Soybean Cake Research Articles

Price forecasting and Seasonality of Soybean in Amravati District of Maharashtra India

Soybean crop has contributed to improve the financial strength of the Indian farmers. It usually fetches higher income to the farmers owing to the massive export market for Soybean de-oiled cake. In state of Maharashtra Soybean is cultivated extensively in Amravati district. So the present studies explore the seasonality and price forecasting issue for Soybean crop. The is based on the secondary data. The monthly wholesale prices and arrivals data for the study collected from the agmarknet.gov.in for the period January 2008 to December 2017. To analyze the data we use statistical techniques like seasonality and exponential smoothing for price forecasting. The processing of data is done through MS- Excel and MINITAB Software. The study gives an overview of the different time series analytical methods, which can be used for price forecasting. The present study is undertaken precisely to fill the research gap and results of this study found an inverse relationship between price and market arrivals of soybean. The arrivals were recorded very high from October to January and seasonal indices of price were elevated during August in which arrivals were found stumpy. The assessment of all three Exponential Smoothing models was carried out in the procedure based on the Double Exponential model with MAD (168.3) and MAPE (6.14) values, which were considered in the smallest amount. The accuracy of proportion among the forecasted and actual price value of soybean was found in between 80.52 to 85.55 percent. It was pragmatic that the Double Exponential model was the most appropriate for forecasting the soybean.

Organic amendment mitigates the negative impacts of mineral fertilization on bacterial communities in Shajiang black soil

Improvement of Shajiang black soil in the Huanghuai plain is crucial for sustainable agricultural production; however, the effects of intensified fertilizer input on microbial communities in this soil type remain uncertain. Here, we conducted a long-term field trial using a wheat-soybean-maize cropping system, which had five treatments: organic material (soybean cake) (OM), mineral fertilizers (NPK), standard nitrogen (N) (half from OM and half from NPK) (MNPK), high N (1.6-fold higher than other treatments, with half from OM and half from NPK) (HMNPK), and unfertilized control. The organic carbon (C) composition of the soil was analyzed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and bacterial community structure was determined based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Addition of NPK resulted in soil acidification, which was effectively alleviated by organic amendment. NPK significantly (P < .05) reduced the diversity and altered the composition of the bacterial community, although community structure was restored in part by combined organic fertilization. Community variation was limited by soil pH, but not by soil organic C content or chemical composition. Mineral fertilization depleted specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Chitinophagaceae and Nitrospiraceae) associated with the decomposition of polysaccharides and N transformation. Overall, our results suggest that organic amendment can mitigate the negative impacts of mineral fertilization on bacterial communities in Shajiang black soil.

Urea Molasses Multinutrien Blok Sebagai Pakan Tambahan pada Ternak Ruminansia (UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT TO CATTLE)

The poor quality crop residues constitute the bulk of dry matter consumed by the ruminants. Like in most developing countries, including in Indonesia, feed shortage is the main constraint to their productivity. During the hot and dry seasons, the available feed resources are not enough in energy and digestion proteins, which are insufficient to maintenance requirements and reducing productivity throughout the year. The use of conventional feedstuffs such as rice brand, pollard, soybean cake, and groundnut cake to enhance production has become inappropriate. These supplements are in short supply owing to increasing demand from agricultural and industrial users. Their exorbitant prices and erratic supply made them too expensive for small-scale farmers to incorporate them into ruminant feeding. Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) is a convenient and inexpensive method of providing a range of nutrients to ruminants. Giving UMMB can improve low-quality feed digestion so in general can improve the performance of livestock such as milk production, weight, BCS and reproductive status. This article aims to evaluation the benefits of a UMMB for feed ruminants.

Pasture structure and feeding behavior of sheep supplemented with biodiesel sources on Tanzania grass

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation to diets containing different biodiesel-derived cakes on the feeding behavior of crossbred Morada Nova sheep and structural traits of a Tanzania grass pasture. Treatments corresponded to four supplements (soybean meal, babassu cake, cotton cake, or castor cake detoxified with calcium hydroxide) that were tested in a completely randomized experimental design with repeated measures arrangement. The structural traits of the pasture did not differ across the treatments. All structural variables differed throughout the successive grazing cycles. Only the animals receiving supplement based on babassu cake exhibited significant differences for the intakes of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. Dry matter digestibility was lower in sheep supplemented with diets containing soybean meal. The time expended by the sheep grazing, idling, and under the shade net differed. Supplements composed of cotton cake or castor cake detoxified with calcium hydroxide can replace those based on soybean meal. Babassu cake can be used as a strategic ingredient to induce a substitution effect on herbage intake.

