-FM). Zebrafish was used as a model species. This study found that parental programming seems to have some positive effect on dietary PP utilization in progeny. However, the influence of NP with PP through broodstock on gut microbiota of the offspring fish was not detected.

Fermented soybean meal increases nutrient digestibility via the improvement of intestinal function, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function of weaned pigs

The nutritional components of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) vary because of the complex process of microbial fermentation. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional value of FSBM from two sources and explore the mode of actions of FSBM on the improvement of nutrient digestibility with the measurements of digestive enzymes and serum biomarkers. Eight weaned barrows (initial BW: 14.12 ± 0.24 kg) equipped with T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design with four experimental diets and four periods. Four experimental diets included a soybean meal control diet, two FSBM diets, and a nitrogen-free diet. The two sources of FSBM increased the contents of CP, amino acid and lactic acid, while decreased the levels of anti-nutritional factors, including glycinin, β-conglycinin and trypsin inhibitors. Compared to soybean meal control diet, both FSBM diets significantly increased the apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (P < 0.05), increased the activities of lipase, maltase and invertase in digesta (P < 0.05), increased total antioxidant capacity, activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, the levels of interleukin-4, IgA, IgG and IgM in serum (P < 0.05), while decreased the levels of diamine oxidase, malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and interleukin-2 in serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, the standardised ileal digestibility of amino acids were highly correlated with the aforementioned digestive enzymes and health-related serum biomarkers. In summary, FSBM diets showed an improved nutritional value evidenced by the higher nutrient digestibility, which may be partially derived from its beneficial effects on intestinal integrity, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function.

Effect of partial and complete substitution of lupin meal for soybean meal in diets on changes in fatty acid composition of muscle fat in broiler chickens

The experiment aimed to determine the effect of 50% (LS50) or 100% (LS100) substitution of lupin protein (variety Zulika) for soybean protein in feed mixtures intended for the nutrition of broiler chickens, on muscular fat quality (composition of fatty acids). There were established three groups of chickens for fattening with 80 individuals each (control group C and experimental groups). After the 34-day fattening period chicken breast and thigh muscles were analysed to find out the fatty acid composition. Lupin protein-based diets had a positive effect on the muscle quality of fattened chickens due to changes in fatty acid composition, compared to soya protein-based diets. The feeding of lupin-based diets to broiler chickens resulted in the reduction of saturated fatty acids (P ≤ 0.05) by 14% in LS50 group and 17% in LS100 group and increase of unsaturated fatty acids (P ≤ 0.05) by 58% in LS50 group and 90% in LS100 group in muscle fat. The results clearly confirm that lupin-based diet increases the dietary value of chicken meat as one of the most important protein sources in human nutrition.

Comparison of the performance of raw and Lactobacillus paracasei fermented soybean meal in diets for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.): Growth, intestinal morphology, apoptosis, tight junction, and microbiota

Fermentation is a promising method to improve the utilization of soybean meal (SM) by fish, and strain is the core of fermentation process. In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei fermentation on the SM quality were investigated. Also, an 8-week feeding trial was conducted to compare the performance of SM and L. paracasei fermented SM (LPFSM) in diets for turbot. Juvenile turbots (13.50 ± 0.13 g) were randomly divided into nine treatments fed on diets with 0% (FM, control), 15% (S15/L15), 30% (S30/L30), 45% (S45/L45), and 60% (S60/L60) of fishmeal protein replaced by SM or LPFSM respectively. The results showed that fermentation remarkably increased the lactic acid and decreased the anti-nutritional factors in SM. Furthermore, fishmeal could be replaced by SM up to 30% or by LPFSM up to 45% based on the growth performance. Typical groups (FM, S45, and L45) with significant differences in growth were selected for further analysis. Reduced villus height and widened lamina propria were observed in the S45 group, while no significant pathological symptom was found in the L45 group. The mRNA levels of the apoptosis-related genes (bax, p53, and caspase3) and tight junction-related gene (tricellulin) in the S45 group were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated, respectively, while the L45 group remained similar to the FM group. The mRNA levels of tight junction-related genes (zo-1 and occludin) were significantly down-regulated in both S45 and L45 groups compared to the FM group. Furthermore, dietary LPFSM modified the intestinal microbiota by regulating the dominant bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria) and genera (Cobetia, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus), and making the overall microbiota profile more coherent with FM-fed fish. Collectively, L. paracasei fermentation significantly improved the SM quality, and fishmeal could be replaced by LPFSM up to 45% without adverse effects on growth and intestinal health of turbot.

