Soybean Research Articles

Modification of black soybean (Glycine max(L.)merr.) residue insoluble dietary fiber with ultrasonic, microwave, high temperature and high-pressure, and extrusion.

Recent studies have emphasized the modification of Insoluble Dietary Fiber (IDF) to enhance its physicochemical properties and functional performance. This study systematically examined the effects of ultrasonic treatment, microwave irradiation, high-temperature and high-pressure processing, and screw extrusion on the physicochemical characteristics, in vitro antioxidant activity, and adsorption capacities of High-Purity Insoluble Dietary Fiber (HPIDF) derived from black bean residues. Although these physical modifications did not alter the functional group composition or crystalline structure of HPIDF, they significantly enhanced its porosity, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and adsorption capacities for glucose, cholesterol, bile salts, and metal ions. Notably, HPIDF treated under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions exhibited the highest adsorption capacities: 9.86mmol/g for glucose, 8.69mg/g (pH2) and 9.69mg/g (pH7) for cholesterol, 0.183g/g (pH2) and 0.127g/g (pH7) for sodium cholate, and 0.699mg/g (pH2) and 0.774mg/g (pH7) for Cr2+.

Effect of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) on growth and yield of kharif soybean (Glycine max L.)

Effect of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) on growth and yield of kharif soybean (Glycine max L.)

Characterization of differentiating lines of phytophthora in soybean

AbstractThe objective of this study was the characterization of commercial cultivars, differentiating lines/cultivars of Phytophthora sojae carrying Rps (resistance Phytophthora Sojae) genes, inoculated with different pathotypes. Thirty‐one differentiating soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) lines/cultivars carrying Rps genes and six commercial cultivars were evaluated for virulence pattern to PS2.4, PS14.4, PS36.1, PS34.1, and CMES1608 pathotypes. Inoculations were performed using the toothpick technique, with reaction evaluation about 15 days after infection, where the number of healthy, infected, and dead seedlings was quantified. There was a difference in resistance for the pathotypes, and the most virulent were PS34.1 and PS36.1. The Rps1k, Rps11, and Rp12 genes deserve to be highlighted by resistance to the PS34.1 pathotype and the Rps1k, Rps11, Rp12, and Rps8 genes to the PS36.1 pathotype. The line L77‐1863 (Rps1b) showed resistance to the PS2.4 and PS14.4 pathotypes. The characterization of the genotypes allowed the updating of information about them and the identification of new possibilities of resistance sources.

Test of the superiority of several soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) pure lines

Abstract Soybeans are a strategic food commodity with increasing demand but production is still low. The aim of this research is to see the superiority of production stability of each Harapan Jember lines. The object of research used genotype of pure lines soybean produced by the main researcher, which is a candidate for a new superior variety with a potential yield. The study used a Non-Factorial Randomized Block Design which only used one factor, namely the soybean pure lines (GHJ1, GHJ2, GHJ3, GHJ4, GHJ5), Malabar and Anjasmoro Variety. Based on the analysis of all tested parameters (number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare, and 100 seeds weight), GHJ4 is a stable and superior line. Although not always the highest in every category, the combination of good results in all aspects makes it a balanced and consistent variety. In addition, its 100 seeds weight is still in the good category, although not the highest. GHJ4 also shows consistency in results across various parameters, including yield per plot and per hectare. These results indicate decent seed quality and good yield potential.

Detecting environmental trends to rethink soybean variety testing programs

AbstractVariety testing programs (VTPs) use multi‐environment trials (MET) to evaluate and report the performance of commercially available and pre‐commercial soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties targeting a specific set of environments. Adequate modeling of the environmental variability and genotype–environment interactions (G × E) within the VTP would help farmers and seed companies decide which variety to choose or recommend. We propose an approach to characterize environments using the soybean data from the University of Missouri VTP. We modeled an environmental trend (EnvT) based on the phenotypic mean performance and the observed phenotype in each environment. The environments were classified into four different EnvT environment types, and soil and climate data were used as predictors of the EnvT through eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model. Temperature on late vegetative and flowering, soil‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, and silt content were key drivers of EnvT. The approach identified overrepresented environments (62%) and increased the ratio between variety and G × E variance. A simulation case study verified that the random removal of overrepresented sites from the dataset quickly degraded G × E analysis, implying that increasing the number of underrepresented sites is recommended. Our results demonstrate that environmental characterization is essential for optimizing resource allocation within VTP, thereby supporting the end goal of aiding farmers to utilize the best varieties for their production environment.