Bioprocess development for the production of novel oleogels from soybean and microbial oils.

This study presents the production of novel oleogels via circular valorisation of food industry side streams. Sugarcane molasses and soybean processing side streams (i.e. soybean cake) were employed as fermentation feedstocks for the production of microbial oil. Fed-batch bioreactor fermentations carried out by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides led to the production of 36.9 g/L total dry weight with an intracellular oil content of 49.8% (w/w) and 89.4 μg/g carotenoids. The carotenoid-rich microbial oil and soybean oil were evaluated as base oils for the production of wax-based oleogels. The wax esters, used as oleogelators, were produced via enzymatic catalysis, using microbial oil or soybean fatty acid distillate as raw materials. All oleogels presented a gel-like behaviour (G' > G″). However, the highest G' was determined for the oleogel produced from soybean oil and microbial oil-wax esters, which indicated a stronger network. Thermal analysis showed that this oleogel had a melting temperature profile up to 35 °C, which is favorable for applications in the confectionery industry. Also, texture analysis demonstrated that soybean oil-microbial oil wax oleogel was stable (1.9-2.2 N) within 30-days storage period. This study showed the potential of novel oleogels production through the development of bioprocesses based on the valorisation of various renewable resources.

Replacement of Soybean Meal With Soybean Cake Reduces Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows and an Assessment of a Face-Mask Technique for Methane Measurement.

The objective of this study was to (a) evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with soybean cake (SBC) on feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, milk production, nutrient digestibility and CH4 emissions and (b) investigate whether a face-mask technique could be used to predict daily methane (CH4) emissions in dairy cattle. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, with 32 crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows (days in milk (DIM): 112 ± 25.1) randomly assigned to the following treatments (n = 8/group) for 75 days: (1) 0% SBC, (2) 6% SBC, (3) 14% SBC, and (4) 23% SBC, in place of SBM on a dry matter (DM) basis. Across the final 4 weeks of the study, CH4 production was estimated using the proposed face-mask technique subsequent to a respiration chamber measurement for an evaluation of treatment efficacy and face-mask accuracy. There was no effect of SBM replacement by SBC on intake, feeding or drinking behavior (P > 0.21). Total VFA concentration, the individual proportions of VFA and blood metabolites were not altered (P > 0.17) by SBC, however there was a tendency for decreased (P = 0.08) lactate and plasma urea nitrogen (P = 0.07) concentration associated with SBC addition. Fat-corrected milk yield (FCM4%) and composition was not affected (P > 0.27) by SBC; however, there was a tendency for decreased total milk solids (P = 0.07) and milk fat (P = 0.08) associated with 23% SBC treatment. There was no treatment × technique interaction (P > 0.05) effect on gas measurements. A maximum reduction (P = 0.01) in CH4 yield (g/kg DM) and intensity (g/kg milk) of 11 and 20%, respectively, was observed for the 14% SBC inclusion. Compared to the week of mask measurements, chambers decreased (P = 0.01) intake (kg/d, %BW) and increased (P = 0.05) FCM4%. The face-mask method over estimated O2 consumption by 5%. The face-mask method accurately predicted daily CH4 emissions when compared to the chamber at the same time-point. However, there was a linear bias of CH4 outputs so further evaluation of the calculation of total CH4 from a spot measurement is required.

