Soybean Meal Extract Research Articles

Soybean protease inhibitors increase Bacillus thuringiensis subs. israelensis toxicity against Hypothenemus hampei

Introduction. The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari, CBB) is one of the most devastating pests on coffee plantations around the world. Although CBB is susceptible to the effect of δ–endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subs. israelensis (Bti) at laboratory level, the efficacy of this control method is poor in the field, presumably due to the inactivation by digestive proteases different to those required for protoxin activation. Objective. To study whether the addition of a soybean flour extract enriched with protease inhibitors (PI), mixed with Bti crystals and spores (Bti-sc) in an artificial diet, could improve the toxicity of Bti against CBB. Materials and methods. This study was performed in San José, Costa Rica, between 2012 and 2013. A set of adult female CBB insects was exposed to a mixture containing different concentrations of a partially purified soybean meal extract with active PI and lyophilized Bti-sc, and were tested through a bioassay in artificial diet to estimate the sub-lethal concentration (LC50). The mortality results were validated by observing the dissected midgut, whose ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Results. The soybean extracts partially degraded the Bti-sc complex, it reduced its LC50 by almost four times (from 1.135 to 0.315 µg µl-1) and enhanced CBB mortality in a concentration-dependent manner. Histological analyses of the midgut confirmed this synergistic effect, since severe epithelial damage to the intestinal epithelium of CBB exposed to Bti-sc + PI was visualized compared to Bti-sc alone. Conclusions. The combination of a soybean extract enriched in PI and Bti-sc enhanced the mortality effect over CBB, which was confirmed by the midgut collapse. Soybean flour is a cost-effective supplement that could increase Bti effectiveness against CBB and delay the appearance of biological resistance.

A comparative study on flavour components and therapeutic properties of unfermented and fermented defatted soybean meal extract

Microbial fermentation of plant material alters the composition of volatile and non-volatile plant natural products. We investigated the antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties of extracts of defatted soybean meal fermented with Aspergillus fumigatus F-993 or A. awamori FB-133 using in vitro methods. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of soybean meal fermented with A. awamori FB-133 and A. fumigatus F-993 identified 26 compounds with 11,14-octadecadienoic acid and methyl ester (63.63%) and 31 compounds with butylated hydroxytoluene (66.83%) and δ-myrcene (11.43%) as main constituents, respectively. The antioxidant activities of DSM extract were 3.362 ± 0.05 and 2.11 ± 0.02 mmol TE/mL, FDSM treated with A. awamori FB-133 were 4.763 ± 0.05 and 3.795 ± 0.03 mmol TE/mL and FDSM treated with A. fumigatus F-993 were 4.331 ± 0.04 and 3.971 ± 0.02 mmol TE/mL as determined by ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. Both fermented extracts had better antioxidant activity than the unfermented extract as shown by multiple antioxidant activity assays. The concentration of fermented extracts required for 50% inhibition of cell viability was significantly lower than that of the unfermented extract when tested against the human liver cancer cell line HepG2 as shown by cell viability assays, indicating strong anticancer activity. The IC50 values for DSM, FDSM with A. fumigatusF-993 and FDSM with A. awamori FB-133 were27, 16.88 and 8.60 μg/mL, respectively. The extract of FDSM with A. awamori FB-133 showed the strongest anticancer activity, compared to DSM and FDSM with A. FumigatusF-993 extracts. Fermented extracts also reduced hepatitis A virus titres to a greater extent than unfermented extracts, thus showing strong antiviral property. Hepatitis A virus titres were reduced by 2.66 and 3 log10/0.1 mL by FDSM with A. fumigatusF-993 and FDSM by A.awamori FB-133, respectively, compared to DSM (5.50 log10/0.1 mL). Thus, the fermentation of soybean meal with A. fumigatusF-993 or A. awamori FB-133 improves the therapeutic effect of soybean extracts, which can be used in traditional medicine.