Peanut Yield and Grade Response to Glyphosate Plus Dicamba

Due to the increased adoption of dicamba-tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], near-by sensitive broadleaf crops such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are at an increased risk for off-target movement events. Limited data on peanut response to multiple exposure events of reduced rates of glyphosate plus dicamba are available. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of multiple exposure events and low rates of glyphosate plus dicamba on peanut yield and grade across multiple locations in the southeast and southwest production regions of the U.S. In 2019/2020, field trials were conducted in seven states (AL, FL, GA, NC, OK, SC, TX). Glyphosate plus dicamba timings were 30 + 60 days after planting (DAP) or 30 + 60 + 90 DAP. Glyphosate plus dicamba rates were 12.6 g ae/ha + 5.6 g ae/ha (1/100X) and 25.2 g ae/ha + 11.2 g ae/ha (1/50X). In the southeast region (AL, FL, GA, NC, SC), peanut yield was not reduced by the 1/100X rate but was reduced 9% by 1/50X rate. Peanut yield was not reduced by any rate or timing in the southwest region (OK, TX). In OK and TX (South), total sound mature kernels were reduced 1% to 4% by the 1/50X rate of glyphosate plus dicamba or when glyphosate plus dicamba was applied 30 + 60 + 90 DAP. Increases in peanut pod malformations (4% to 11%) were observed in GA and NC but this response was not consistent. Multiple off-target exposure events of glyphosate plus dicamba at rates ≤ 1/100X in peanut should not result in significant yield or grade losses but may cause abnormal pod development.

Enhancing Soybean Yield Through Inoculation of Multifunctional Microbial Consortia

Inoculating multifunctional microbial consortia offers potential benefits for enhancing plant growth and grain yield formation. This study verified the feasibility of inoculating soybean (Glycine max) seeds with multifunctional microbial consortia to improve soybean productivity. Seeds were inoculated with 12 combinations of inoculants [Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. diazoefficiens for biological N2 fixation, Azospirillum brasilense for growth promotion via phytohormone release, Bacillus megaterium (=Priestia megaterium) and B. subtilis for enhancing P uptake, and Trichoderma harzianum as biopesticide] and grown in BOD chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. In the chamber, inoculated seeds were subjected to germination tests. In the greenhouse, inoculated seeds were sown in pots with nonsterile soil, and plant growth was monitored until the flowering stage. In the field, plants were cultivated until physiological maturity. Soil and plant samples were collected at three growth stages: vegetative, reproductive, and maturation. Measurements included shoot, root, nodules, grain masses, and grain yield, alongside analyses of seed N, P, lipid, protein, and carbohydrate contents. The highest number of microbial inputs and the inclusion of T. harzianum in the microbial consortia impeded seed germination, hindered initial vegetative growth, and decreased plant densities in the plots. Likely due to the crop’s plasticity and the stimulation of microorganisms, the initial setbacks did not affect grain yield and soybean grain lipid content. Therefore, inoculating multifunctional microbial consortia holds promise as a sustainable approach in agriculture. Still, care should be taken concerning an excessive number of inoculants composing the consortia.