Marine protein hydrolysates as a substitute of squid‐liver powder in diets for Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

This study was conducted to examine the supplementary effects of tuna hydrolysate (TH) and shrimp hydrolysate (SH) as squid-liver powder (SLP) replacers in a high soybean meal diet for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A diet containing 4.49% SLP was regarded as the control diet and two other diets were prepared by supplementing 1.14% tuna hydrolysate (TH) and 0.94% shrimp hydrolysate (SH) (designated as SLP, TH and SH, respectively). Five replicate groups of shrimp (initial mean body weight, 0.35 ± 0.002 g) were fed one of the experimental diets for 52 days. Final body weight and weight gain of shrimp fed SH and TH diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed SLP diet (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was lower in SH group compared to that of shrimp fed other diets. Total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity were significantly higher in TH or SH group than SLP group (p < 0.05). Hemolymph glucose and triglyceride levels of shrimp fed SLP were significantly lower than those of shrimp fed TH and SH (p < 0.05). Shrimp-fed TH or SH exhibited significantly higher carcass lipid composition than shrimp-fed SLP (p < 0.05). Dry matter and protein digestibility were significantly higher in SH diet (p < 0.05). The findings in this study indicate that SH and TH can be used as beneficial feed supplements or ingredients that could replace SLP in L. vannamei diet. Optimum inclusion level of SH would be approximately 1% to completely replace SLP in L. vannamei diet containing high level of soybean meal.

Effect of dietary roasted and autoclaved full-fat soybean on the performance of laying hens and egg quality traits.

ContextFull fat soybean (FFSB) can be used in poultry diets as a source of fat and protein, without extra cost for oil extraction; however, raw FFSB contains several anti‐nutritional factors.AimsInvestigating the effects of replacing dietary soybean meal (SBM) with processed (roasted or autoclaved) FFSB on the performance of laying hens and egg quality traits.MethodsA total of 324 Bovans White strain laying hens were randomly selected and distributed in 54 replicate cages. Based on a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments plus a control group, nine diets in which SBM were replaced with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100℅ roasted or autoclaved FFSB, with six replicates (with six hens each), were evaluated during an 8‐week trial period (60–68 weeks).Key resultsSignificantly increased feed intake (FI) was observed in hens fed diets including autoclaved FFSB (p < 0.05). The interactions between SBM replacement level and processing on feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production (EP) and egg mass (EM) were significant (p < 0.01). Hens fed the diet with 100% roasted FFSB instead of SBM showed poor performance in terms of FCR, EP and EM during the experimental period. The main effect of SBM‐replacing level on Haugh unit was significant (p < 0.05). The main effect of processing on shell thickness was significant (p < 0.05), so autoclaved FFSB caused higher eggshell thickness than control and roasted FFSB.ConclusionsReplacement of dietary SBM with autoclaved FFSB can improve laying hens’ performance in terms of FCR, EP, EM and eggshell quality and yolk colour.ImplicationsThe use of autoclaved FFSB to replace commercial SBM and its oil in the diet of laying hens is recommended. Feed factories can formulate the diets of laying hens with autoclaved FFSB without extra cost due to oil extraction soybeans.

Effect of glutamine supplementation against soybean meal-induced growth retardation, hepatic metabolomics and transcriptome alterations in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii♀× A. schrenckii ♂

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of glutamine supplementation to soybean meal (SBM) diet in hybrid sturgeon (25.00 ± 1.00 g). Three diets, including fishmeal (FM) diet, SBM diet, and SBMG diet (glutamine addition to SBM diet), were formulated to feed sturgeons for 8 weeks. Growth parameters and muscular crude lipid content were reduced by SBM substitution, and were further increased in SBMG-diet group. In liver morphology detection, moderate lipid droplets accumulation in hepatocytes found in fish fed SBM diet were partially retrieved by glutamine addition. Hepatic gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 156 up-regulated metabolites and 15 related KEGG pathways affected by SBM replacement. Glutamine addition resulted in 102 down-regulated metabolites, together with 9 KEGG pathways enriched. In liver transcriptome sequencing analysis, 1074 and 1564 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were detected by SBM/FM and SBMG/SBM pairwise comparisons, respectively. The least number of DEGs (143) was present in pairwise comparison of SBMG /FM. Our results indicated that glutamine addition attenuated the SBM-based negative effect including growth retardation, and muscle proximate composition alteration. Glutamine supplementation alleviated the liver damage caused by SBM substitution possibly through down regulating the elevated levels of metabolites or gene as well as related metabolic pathways.