Fermented soybean meal extract improves oxidative stress factors in the lung of inflammation/infection animal model

ContextFermented soybean products have been used in various ways, and more research is being conducted on them to reveal their benefit.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative activity of fermented soybean meal extract by Lactobacillus plantarum in vitro and in vivo tests.Materials and methodsA Lactobacillus plantarum strain RM10 was selected through plate and fermentation experiment, which increased the degree of protein hydrolysis (1.015 μg/mL) and antioxidant activity in soybean meal fermented by selected bacteria (FSBM). In vivo study was done on septic rats as an inflammation/infection model, and then the trial groups were treated with different concentrations of fermented soybean meal extracts (FSBM, 5, 10, and 20%).ResultsDPPH radical-scavenging and ferrozine ion-chelating activity enhanced (P < 0.05) after fermentation of soybean meal compared to control group. Reduced (P < 0.05) expression of inflammatory genes and enzymes was detected in the lungs of rats treated with fermented soybean meal extract.Discussion and conclusionsThese results demonstrated that a diet containing fermented soybean meal extract improved extreme inflammatory response in an infectious disease like sepsis by reducing inflammatory factors.

A comparative study of the functional properties and antioxidant activity of soybean meal extracts obtained by conventional extraction and electro-activated solutions

Functional properties and antioxidant activity of soybean meal extracts obtained by conventional chemical method were compared to those obtained by using electro-activated solutions. The conventional extract obtained at pH8 had the highest WAC (400 ± 7 g/100 g), while the lowest was that of samples extracted under pH3. Extract obtained using electro-activated solution Anolyte_300mA-30 min had WAC value (25 ± 1 g/100 g). OAC was the highest for samples extracted under alkaline conditions whatever the extraction mode used with values of 5.50 ± 0.54 to 6.85 ± 0.62 mL/g. FC of the conventional extracts was higher compared to those extracted by electro-activation with maximal value of 52% for the conventional sample obtained at pH9, whereas the maximal FC of 28% was observed for the electro-activated sample obtained by using Anolyte_450mA-50 min. Electro-activated showed higher EP. Conventional extracts showed higher antioxidant activity (92.31 ± 1.5%) than those obtained by electro-activation (47.46 ± 0.94%).

Inhibition Effect of Soybean Meal Extract on Corrosion of Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium

Inhibition Effect of Soybean Meal Extract on Corrosion of Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium

Production of functional beverage by using protein-carbohydrate extract obtained from soybean meal by electro-activation

This study was aimed to investigate the physico-chemical, functional properties, and behaviour during storage of plant-based beverages which were made by using complex extracts obtained from soybean meal by using electro-activated solutions (catholytes) as extracting agents. All beverages also contain 0.6% whey powder. The soy extract based beverage coded as G, H and I were characterized by proteins with high particle size than the other samples. The viscosity of the majority of the samples was low and the beverages showed a shear-thinning behaviour. The turbidity and Zeta-potential measurements showed that the obtained beverages were sufficiently stable in the interval of pH 3–10. A simple shaking allowed the system to recover homogeneous consistency. Moreover, solubility of the soybean meal extracts in the prepared beverages was good; especially for samples G (97.76 ± 0.04%) and H (97.53 ± 0.18%). Also, samples I and F showed high foaming capacity with mean values of 98 ± 7.34% and 80 ± 5.25, respectively. The beverage G showed high water absorption capacity with an average value of 530 g/100 g. Finally, after thermal coagulation, the obtained results showed that protein recovery values of curd obtained from coagulum varied from 56.57 ± 2.17 to 98.57 ± 6.37%.

Chickens’ growth performance and pancreas development exposed to soy cake varying in trypsin inhibitor activity, heat-degraded lysine concentration, and protein solubility in potassium hydroxide

This study focused on the effect of varying trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), heat-degraded lysine concentration and protein solubility in potassium hydroxide on broiler performance and pancreas weight. Two soybean breeds were subject to varying thermal, hydrothermal, pressure, and kilning processing. This resulted in a total of 34 soy cake variants, widely varying in TIA (0.25 to 23.6mg/g), heat-degraded lysine (1.40 to 8.60g/kg), and potassium hydroxide (65.5 to 97.6%), respectively. These soy cake variants as well as a commercial soybean meal extract were included into a common grower and finisher diet for broiler chicks at fixed amounts (grower: 35%; finisher: 25%) and tested in a 35 d fattening experiment with 1680 broiler chicks (grower phase: day 11 to 24; finisher phase day 25 to 35). TIA was the dominant factor affecting zootechnical performance and pancreas weight at slaughter (day 35), depressing liveweight at day 24 (P < 0.006), and day 35 (0.026), weight gain (grower: P < 0.006) and feed: gain ratio during grower phase (P < 0.005) and increasing pancreas weight (P < 0.010) at the time of slaughter. Negative effects of TIA were also visible in soy cake variants below recommended thresholds. This highlights the necessity of complete elimination of TIA in broiler diets as far as technically possible.