A hierarchical Bayesian approach to assess the impact of environmental factors on soybean yield and yield components

Dividing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) yield into several yield components, including the seeds per area and seed weight, offers better identification of the driver of yield variation, especially that is affected by environmental factors. The objectives of this study are to understand the relationship among yield, yield components, and environmental factors using a hierarchical Bayesian model, and to determine the potential limiting factors for soybean yield production. A hierarchical Bayesian approach offers a natural mechanism of the eco-biological system through a multi-level model. Precipitation data was used to represent the environmental factors during the key stages of soybean development. Yield in seven soybean environments, defined as the combination of location and year, was surveyed from 2018 to 2023. The results indicated that soybean yield varied between environments. Seed numbers per area was the main driver of the soybean yield. Moreover, precipitation during the early reproductive stages, where the seed was being developed, also significantly affected the final yield. Seed weights also contributed to the increase in soybean yield, even though the environmental factors during the seed-filling stage were not substantial. In summary, this study provides evidence of environmental conditions as a potential limiting factor of soybean yield.

Effect of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method on the characteristics of protein extract from edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

Abstract Edamame, a type of soybean, is a promising source of plant-based protein. Protein extraction from edamame was conducted using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method, which utilizes thermal damage to the tissue to facilitate protein extraction with a solvent. Food-grade distilled water was chosen as the solvent, as the protein extract is intended to enhance the nutritional value of meatballs and sausages. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with variations in extraction time (0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes) and pH levels (7, 9, and 11), with each condition tested three times. In the conducted study, it was found that microwave-assisted extraction methods significantly enhanced the quality of protein content from edamame. The thermal effects of microwaves effectively disrupted tissue, facilitating the breakdown of cells and the extraction of valuable components. Our findings showed that protein yield improved with increasing extraction pH, making alkaline conditions—particularly at pH 9—beneficial for maximizing protein extraction. The optimum protein yield of 77.76 ± 0.20% was achieved at pH 9 with a 60-minute extraction time. However, higher alkaline pH levels were associated with decreased protein purity. Consequently, the highest protein content, at 94.12 ± 0.21%, was achieved at pH 7 with a 60-minute extraction time.

Identification of effective PGPR(s) for management of herbicidal stress towards successful cultivation of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Identification of effective PGPR(s) for management of herbicidal stress towards successful cultivation of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Performance and legacy effect of crop rotations on eastern Canadian dairy farms

AbstractCrop rotations on dairy farms in eastern Canada nowadays include fewer perennial crops and more nitrogen‐demanding annual crops. This study compared, over a 7‐year rotation cycle, the agronomic performance and the legacy effect of six crop rotations that varied in crop types (perennial or annual) and nutrient sources (mineral or organic). Crop yield and nutritive value were determined on a yearly basis and cumulated over the rotation cycle. The legacy effect was assessed by growing forage corn (Zea mays L.) in year 6 and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in year 7 in all rotations. The legacy effect of perennial forage crops manifested with a 78% lower weed biomass at harvest of forage corn in year 6 and a 14% greater soybean yield in year 7. A greater soil‐derived corn nitrogen uptake in year 6 after repeated slurry applications indicated a modest legacy effect of organic fertilization on soil N supply capacity. The presence of perennial forage crops or the use of organic fertilization did not affect cumulative dry matter or crude protein production over the 7‐year rotation cycle. The addition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in mixture with perennial grasses improved forage yield (+26%) and nutritive value (greater digestible energy and crude protein concentration) in post‐seeding years. In perennial‐based rotations, adding alfalfa to grasses resulted in greater dry matter (+22%) and crude protein (+46%) productions over the 7‐year cycle despite a fourfold reduction in N fertilizer input, attesting to the high N use efficiency of perennial legume‐based cropping systems.

A morphological and anatomical study for tracking the development of individual flowers and pods in soybean (Glycine max L.)