Can Small and Medium Enterprises Survive in MEA 2025: A Case Study of Agro-industry SMEs in Indonesia

Food processing agro-industry is a creative industry which immensely contributes to economic development, employment, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Indonesia. Competitiveness is a combination of successful inside and outside of Small Medium Enterprise. Thus, this research aims to 1) get an overview related to the SME food sector and its competitiveness, and 2) understand the influence of entrepreneurial marketing and government policy to Tempe (soybean-cake) chips SME’s competitiveness by using Structural Equation Model (SEM) toward MEA 2025. This quantitative research is using 64 soybean cake chips entrepreneurs as a sample purposively. Data analysed with Entrepreneurial Marketing concept in 7 dimensions, and SEM PLS to understand the relation between the important factors in developing SME market. The result shows that the government policy is insignificant, influential policy but the effect is inconsiderably significant because there is actually technological assistance which is not targeted yet. Regarding capital, the craftsmen prefer using their owned-capital. The entrepreneurs expected for focusing on the service quality, raising the selling price while maintaining the quality, and innovating their business to have a different character than competitors. Good relationships with consumers must be maintained so that loyalty customer can achieve.

Organic fertilizers have divergent effects on soil N2O emissions

A field experiment was conducted in a subtropical tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) plantation in Jiangsu Province, China, including the following treatments: no nitrogen (N) fertilizer (control), conventional mineral N fertilizer (urea) (CN), soybean cake fertilizer (SF), pig manure (PM), cattle manure (CaM), chicken manure (CM), and CM + biochar (CMB). Cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions were 4.8 ± 0.1 and 3.7 ± 0.3 kg N ha−1 year−1 under CN, respectively, and increased to 5.4 ± 0.2 and 4.6 ± 0.3 kg N ha−1 year−1 under SF (P < 0.05), respectively. Treatments with livestock manures (PM, CaM, and CM) reduced N2O (41.4–49.6%) and NO (46.5–59.8%) emission in comparison to CN. Combined amendment of CM and biochar more effectively reduced N2O emissions than CM treatment alone. Based on a meta-analysis of 26 global paired measurements in acid soils, the threshold of C/N ratios of organic fertilizers between the positive and negative responses of N2O emissions to organic fertilizers was 8.6 with a range of 4.5–22.3 (95% confidence interval), indicating that reduced N2O emission under PM, CaM and CM was potentially due to their C/N ratios compared to the threshold. Organic fertilizer application did not influence tea yield, while combined application of CM and biochar increased tea yield and resulted in the least yield-scaled N2O emission. N2O and NO emission factors for N fertilizers applied under CN were 1.9 ± 0.1% and 1.5 ± 0.2%, respectively, and reduced to 0.08 ± 0.04% and 0.12 ± 0.04% under CMB, respectively. The results suggest that tea plantations in the subtropical region are hotspots for N2O and NO emissions. Combined application of chicken manure and biochar could mitigate N gas emissions and increase yield in the tea plantation systems.

Potential risk evaluation for unintended entry of genetically modified plant Propagating material in Europe through import of seeds and animal feed – the experience of Latvia

ABSTRACTSignificant attention has been drawn to the adventitious and technically unavoidable presence of genetically modified (GM) organisms in the food and feed imported into the European Union (EU), while the potential presence of GM seeds in material for cultivation is less studied. Here we report a study from an EU member state, Latvia, during years 2017–2018 regarding monitoring for the presence of GM seeds in certified seed and animal feed material. Eighty-two and 28 samples of seeds intended for cultivation were analyzed in 2017 and 2018, respectively. One soybean sample contained MON40-3-2 soybean seeds (0.09 ± 0.01%) and one maize sample contained MON810 maize seeds (0.08 ± 0.01%). In addition, 102 samples of feed imported from outside of the EU or produced locally were also analyzed for the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and viability of grains. One oilseed rape cake sample contained GT73 (1.04 ± 0.01%) and one soybean cake sample contained MON40-3-2 (<0.045%). One sample of declared MON40-3-2 GM soybean cake was confirmed to be positive, with MON40-3-2 content of 94.78 ± 10.01%. One soybean sample submitted by feed producer and originating from Argentina contained 54.9 ± 1.1% of MON40-3-2 and one rapeseed sample originating from Ukraine contained 5.30 ± 3.95% of GT73. Although only two seed samples contained low levels of GMOs authorized in the EU for food and feed uses, this study reinforced the need to maintain regular monitoring programs that assist farmers in their efforts to comply with the current EU GMO legislation.