Solid State Fermentation of Soybean Meal with Aspergillus Niger For Upgrading Nutritive Values

The experiment was conducted to observe the effect of different fermentation times on nutrient compositions and phytase activity of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) used solid state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus niger. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment which was included three treatments and replicated three times per treatment. Soybean meal was used as substrate and inoculated with A. niger spore suspension. Two hundred and fifty ml capacity of Erlenmeyer flask was used to cultivate the culture. The fermentation times were 0, 3 and 5 days. The contents of dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, gross energy and phytase activity of fermented soybean meal were determined. The percentages of crude protein, gross energy and phytase activity of day 5 FSBM were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than those of day 3 FSBM. Fermented SBM at day 5 had numerically increased in the ether extract contents. However, the ash and dry matter percentages of day 5 FSBM were significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced compared with those of day 3 FSBM. According to the obtained results, the effect of different fermentation times on nutrient contents and phytase activity of fermented soybean meal were significantly different. Therefore, fermented SBM incubated at day 5 is an appropriate alternative feed from SBM to be used as nourishable feed and phytase enzyme production in fermented soybean meal which will being economic benefits to farmers.

Encrypted antimicrobial and antitumoral peptides recovered from a protein-rich soybean (Glycine max) by-product

Abstract Twelve promising candidates for antimicrobial peptides encrypted in F7J075, Q948X9, Q94LX2, Q3V5S6, Q4LER6, A0A0R0HYM3 and I1LMQ8 with molecular masses ranging from 718.42 to 4872.43 Da were identified in two fractions obtained from gel filtration chromatography of soybean meal aqueous extract, a defatted by-product generated by soybean oil refinery. Most peptides found in both fractions are encrypted in two regions of β-conglycinin alpha or alpha-prime subunits, the major protein in soybean. The pool of peptides from both fractions inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens and exhibited no toxicity to mouse bone marrow or fibroblast cells, but inhibited human glioblastoma proliferation. Three-dimensional structure of β-conglycinin domains containing the best AMP candidates, determined by molecular modeling, indicated an alpha-helix conformation. The production in large scale and use of multifunctional peptides encrypted in soybean meal proteins is an innovative application of the concept of circular bioeconomy.

Recovery of Antimicrobials and Bioaccessible Isoflavones and Phenolics from Soybean (Glycine max) Meal by Aqueous Extraction.

Soybeans display strategic potential in food security as a source of protein and functional bioactives for human consumption. Polyphenols and other bioactive compounds can be recovered after an aqueous extraction from soybean meal, a byproduct of soy oil refining. The objective of the present study was to compile and quantify compounds from soybean oil refinery by-products, providing information about valuable bioactive phytochemicals, their bioaccessibility and potential bioactivities. Genistin, daidzin, glycitin and malonylgenistin were the predominant isoflavones, and the overall bioaccessibility of their glycosidic forms was of nearly 75%. Sixteen phenolics were identified and caffeic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic chlorogenic acid and hesperidin were the most predominant. Approximately 30% of gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and myricetin were released and the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract was enhanced after simulated in vitro gastro intestinal digestion. The ability of aqueous soybean meal extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation was higher than natural and synthetic food antioxidants. Antimicrobial activity against several foodborne pathogens and antitumoral activity towards human glioblastoma cell line were also observed, but the aqueous extract showed no cytotoxicity to healthy murine cells. Compounds derived from the aqueous soybean meal extract have the potential to be used as health promoting agents.