A morphological and anatomical study for tracking the development of individual flowers and pods in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Watering Regimes and Their Effects on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Varieties

Watering Regimes and Their Effects on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Varieties

Enhancing Cow Fertility: Leveraging Black Soya, Borlotti, and Jack Beans as Phytoestrogen-Rich Feed Sources

Estrus is a symptom that appears as behavioural receptivity of mating. Under normal circumstances, the estrus cycles in cattle will recover within 30 days after calving. In reality, the calving interval in cattle is more than 85 days. This calving interval is influenced by the imbalance of reproductive hormones. Legumes contain phytoestrogens or estrogen. Estrogenic compounds, including phytoestrogens in small doses, influence the initiation of GnRH from the hypothalamus and accelerate the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. This study aims to determine the use of Black soya, Borlotti, and Jack beans as phytoestrogen sources in animal feed to decrease the postpartum estrous period in cattle. Our results showed, Black soya and Jack bean with the oven drying method (55oC) and the freezing drying method (-40oC) contain large amount of phytoestrogen used as a source in animal feed to improve fertility. In the administration of this supplement, the animal should be given continuously. Four samples were adhered to a gel silica plate using UV 254 and UV 366 as follows; Black soya dried in the oven (BSFOD), Black soya dried in the freezer (BSFFD), Jack bean dried in the oven (JFOD), and Jack bean dried in the freezer (JFFD). Borlotti bean dried in the oven (BFOD), and Borlotti bean dried in the freezer (JFFD) containing unidentified flavonoids. The results showed only four samples were close to the genistein standard in colour and Rf value (Thin Layer Chromatography Method). The genistein standard has a value of 0.50 and a purple colour, while the BSFOD, BSFFD, JFOD, and JFFD standards have values of 0.48, 0.51, 0.47, as well as 0.49, respectively. The concentration of genistein in BSFOD and BSFFD was significantly different (P<0.05), where BSFOD is 0.658g/100g, and BSFFD is 1.784g/100g. Considering these results, Black soya and Jack bean contain large amount of phytoestrogen used as a source in animal feed to improve fertility.

Promotion of Healthy Aging Through the Nexus of Gut Microbiota and Dietary Phytochemicals.

Aging is associated with the decline of tissue and cellular functions, which can promote the development of age-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and disorders of the musculoskeletal and immune systems. Healthspan is the length of time an individual is in good health and free from chronic diseases and disabilities associated with aging. Two modifiable factors that can influence healthspan, promote healthy aging, and prevent the development of age-related diseases, are the diet and microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (gut microbiota). This review will discuss how dietary phytochemicals and gut microbiota can work in concert to promote a healthy gut and healthy aging. First, an overview is provided of how the gut microbiota influences healthy aging through its impact on gut barrier integrity, immune function, mitochondria function, and oxidative stress. Next, the mechanisms by which phytochemicals effect gut health, inflammation, and nurture a diverse and healthy microbial composition are discussed. Lastly, we discuss how the gut microbiota can directly influence health by producing bioactive metabolites from phytochemicals in food like urolithin A, equol, hesperetin, and sulforaphane. These and other phytochemical-derived microbial metabolites that may promote healthspan are discussed. Importantly, an individual's capacity to produce health-promoting microbial metabolites from cruciferous vegetables, berries, nuts, citrus, and soy products will be dependent on the specific bacteria present in the individual's gut.

Effects of enhanced fermentation with high-yielding strains of Tetramethylpyrazine on flavor quality of Douchiba

Douchiba (DCB) is a nutritious food rich in various functional components such as Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP), and the strain fermentation is crucial for enhancing its quality. This work utilized Bacillus subtilis S2–2 and Hyphopichia burtonii S6-J1 with high TTMP production for fermentation of soybeans to optimize the pre-fermentation process and to evaluate the flavor quality of mature DCB. The concentration of TTMP in DCB fermented by mixed microbial (MG) was 2.95 times higher than that of of the control. Furthermore, the concentrations of taste substances, organic acids, free amino acids, and free fatty acids in MG were significantly increased. 87 flavor compounds were detected by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. The content of aldehydes, alcohols, esters, acids, and pyrazines flavor compounds was higher in MG, with esters and alcohols being notably higher than in other groups. Additionally, the highest comprehensive score of flavor quality was obtained in MG by principal component analysis.