Conventional Soybean Meal as Fishmeal Alternative in Diets of Japanese Seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus): Effects of Functional Additives on Growth, Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity and Disease Resistance.

Aiming to optimize soymeal-based diets for Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicas), a 105-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of functional additives, including antioxidants (ethoxyquin, thymol and carvacrol) and chelated trace elements (Cu, Mn and Zn), on the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance of fish fed diets with conventional soybean meal replacing 50% of fishmeal. Three isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (11%) diets were formulated: (1) standard reference diet (FM, 42% fishmeal); (2) soymeal-based diet (SBM, 21% fishmeal and 30% conventional soybean meal); (3) SBM diet supplemented 0.0665% functional additives (FAS). Each experimental diet was randomly fed to quadruplicate groups of forty feed-trained Japanese seabass (initial average body weight = 125.6 ± 0.6 g) stocked in a saltwater floating cage. Upon the conclusion of the feeding trial, lower feed intake was observed in fish fed SBM compared to those fed FM and FAS. Fish fed FM showed the highest growth performance, estimated as the weight gain rate. Notably, FAS supported faster growth of fish than those fed SBM, indicating the optimal growth performance of dietary functional additives. The feed conversion rate showed the opposite trend among dietary treatments, with the highest value in fish fed SBM. Regarding immunity, fish fed soymeal-based diets suppressed the serum alternative complement pathway activities compared to FM, whereas the respiratory burst activity in macrophages of head kidneys showed a similar picture, but no statistical differences were observed. Further, fish fed soymeal-based diets had lower serum Cu-Zn SOD, CAT and GPx activities as well as liver vitamin E levels and scavenging rates of hydroxyl radical but higher liver MDA contents compared to the FM-fed group. Fish fed FAS had higher serum Cu-Zn SOD and GPx activities and liver vitamin E levels than those fed SBM, suggesting the enhancement of antioxidant capacity of dietary functional additives. For the disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection, fish fed SBM had the highest cumulative mortality, followed by the FAS and FM groups. Additionally, the biomarkers related to the immune and antioxidant capacities had a positive correlation with the relative abundance of Paracoccus and Pseudomonas, while liver MDA levels had a negative correlation with the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter. Collectively, soymeal replacing 50% of fishmeal suppressed the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance of Japanese seabass, while dietary supplementation of antioxidants and chelated trace elements could mitigate soymeal-induced adverse effects on growth and disease resistance through the improvement in antioxidant capacity and regulation of gut microbiota.

Crude glycerin and cottonseed cake replacing common energy and protein sources on the metabolism of feedlot lambs

This study proposed to evaluate the effects of replacing ground corn by crude glycerin and soybean meal by cottonseed cake, in association or not, on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs. Eight ruminally-cannulated lambs (average age: 1 year; initial body weight: 51.10 ± 8.94 kg) were randomly distributed in a 4 × 4 double Latin square design, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 21-day periods (last six days for data collection). Four experimental diets were tested with different sources or combinations of energy and protein ingredients in the concentrate, respectively: 1) ground corn and soybean meal; 2) ground corn and cottonseed cake; 3) crude glycerin and soybean meal; 4) crude glycerin and cottonseed cake. An interaction effect between energy and protein sources occurred on nutrient intake and digestibility of ether extract (EE; P < 0.05). The lowest values of nutrient intake other than EE were observed in lambs fed with crude glycerin (P < 0.05). Higher intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was observed in lambs fed with cottonseed cake (P < 0.05). Higher apparent digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and EE, and lower non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were observed in lambs fed with crude glycerin (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the time spent in feeding, rumination, idling activities, chewing, number and time per period spent doing the activities, as well as the feeding and rumination efficiencies of DM and NDF (P > 0.05). Diet and time effects were observed on ruminal fermentation parameters (P < 0.05). An interaction effect occurred between the energy source and time was observed for pH, acetate, and butyrate concentrations, and acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.05). Lambs fed with crude glycerin showed lower intake and fecal excretion of nitrogen than those fed ground corn (P < 0.05). The triglyceride concentration was affected by the energy source (P < 0.05); with higher concentrations being observed when crude glycerin replaced ground corn. Furthermore, there was an interaction effect between energy and protein sources in the concentrations of total proteins (P < 0.01) and globulin (P < 0.01); with lower values in diets with ground corn and cottonseed cake. Cottonseed cake can replace 100% of soybean meal in diets without affecting the ingestive behavior and metabolism of feedlot lambs. On the other hand, replacing 100% ground corn with crude glycerin has potential for use in lamb feedlot diets; however more studies need to be performed. Furthermore, we recommend the use of these alternative sources, since the combination of crude glycerin and cottonseed cake can replace 100% of ground corn and soybean meal in sheep diets.