Evaluation of 1,3-propanediol production by twoCitrobacter freundiistrains using crude glycerol and soybean cake hydrolysate

Biodiesel production processes using soybean as feedstock generates soybean cake and crude glycerol as by-products. These by-product streams were used as sole feedstocks for the production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO) using two bacterial strains of Citrobacter freundii. Soybean cake has been converted into a nutrient-rich hydrolysate by crude enzymes produced via solid state fermentation. The effect of initial glycerol and free amino nitrogen concentration on bacterial growth and PDO production has been evaluated in batch bioreactor cultures showing that C. freundii VK-19 is a more efficient PDO producer than C. freundii FMCC-8. The cultivation of C. freundii VK-19 in fed-batch bioreactor cultures using crude glycerol and soybean cake hydrolysates led to PDO concentration of 47.4 g/L with yield and productivity of 0.49 g/g and 1.01 g/L/h, respectively. The effect of PDO, metabolic by-products, and sodium and potassium salts on bacterial growth was evaluated showing that potassium salts initially enhance bacterial growth, whereas sodium salts cause significant inhibition to bacterial growth. Soybean cake hydrolysate and crude glycerol could be utilized for PDO production, but the fermentation efficiency is influenced by the catalyst used during biodiesel production.

Anti‑photoaging effect of fermented agricultural by‑products on ultraviolet B‑irradiated hairless mouse skin.

Processed products from agricultural produce generate a large number of agricultural by-products that contain a number of functional substances. These are often discarded owing to the lack of suitable processing methods. The present study investigated the anti-photoaging properties of fermented rice bran (FRB), soybean cake (FSB) and sesame seed cake (FSC) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated hairless mouse skin. Results indicated that the oral administration of FRB, FSB and FSC effectively inhibited the UVB irradiation-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, MMP-3 and MMP-13. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction results also demonstrated that FRB, FSB and FSC significantly inhibited the UVB-induced expression of the genes encoding tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β when compared with the UVB-vehicle group (P<0.05). Additionally, collagen degradation and mast cell infiltration were reduced in hairless mouse skin. Furthermore, UVB-induced wrinkle formation was also significantly reduced in mouse skin compared with the UVB-vehicle group (P<0.05). These results reveal that fermented agricultural by-products may serve as potential functional materials with anti-photoaging activities.

Ex-ante evaluation of promising soybean innovations for sub-Saharan Africa.

This study undertakes an ex‐ante evaluation of the effects of alternative technology and policy options on soybean supply and demand in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) to 2050. Current soybean consumption in SSA is dominated by cooking oil followed by soybean cake used as animal feed. Due to weak processing sectors and low soybean yields, the region is currently importing about 70% of its consumption requirements. Based on the results from a geospatial bio‐economic modeling framework, soybean consumption in SSA is projected to more than double by 2050 compared to 2010 due in part to a rising population and rising incomes. On the other hand, supply from domestic production is projected to increase by 80% over the same period. Hence, by 2050, net imports into SSA would be nearly 4 times higher than supply from domestic production. Under a future drier climate, some of the production gains achieved through soybean research and extension would be lost and this would further worsen the soybean demand gap in SSA relative to the baseline. This study shows that relying on conventional breeding alone to increase soybean yields in SSA would not be enough to substantially reduce the future demand gap. A combination of promising innovations affecting the soybean value chain across SSA would be needed to close the soybean demand gap in SSA by 2050 under a drier future climate.

Performance, ingestive behavior and carcass traits of lambs fed rations containing soybean cake

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, ingestive behavior and carcass traits of crossbred Dorper x Santa Ines lambs fed rations containing soybean cake. Twenty-four lambs (4 months of age and 24.3 ± 3.1 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. Treatments were the inclusion of 50, 100 or 150 g kg -1 of soybean cake in the ration, on a DM basis, and a control diet without this ingredient. Rations were offered ad libitum for 75 days and the lambs were slaughtered at 35 to 40 kg BW. Dry matter intake reduced linearly and the average daily gain had a quadratic response to the soybean cake levels, also decreasing with the addition of this ingredient. The time spent feeding increased and the idle time decreased linearly with the soybean cake levels, whereas the time spent in rumination was not affected. Hot and cold carcass weights decreased linearly with the addition of this ingredient. The addition of 50 to 150 g kg DM -1 of soybean cake to the ration for lambs is not recommended due to reduced animal performance, which may compromise the profitability of sheep farmers.