Incremental Effects of Eurotium Cristatum Fermentation of Soybean on Its Nutrients, Flavor Profile and Laxative Regulation in Experimental Constipation Rats

This study was designed to develop a probiotic Eurotium cristatum-fermented soybean powder (EFSP), and its chemical composition of main nutrients and volatile components, and laxative abilities against diphenoxylate-induced constipation in...

Investigating the effects of citric acid concentrations on acidification, rheological, and microbial properties of fermented soy protein isolate yogurts.

As consumer awareness grows regarding the environmental and health impacts of animal-based products, plant-based alternatives are gaining popularity in developed countries. Plant-based proteins, like soy protein isolate (SPI), are valued for their sustainability and ability to complement animal proteins. SPI is commonly used in plant-based yogurts due to its high-quality protein, strong gelling capacity, and support for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth. Typically, plant-based yogurts use citric acid (CA) as a preservative, but its effect on LAB quality and effects is not fully understood. This study examines how different CA concentrations (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3%) influence the physicochemical, rheological, and microbial properties of fermented SPI yogurts under various temperature conditions over time (0, 15, and 24h at 45°C and 48h readings at 4°C). Higher CA concentrations led to lower pH, higher total titratable acidity, a loss modulus (G″) exceeding the storage modulus (G'), and increased viscosity. LAB growth was significant at refrigeration temperatures across all samples, indicating LAB adaptation to produce more lactic acid during storage. The study highlights that fermentation duration, temperature, storage conditions, and CA concentration significantly affect the properties of plant-based yogurts. Yogurts with 1% CA exhibited the best quality attributes while maintaining a pH below 4.6 as a food safety process control. This research provides insights into the preservation, safety, and quality of plant-based yogurts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research aims to help food manufacturers improve the quality and safety of plant-based yogurts by optimizing citric acid levels. By balancing acidity and probiotic content, producers can create healthier, more sustainable yogurt alternatives that appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.

Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 relieves loperamide-induced constipation in rats fed a high-fat diet via modulating enteric neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota.

Obesity and constipation can alter the intestinal microbiota composition, affecting intestinal barrier integrity, immune function, and metabolic processes. Numerous studies have suggested that Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium could increase short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, thus improving the intestinal microbiota composition, mitigating obesity, and protecting the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 (TWK10) on gut dysbiosis, obesity, and constipation induced by a high-fat diet and loperamide. Over a 5-week experimental period, rats were fed a high-fat diet and subsequently induced with gut dysbiosis and constipation using loperamide. Concurrently, rats were administered different doses of TWK10 or TWK10-fermented soy milk. Following administration of TWK10 or its fermented soy milk, the expression of adipocyte transcription factors such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ proteins and adipocyte size were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Regarding intestinal motility, compared to the high-fat diet-induced obesity and loperamide-induced constipation group (L), rats receiving TWK10 or its fermented soy milk exhibited regulation of gastrointestinal hormone levels such as gastrin (GT), somatostatin (Sst), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and acetylcholinesterase (Ache) in serum. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the intestinal transit ratio, particularly in the 1X TWK10 group, in which it increased by 10.29% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the consumption of TWK10 or its fermented soy milk significantly increased the number of goblet cells, as well as the thickness of the muscle and mucosal layers in the colon (p < 0.05). Analysis of SCFA content in fecal samples revealed a significant increase in SCFA concentrations, particularly acetic acid, following administration of both TWK10 and its fermented soy milk. Finally, TWK10 was found to modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota and increase microbial diversity. In conclusion, TWK10 and its fermented soy milk effectively alleviated loperamide-induced constipation in rats fed a high-fat diet. These findings suggest that TWK10 and its fermented soy milk may potentially be functional foods for promoting intestinal health.

Effects of dietary Bacillus velezensis fermented soybean hull supplementation on antioxidant capacity, suppressing pro-inflammatory, and modulating microbiota composition in broilers

Effects of dietary Bacillus velezensis fermented soybean hull supplementation on antioxidant capacity, suppressing pro-inflammatory, and modulating microbiota composition in broilers