The effect of the dietary inclusion of pea seeds of colored-flowered and white-flowered varieties on gastrointestinal function in turkeys.

This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of pea seeds (PS) on the gastrointestinal function of turkeys. Seeds of 2 pea varieties, a colored-flowered variety and a white-flowered variety (CFP and WFP, respectively) were fed to 56-d-old birds for 8 wk. A total of 539 female Hybrid turkeys were allocated to 7 groups, each group consisted of 7 pens with 11 birds per pen. The experiment had a 2-factorial design, with 3 dietary inclusion levels of PS (100, 200 and 300 g/kg) and 2 pea varieties (CFP and WFP). The control group (diets without PS) was compared with CFP and WFP treatments by simple contrast analysis. In comparison with CFP seeds, WFP seeds contained 7-fold less tannins (0.67 vs. 4.66 g/kg) and less non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, 117.8 vs. 132.7 g/kg), but more trypsin inhibitors (1.34 vs. 0.98 g/kg) and starch (489 vs. 455 g/kg). A rise in the PS content of diets from 100 to 200 and 300 g/kg increased the weight of the small intestine (P = 0.031) and the dry matter (DM) content of intestinal digesta (P = 0.001), but it had no effect on the pH of digesta. Only the highest PS content differentiated the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta (WFP > CFP, P = 0.008), whereas PS did not cause any changes in the morphological parameters of the small intestinal mucosa. The dietary inclusion of PS had no influence on the levels of acetate, butyrate, putrefactive SCFAs or total SCFAs in the cecal contents. Apart from increasing the activities of β-glucosidase (P = 0.017) and β-galactosidase (P = 0.025), pea varieties did not affect the activities of the analyzed cecal microbial enzymes. However, CFP seeds decreased the DM content (P = 0.041) and increased the pH of cecal digesta, compared with WFP seeds (P = 0.013). The results of this study, pointing to a few differences in the functional parameters of the small intestine and cecum, indicate that tannins are not a factor differentiating the suitability of CFP and WFP seeds in the nutrition of finisher turkeys. The inclusion of PS at 200 and 300 g/kg of the diet reduces the content of SBM and wheat in turkey diets, which has a positive effect on gastrointestinal function.

Effects of fermented soybean meal with Bacillus velezensis, Lactobacillus spp. or their combination on broiler performance, gut antioxidant activity and microflora.

A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBMB), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBML). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBMB+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBMB+L, FSBMB, and FSBML). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Compared to SBM, FSBMB+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBMB+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBMB group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBMB+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

The effect of low soybean meal diets on broiler performance

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the performance of low soybean meal diets in broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 330 broiler chicks were divided into three groups. Each group was treated with one type of diet (group 1=control [soybean], group 2=crushed peas, and group 3=faba bean). The proportion of crude protein (CP) for the control group was 20.45% as a starter and 19.75% to 17.66% as a grower and finisher. The CP values for group 2 were 17.45% as a starter and 16.95% to 15.46% as a grower and finisher. While chicks of group 3 received 17.75% CP as a starter and 17.23% to 15.68% CP as grower and finisher. Data obtained were expressed as mean±SEM. The results obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA Test, by Minitab 2015 statistical analysis software. P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher weight gain was obtained in the faba bean group (2744.72 g ±217) than control (2430.50 g ±593.8). No significant difference was noticed in the consumption of different diets. The carcass yield of control (70.10%) and faba beans (70.32%) groups were comparable. Concerning the biochemical parameters, we found that the partial change of soybean did not affect the biochemical profile, except for the significant variation of blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides between the control and group 2 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Faba beans as a locally available source of protein could be a potential alternative to substitute soybean meal in the broiler diet.