Economical production of agricultural γ-polyglutamic acid using industrial wastes by Bacillus subtilis

Industrial wastes, such as monosodium glutamate waste liquor, chicken manure and soybean cake, were used for agricultural γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) production by Bacillus subtilis ZC-5. Crude extract of glutamic acid after isoelectric crystallization (CEGA) could be used instead of glutamate for γ-PGA production. The optimal composition of medium was obtained by response surface methodology. Firstly, Plackett-Burman design was undertaken to assess the effects of eight factors. With statistic regression analysis, the significant factors affecting γ-PGA production were determined as follows: chicken manure, soybean cake and CEGA. Then the Box-Behnken design was adopted for further optimization. The optimal addition amounts of factors were determined as: 62.35 g chicken manure, 25.15 g soybean cake and 15.09 g CEGA. Under such condition, the γ-PGA yield was increased to 6.57 ± 0.13%, which was 20.6% higher than the maximum value of the single factor tests. These investigations would lay a foundation for reducing the pollution of industrial wastes, exploring a late-model for agricultural γ-PGA production.

ATR‐FTIR Analysis of Adhesives Jointing Buddhist Scripture Scrolls in Medieval Korea(Goryeo Dynasty)

The adhesives joining Buddhist scripture scrolls from medieval Korea(Goryeo Dynasty, A.D. 918~1392) are different from wheat starch adhesive. The composition of the adhesive was analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance –Fourier Transform Infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. In the adhesive used to join Buddhist scripture scrolls, peaks attributed to amide I and amide II of the protein and carbohydrate were detected in the ATR-FTIR spectra, and no carbonyl peak(1745 cm-1) for oil was detected in the 2nd derivative ATR-FTIR spectra. The ATR-FTIR spectra almost coincided with those of defatted soybean powder adhesive. Hence, the adhesives joining Buddhist scripture scrolls were inferred to be soybean adhesive prepared from a defatted soybean cake. Key words: Medieval Korea, Adhesive joining Buddhist scripture scroll, ATR-FTIR, Soybean adhesive, Defatted soybean

Availability and Nutritive Value of Spirulina (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Arthrospira fusiformis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) from Arenguade and Chitu Lakes of Rift Valley of Ethiopia and Farmers’ Perception about Its Utilization

Farmers perception about availability and utilization of Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) were assessed and its nutritive value compared against reference proteins (soybean and nuge cake). Samples of Spirulina were collected from Arenguade and Chitu lakes of rift valley of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted on purposively selected 100 households (HH) living around the Lakes which are located in Gerbicha and Labu subuqa districts of Debre Zeit town and west Arsi zone, respectively. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas volume (TGV) of feed samples were determined. Respondents of both districts are not aware of Spirulina as animal feed. Spirulina was available during dry season in Arenguade and whole year in Chitu. The highest (p 0.05) in crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents between Spirulina from both lakes. Spirulina from Chitu produced the highest TGV (31.2 ml) and fermented faster than Spirulina from Arenguade. Lowest (p < 0.05) ash, EE, CP and IVDMD and higher (p < 0.05) CF, NDF, ADF, ADL and TGV were recorded for reference proteins than Spirulina. ME content of Spirulina (3200 kcal/kg) was higher (p < 0.05) than that of nuge cake (3011 kcal/kg) but lower (p < 0.05) than that of soybean (3474 kcal/kg). Therefore, the chemical composition and IVDMD showed the potential of Spirulina to be used as a substitute of the reference feeds.