Possibility of L-(+)-lactic acid fermentation using malting, brewing, and oil production by-products

Industrial by-products such as brewer’s spent grain (BSG) hydrolysate, malt rootlets extract (MRE) and soybean meal extract (SME) were used for L-(+) lactic acid (LA) production by a pure L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 strain. The effect of the addition of MRE (10–50%) or SME (10–50%) in BSG hydrolysate on batch and fed-batch LA fermentation was evaluated. The addition of MRE and SME increased the concentration of free amino nitrogen (FAN) and essential minerals (Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn), which had a positive effect on the fermentation. Also, the MRE addition significantly lowered C/N ration to a more favorable level for the efficient LA fermentation. In batch fermentation, the highest LA concentration (25.73 g/L), yield (86.31%), and volumetric productivity (0.95 g/L h−1), were obtained with the addition of 50% MRE. Further increase in LA concentration to 58.01 g/L, yield to 88.54%, and volumetric productivity to 1.19 g/L h−1 was achieved in fed-batch fermentation with addition of 50% MRE. A high optical purity of LA with 99.7% of L-(+)-isomer was obtained on the substrate based on industrial by-products. In addition, solid remains after BSG hydrolysis and MRE and SME preparation, together with the biomass of L. rhamnosus separated after the fermentation could be a good base for feed preparation.

Laccase induced degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in a soil slurry

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can induce undesirable effects to humans and animals and has thus attracted much attention from the public and scientific communities in recent years. Extensive studies have been devoted to exploring PFOA degradation in aqueous phase, while information for that in soil is rather limited. Understanding the transformation of PFOA in soil is important in developing strategies to assess and manage its environmental fate. In this study, we have demonstrated that PFOA can be effectively degraded by enzyme catalyzed oxidative humification reactions (ECOHRs) with a natural organic material, soybean meal, as the mediator. In the presence of soybean meal and laccase, PFOA was degraded 24% in water after 36 days, 40% in soil slurry after 140 days. The water extract of soybean meal contained high concentrations of natural organic mediators and multivalent metal ions, both of which were essential to PFOA degradation by ECOHRs. The ECOHR degradation products of PFOA in soil were identified to be partially fluorinated organic compounds, and the molecular features of the products suggest that the degradation mechanism involves free radical chain reaction processes, which was initiated by direct free radical attacks on the CC bonds in perfluoroalkyl acids.

Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Genistein Content in Soy Flour and its Effect on the Antioxidant Activity.

Biotransformation of isoflavones glycosides into the aglycone form is essential to attain the maximum bioavailability. The factors affecting deglycosylation of genistin in soy flour using commercial β-glucosidase enzyme were evaluated. The presence of genistin in soy flour was confirmed by isolation through chromatographic fractionation and identification by spectral method. Two-levels Plackett-Burman design was applied and effective variables for genistein production were determined. Agitation rate, enzyme concentration, and reaction time, owing to their significant positive effect, and pH, owing to its significant negative effect, were further evaluated using Box-Behnken model. Accordingly the optimal combination of the major reaction affecting factors was "enzyme concentration, 1 IU; agitation speed, 250 rpm; reaction time, 5 h and pH 4. The concentration of genistein can be increased by 9.91 folds (from 0.8 mg/g in the non biotransformed soy flour to 7.93 mg/g in the biotransformed one) using the determined optimal combination of major reaction affecting factors. The antioxidant activity of the non biotransformed and biotransformed soy flour extracts was determined by DPPH method. It was found that biotransformation increase the antioxidant activity by two folds. The concentration causing a 50% reduction of DPPH absorbance (EC50) were 10 and 5 mg/mL for the non biotransformed and biotransformed soy flour extracts, respectively.

Improvement of broiler meat quality due to dietary inclusion of soybean oligosaccharide derived from soybean meal extract

Dietary inclusion of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production has been applied for decades worldwide, but recently AGPs have been banned due to the negative consequences for health and food safety. Soybean oligosccharide (SOS) derived from soybean meal extract is one of natural compound without carrying-over the residue to product and is consumer’s health friendly. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate dietary inclusion of SOS on broiler meat quality. A total of 120 broilers of 7-day-old were allocated into 3 treatments with 4 replications (10 birds each) in completely randomized design. Treatments applied were D1: diet without SOS, D2: D1 plus 0.15% SOS, and D3: D1 plus 0.30% SOS. Intestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB), protein digestibility, meat protein and fat depositions, and meat cholesterol were the parameters observed. Data were statistically tested using analysis of variance and Duncan test. Dietary SOS inclusion at 0.30% (D3) significantly (P<0.05) increased LAB population (7.21x104 cfu/g), protein digestibility (72.80%), and meat protein deposition (90.83 g/bird), but it decreased meat fat (8.27 g/bird) and meat cholesterol (37.28 mg/100 g). In conclusion, dietary SOS inclusion at 0.30% improves meat quality of broiler based on the increase in meat protein deposition with lower fat and cholesterol.