Effect of Exogenous Enzymes Cocktail on Performance, Carcass Traits, Biochemical Metabolites, Intestinal Morphology, and Nutrient Digestibility of Broilers Fed Normal and Low-Energy Corn-Soybean Diets.

Simple SummaryCorn and soybean meal (SBM) are the principal sources of energy and protein in poultry feed, respectively. Decreasing feed cost per unit of production and increasing the nutritional value of feed ingredients like corn and SBM are continuous concerns for poultry producers. Corn and SBM-based diets are incompletely digested by poultry due to the presence of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), which can obstruct the processes of nutrient digestion and absorption. Poultry does not own endogenous enzymes capable of digesting NSPs. The use of enzyme cocktails (EC) and dietary energy sources are essential topics in the poultry industry because they could enhance nutrient utilization by reducing the harmful effects of NSPs. Therefore, evaluating the efficacy of EC that may improve the feeding value of corn–SBM diets warrants attention. The efficacy of two doses of an EC with multiple enzymatic activities at two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) on the performance of broilers fed corn and SBM-based diets up to 35 days was evaluated. Our results indicate that adequately adjusting dietary ME and using the EC with xylanases, β-glucanases, cellulases, proteases, pectinases, and debranching enzymes activities could enhance the nitrogen-corrected apparent ME of corn and SBMbased diets for broiler chickens and potentially offer economic advantages to producers.Ross 308 broilers in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement (four treatments with 12 replications of six chicks each) were fed corn and SBMbased diets with two concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) (normal (positive control, PC) and low (negative control, NC)) and two amounts of enzyme cocktail (EC) (0% and 0.005%) for 35 days. Performance, carcass traits, serum metabolites, ileal histology, and apparent nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Compared with the non-supplemented diet, the use of EC improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) over 26–35 and 0–35 days (p < 0.01), European performance efficiency factor (EPEF) over 26–35 days (p < 0.05), dressing yield (p < 0.01), villus height (p < 0.05), nitrogen-corrected apparent ME (AMEn) (p < 0.01), and serum glucose (p < 0.05). Compared with the NC diet, feeding the PC diet improved FCR over all experimental periods (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively), EPEF over 0–10 days (p < 0.05), and AMEn retention (p < 0.01). To conclude, the AMEn of broilers fed corn and SBM diets could be improved by adequately adjusting dietary ME and using a cocktail of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, improving commercial benefits to producers.

Feeding Bakery Former Foodstuffs and Wheat Distiller’s as Partial Replacement for Corn and Soybean Enhances the Environmental Sustainability and Circularity of Beef Cattle Farming

The effects of the partial substitution of corn and soybean meals with bakery former foodstuffs (BFF) and wheat wet distiller’s grains (WDGs) on environmental sustainability, production performance, and health status were evaluated in beef cattle. Newly arrived Limousine beef heifers (n = 408) housed an intensive farm in Campagnatico (Grosseto, Italy) were balanced for initial weight and body conformation and then randomly divided in two groups: (i) Traditional corn–soybean meal diet; (ii) Circular diet with average as-fed 1.5 kg BFF and 1.5 kg WDGs as substitute for 1.6 kg corn and 0.3 kg soybean meal. The environmental impact of the diet was analyzed considering greenhouse gases emissions (GHG, kg CO2 eq), water (H2O, L), and land use (LU, m2) as well as consumption of human-edible feeds (HE, kg). The growth performance, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass characteristics, apparent total tract digestibility (aTTD), and health status of heifers were evaluated. The Circular diet led to a reduction per kg of cold carcass weight (CCW) of 1.00 kg CO2 eq of GHG, 72.38 L of H2O, 1.20 m2 of LU, and 0.95 kg of HE (p &lt; 0.0001). Growth performances, carcass characteristics, and health status were not affected (p &gt; 0.05). Sugar and pectin aTTD were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.0001) in the Circular group. Replacing traditional feed ingredients with BFF and WDGs reduced the environmental impact of the diet of fattening Limousine heifers and the food competition between humans and beef cattle in accordance with circular economy principles.