Effect of bypass protein supplement on milk production in Jersey cow

Bypass protein is known to stimulate the voluntary feed intake, increase quality milk production and thereby improve economic status from dairy cows farming. This study was conducted to compare the responses of additional bypass protein as feed supplement on milk production performance in Jersey dairy cows, and its cost benefits per L of milk production. A total of 12 lactating Jersey dairy cows, apparently having similar reproductive and productive performances were selected. The cows were randomly grouped into 3 treatments groups; T1 (Control): 6 kg concentrate mixture, T2: 6 kg concentrate mixture plus 1.5 kg heat-treated soybean cake, and T3: 6 kg concentrate mixture plus 1.5 kg formalin treated soybean cake. An acclimatization period of 7 days, the experimental procedure was carried for the period of 62 days. Other management; feeding - adlib amount of straw and green grass such as oat, signal and local grass once a day, natural grazing average 3 hrs/ day), watering and housing remained as routinely done by the farm. The compound feed was procured from Fine Feeds Industries Pvt. Ltd., Chitwan, Nepal. Feed intake and milk production of individual animal was recorded daily. The straw and concentrate intake of experimental cows among the treatment groups differed significantly (P&lt;0.001), whereas green grass intake among the diet groups differed insignificantly. The initial recorded milk production 5.4 L, 5.45 L and 5.62 L among the treatment groups found insignificant, whereas the final milk production 7.85 L, 6.12 L and 5.82 L among the treatment groups found highly significant (P&lt;0.001). The economic analysis (its cost benefits per L of milk production) during the period of 62 days of experimentation, it was revealed that feeding package T2 is more beneficial than T3. The net income accounted for NRs 12152.11 and NRs 7457. 55 using T2 and T3 feeding package, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that heat-treated soybean cake supplementation to early lactating (up to 3 months) dairy cows is one of the option to increase milk production and income of farmers. Further study needed to be carried out to ascertain the optimum level and duration of additional protein supplementation to dairy cows.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. 47 (2): 98-104

EFEKTIFITAS ATRAKTAN PADA FLY TRAP TERHADAPJUMLAH LALAT RUMAH (MUSCA DOMESTICA)

This studyaims to determine theeffectiveness oforganic wasteattractants, fish, andtempeh (fermented soybean cake)onthe flytraptothe number of fliesinthe housethatcaught in Fish Auction Place(TPI) PulauBaaiBengkulu city.&#x0D; The research methodis aQuasiExperiment(quasi experimental) research designPosttestOnly ControlGroupDesign. Research analysisusingOne WayAnovatestandfollowed byLSDtest. This studyuses12flytrapattractantaddition oforganic waste, fish, andfermented soybean cakethathas beendecomposedfor 7dayswith3repetitions.&#x0D; The results showedthe meannumber ofhouse flies(Musca domestica)werecaughtonthe flytrapwithattractantorganic waste152tail, fishtail240, and331tailtempeh. ANOVAtestresultsshow the value ofp=0.000&lt;0.05 means thatthere is asignificant differencebetween thenumber of fliescaught in three attractants, andbased onthe results ofLSDis known that fermented soybean cake is themosteffectiveattractantstrapscompared with organic wasteandrotting fish attractant.

Metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of soybean cake subjected to different dry extrusion temperatures for broilers

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient (SIDC) of extruded soybean cake (ESC) at four different extrusion temperatures: 90, 100, 110, and 120 °C. In experiment 1, 300 male broilers were randomly distributed into four treatments (600 g kg−1 reference diet + 400 g kg−1 of SBC at different extrusion temperatures) + reference diet, with six replicates of 10 birds. A metabolic assay [...]

Peas may be a candidate crop for integrating silvoarable systems and dairy buffalo farming in southern Italy

Integration of trees with agricultural crops and livestock systems may offer advantages in term of productivity, economic return, and sustainability. In order to identify a candidate crop for Mediterranean silvoarable systems to be used in livestock farming as a protein source locally produced, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of feeding peas (Pisum sativum L.) as main protein source on milk yield and in vivo digestibility of primiparous buffaloes. Two almost isonitrogenous concentrates (on average, crude protein 240 g/kg dry matter) were formulated to contain, as fed basis, either 350 g/kg of soybean cake (SoyC) or 450 g/kg of extruded peas (PeaC) as the main protein source. Twenty primiparous buffaloes were blocked by age and body weight into two dietary treatments (Soyand Pea) from 10 to 100 day in milk. All cows were fed in the barn a total mixed ration containing 3 kg of SoyC and in the milking parlour they were individually supplemented by either 3 kg of SoyC or PeaC according to the group assignment. The substitution rate of soybean protein by pea protein was approximately 30%. Milk yield was not affected by the dietary use of extruded peas, as well as, milk fat and protein percentages, and clotting properties. Moreover, in vivo digestibility did not differ between the two dietary groups. Results support the partial substitution of soybean cake with extruded peas in diets for lactating buffaloes.