Biotransformation of soy flour isoflavones by Aspergillus niger NRRL 3122 β-glucosidase enzyme

β-glucosidase enzyme produced from Aspergillus niger NRRL 3122 has been partially purified and characterised. Its molecular weight was 180 KDa. The optimal pH and temperature were 3.98 and 55 °C, respectively. It promoted the hydrolysis of soy flour isoflavone glycosides to their aglycone. Two-level Plackett–Burman design was applied and effective variables for genistein production were determined. Reaction time had a significant positive effect, and pH had a significant negative effect. They were further evaluated using Box–Behnken model. Accordingly, the optimal combination of the major reaction affecting factors was reaction time, 5 h and pH, 4. The concentration of genistein increased by 11.73 folds using this optimal combination. The antioxidant activity of the non-biotransformed and biotransformed soy flour extracts was determined by DPPH method. It was found that biotransformation increased the antioxidant activity by four folds.

Degradation of sulfadimethoxine catalyzed by laccase with soybean meal extract as natural mediator: Mechanism and reaction pathway

Natural laccase-mediator systems have been well recognized as an eco-friendly and energy-saving approach in environmental remediation, whose further application is however limited by the high cost of natural mediators and relatively long treatment time span. This study evaluated the water extract of soybean meal, a low-cost compound system, in mediating the laccase catalyzed degradation of a model contaminant of emerging concern, sulfadimethoxine (SDM), and demonstrated it as a promising alternative mediator for soil and water remediation. Removal of 73.3% and 65.6% was achieved in 9 h using soybean meal extract (SBE) as the mediating system for laccase-catalyzed degradation of sulfadimethoxine at the concentration of 1 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively. Further degradation of sulfadimethoxine was observed with multiple SBE additions. Using SBE as mediator increased the 9-h removal of SDM at 1 ppm initial concentration by 52.9%, 49.4%, and 36.3% in comparison to the system mediated by 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), p-Coumaric acid (COU) and 2,2ʹ-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), respectively. With the detection of stable coupling products formed with radical scavenger (5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, DMPO), three phenolic compounds (vanillin, apocynin, and daidzein) in SBE were confirmed to serve as mediators for Trametes versicolor laccase. Reaction pathways were proposed based on the results of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. SO2 excursion happened during SDM transformation, leading to elimination of antimicrobial activity. Therefore, as a natural, phenol rich, and affordable compound system, the future application of SBE in wastewater and soil remediation is worth exploring.

INHIBITION OF CARSINOGENESIS BY SEED AND SOYBEAN MEAL EXTRACT IN COLON OF MICE: APOPTOSIS AND DYSPLASIA

Objective: Colon cancer is a major public health problem. Soybean has demonstrated chemopreventive and anti-cancer. Here, we have investigated the effect of a standardized seed and soybean meal extract with content of lunasin, here named GE and SE. They are botanical drug substance in experimental models of colon cancer in vivo.Methods:The effect of GE and SEwere examined onthe preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypt foci), polyps and tumours induced by the carcinogenic agentazoxymethane (AOM) (10 mg/kg) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) 2% as well as in a xenograft model of colon cancer in mice.Results:.GE and SE increased apoptosis (p = 0,001). GE (150 mg/kg) has the highest impact level of apoptosis (p = 0,009). GE and SE decreased dysplasia (p = 0,024). GE (200 mg/kg) has the highest impact level of dysplasia (p = 0,002) and SE (200 mg/kg) has the second impact level of dysplasia (p = 0,003).Conclusions: GE and SE inhibition of colon carsinogenesis with incrase level of apoptosis and decrease level of dysplasiaKeyword: soybean, lunasin, colon cancer, azoxymethane, dextran sodium sulfate, apoptosis, dysplasia

The Effectivity of Extracts Soybean on Increasing Concentration of RBP (Retinol binding protein) in White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Kwashiorkor Model

Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a deficiency of protein in terms of both quality and quantity. Kwashiorkor cause dysfunction in various organ systems. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of soy in increasing serum RBP levels in rat models of kwashiorkor. The liver is a vital organ for protein synthesis, one RBP. The liver is particularly vulnerable to the effects of kwashiorkor. The method used is the mice given low-protein diet for 30 days and then given extract of soybean meal for 30 days subsequent serum RBP levels were evaluated using ELISA method. The results showed that the soy extract can increase the levels of RBP in mice models of kwashiorkor. Keywords: RBP, soybean extracts and kwashiorkor

Influence of raw or extruded soybean seeds in broiler chicken mixtures on rearing parameters, slaughter value and liver histological image

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of feeding broiler chickens with mixtures containing raw or extruded soybean seeds on the performance indices, slaughter value and liver histology of the animals. The research began with an analysis of the chemical composition of selected high protein feeds. A nutritional experiment was then performed on 108 sexed Ross 308 chickens, which were allocated to 3 equal groups (I, II, III). The chickens were reared for 42 days with ad libitum feeding. The birds from the control group (I) received mixtures in which the only high protein component was soybean meal extracted. Extruded soybeans and raw soybeans were fed to chickens in experimental groups II and III, respectively, in quantities that replaced 30% of soybean meal extract protein in the Starter mixture and 50% of this protein in the Grower and Finisher mixtures. During the experiment, the body weight of the birds (BW) and their feed intake (FI) were recorded. At the end of rearing, 12 chicks of body weights representative of their group and sex were slaughtered in each group. The results of the slaughter analysis were used to calculate the percentage of muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat in the carcass. The weights of selected internal organs were also determined, and then their proportion in the chilled carcass weight was determined. In addition, after slaughter, chicken livers were collected to assess the histological image. Raw soybean meal extrusion resulted in an increase in protein content and a decrease in crude fibre by about 10%. Quantities of individual amino acids in the analysed material were proportional to the protein content. The extrusion of full-fat soybean seeds reduced the content of trypsin inhibitors by more than a half (to 9 mg/g), but the least of these compounds (1.2 mg/g) was found in soybean meal extract. The tannin content of extruded soybeans was about one-third of that of extracted meal and less than one-fourth of that of raw soybean. It was shown that the chickens receiving extruded soybeans reached a weight similar to that of the control group, with similar FCRs for individual rearing periods, whereas the use of raw soybean significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased both parameters. In addition, group III had a significantly lower dressing percentage (P ≤ 0.05) and a higher proportion of abdominal fat (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the other groups. The introduction of extruded or raw soybeans into the mixtures increased (P ≤ 0.05) the proportion of total internal organs. The microscopic image revealed that all chickens had a similar, normal histological structure. The results of this study show a beneficial effect of raw soybean extrusion on the nutritional value of soybeans. Extruded soybeans can therefore be recommended as a partial substitute for protein (30% in Starter and 50% in Grower and Finisher) from soybean meal extract in chicken broiler mixtures. Raw soybeans should not be used in the above amounts, mainly because of the clearly worse rearing results....

Effects of alcohol extract of defatted soybean meal on growth performance and digestive physiology of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata

The effects of alcohol extract of soybean meal on growth performance, digestibility, and pancreatic enzyme and bile acid status of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata were studied. Fish were fed one of the following for 8 weeks: a fish meal (FM) control diet (FMD), a defatted soybean meal diet (SBMD), an alcohol-extracted SBM diet (ExSBMD), an ExSBMD with alcohol-extract diet (ExSBM + ExtD), and an FMD with alcohol-extract diet (FM + ExtD). Growth performance was significantly inferior in fish fed with SBM, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD compared to FMD- or ExSBMD-fed fish. Total bile acid levels, and trypsin and lipase activities in the anterior intestine were significantly lower in fish fed with SBM, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD than in fish fed with ExSBMD and FMD, despite similar values in gallbladder or pyloric caeca. Cholecystokinin mRNA levels of the former diet-fed fish were significantly lower than those of FMD- or ExSBMD-fed fish. Lipid and protein digestibility of fish fed with SBMD, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD was significantly reduced in comparison with that of fish fed with FMD or ExSBMD. These findings indicate that the alcohol extract of soybean meal inhibited the secretion of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes by a decrease of cholecystokinin stimulation. This inhibition seemed to be responsible for a low growth performance through impairment of the assimilation of lipid and protein.