PSVI-19 Yeast-Based High Protein DDGS Has Similar Energy Digestibility in Comparison to Commonly Used Feed Ingredients in Swine Diets

Abstract Alternative ingredients and co-products from the ethanol and biofuel industries represent an opportunity for utilization in swine diets. In this context, understanding nutritional value to practical swine feeding begins with product characterization and determination of nutrient digestibility. The objective of this study was to determine metabolizable energy (ME) of Yeast-based high protein DDGS (HP-GDDY) fed to growing pigs in comparison with common feed ingredients in swine diets. A total of 28 barrows were adapted to individual metabolic crates and fed with 7 diets, a corn-based basal diet and 6 corn–based diets containing spray dried HP-GDDY, ring dried HP-GDDY, conventional DDGS, soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically-treated soybean meal (HP300), and fish meal (FM). Pigs were fed at 4% of BW and assigned to a crossover design with 2 collection periods, which provided 8 observations for each treatment. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation to determine gross energy content and calculate ME (Table 1). Energy digestibility in spray GDDY and ring GDDY diets was greater than conventional DDGS diet and similar to SBM, HP300, and FM diets. The ME content in ring GDDY (3,926.7 Kcal/Kg) was similar to spray GDDY (4,480.5 Kcal/Kg). The ME in SBM (3824.5 Kcal/Kg), HP300 (3,883.8 Kcal/Kg), and FM (3,823 Kcal/Kg) was similar to spray and ring GDDY. Energy values for spray (4480.48 Kcal/Kg) and ring (3926.70 Kcal/Kg) GDDY are higher when compared with previous reported values for HP DDGS (3732 Kcal/Kg, NRC, 2012). Data from this study support that HP-GDDY products have comparable or greater energy value to commonly used ingredients in swine diets and that drying method had minor influence on energy digestibility. These novel feed ingredients can be used in practical pig diet formulation.

96 Effects of Soybean Meal Inclusion Rate on Growth Performance of 40- to 90-kg Pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) inclusion rate on growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 1,722 pigs (initial BW = 41.1 kg), placed in pens with 20 or 21 pigs each, were used in a 49-d trial. There were 2 treatments consisting of different SBM inclusion rates. Experimental diets were fed in 3 phases. Treatment 1 (low SBM) contained 18, 14, and 12% SBM and Treatment 2 (high SBM) contained 26, 22, and 19% SBM in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The different SBM levels were obtained by adjusting the inclusion rate of synthetic amino acids. Both treatments were formulated to the same SID Lys (1.00, 0.92, and 0.85% in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and net energy levels (2,565, 2,575, and 2,581 kcal/kg in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The net energy of SBM used in diet formulation was equivalent to 90% of corn net energy. There were 42 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 weeks to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. Overall (d 0 to 49), there was no evidence for differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, or final BW. Pigs fed the high SBM diets had improved (P &amp;lt; 0.01) G:F and caloric efficiency. The removal and mortality rate was 1.05% (9 pigs) on the low SBM treatment and 0.46% (4 pigs) on the high SBM treatment. In conclusion, increasing levels of SBM resulted in improved G:F and caloric efficiency of growing pigs.

PSV-7 Effects of Feed Additives Ambitine and Taktik X-Hit on Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs

Abstract Improvements in digestion of amino acids (AA) in the small intestine of pigs improve feed efficiency and feed conversion. Non-nutritive feed additives that improve growth performance may affect AA digestibility. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate 2 different feed additives in the diets of grower pigs on ileal digestibility of AA. A total of 10 pigs, 5 barrows and 5 gilts, were surgical implanted with ileal cannulas. Each pig was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments, in 3 different collection periods, according to a Latin Square design. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control – standard corn soybean-meal diet; 2) Control plus the addition of Ambitine at 1 kg/tonne; 3) Control plus the addition of TakTik X-Hit at 100 grams/tonne. An indigestible marker of 0.3% titanium was included in each dietary treatment. Each pig was fed the assigned dietary treatment ration at 4% of body weight. Following an adaption of 5 d, ileal digesta was then collected over a 2-d period for 12 hours each collection day. Diets and digesta were analyzed for AA concentrations to determine AA digestibility and basal endogenous losses were measured by feeding a nitrogen free diet. There were no differences (P &amp;gt;0.05) in AID or SID of AA Lys (92%), Thr (89%), Trp (91%), Met (94%) or crude protein (89%) according to feed additive inclusions. These results indicate that the inclusion of the non-nutritive feed additives Ambitine and TakTik X-Hit did not impact AA digestibility.