Soybean Cake Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF SOME POLLEN SUBSTITUTES ON BROOD REARING OF HONEY BEE AND WORKERS LONGEVITY

The present study was performed in a private apiary at Ayash village, El-Mehalla EL-Kobra, GharbiaGov. during the dearth season from January up-to March, 2011. Three protein diets were used as pollen substitutes for honey bees, Apismellifera, feeding i.e. soybean flourmaizeflour and wheat flour (alternative protein diets), Also sucrose solution (sugar syrup;) (2 : 1 w/w) was added. All the cages were fed on the mentioned diets for 12 weeks.Results indicated that, significant differences were found between treatment groups in sealed brood rearing workers produced by colonies during the study period when compared with the control treatment. Colonies feeding on soybean flour showed the increase in the mean of brood rearing by 75.30 inch2 followed by wheat flour (51.00 inch2) then maize flour (35.30 inch2) comparing with the control treatment (20.30 inch2). Soybean occupied the first rank in the consumption rate (48.46 gm /10 days) followed by 30.00 gm/10 days,in case of maize flour, while was(26.60 gm/10 days) in case of wheat flour. The consumption of sugar syrup increased with soybean diet (711.50 cm3)of sealed broad than the others. Also, The newly emergence workers fed on soybean cake showed the longest mean of age at (16 – 18 days)comparing with the other treatments.

Kualitas dan Kuantitas Sperma Kambing Bligon Jantan yang Diberi Pakan Rumput Gajah dengan Suplementasi Tepung Darah (Quality and Quantity of Semen of Buck Bligon Fed Elephant Grass Supplemented with Blood Meal).

<p>The experiment was conducted to determine the quality and quantity of semen of buck Bligon fed elephant grass supplemented with blood meal. The experiment was carried out in Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction,<br />Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Nine bucks Bligon age 8 to 12 months were used in the experiment. The experimental animals were devided into three groups of feed treatment, i.e group 1 (R0); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + soybean cake (10%), group 2 (R1); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + soybean cake (5%) + blood meal (5%), group 3 (R2); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + blood meal (10%). The experiment was carried out for 3 months. Semen collection using artificial vagina was done two times a week for four weeks. The variables measured were semen volume, semen pH, sperm motility, sperm consentration, sperm viability, and sperm abnormality. The experiment data were statisticaly analyzed using completely randomized design using statistical analysis and then continued with Duncan test to analyze the differences between means. The results showed that the suplementation of blood meal significantly increased (P≤0.01) semen volume. Semen volume for R0 was 0.42 ml lower than R1 0.82 ml and R2 0.69 ml whereas R1 and R2 differed significantly (P≤0.05). The treatments have significant effect (P≤0.01) on sperm motility. The highest sperm<br />motility value was at treatment R1 which was 84.17% followed by R2 81.67% and the lowest was R0 65.00%. The effect of treatment on sperm concentration also significant (P≤0.01). Sperm concentration of R1 was 5,537.67 million cell/ml<br />semen and R2 was 4,415.33 million cell/ml semen which were higher than R0 (3,081.00 million cell/ml semen). Viability was significantly affected (P≤0.01) by the treatments. Viability value at treatment R0 was 69.88% and for treatment R1 and R2 were 91.25% and 87.63% respectively, the values differed significantly (P≤0.05). The effect of treatment on pH semen and sperm abnormality was not significant. Feed containing blood meal, corn meal, rice bran, and soybean<br />could increase the quality and quantity buck Bligon semen. The improvement of local goat livestock productivity could be done by giving blood meal as an alternative of protein source for feed supplement, particularly at areas having low<br />quality feed.</p><p><br />(Key words : Goat, Semen quality, Blood meal)<br /><br /></p>

Scientising Relief: Nutritional Activism from Shanghai to the Southwest, 1937–1945

The Shanghai Refugee Children Nutritional Aid Committee, formed in 1937, sought to improve refugee children’s nutritional health by making and distributing a scientifically tested soybean milk and soybean cakes. By 1942, the Committee had adopted a national platform and changed its moniker to the Chinese Nutritional Aid Council, with plans to open offices and nutrition clinics in Chongqing, Chengdu, Guiyang and Kunming. This paper argues that in linking biomedical understandings of nutrition with social change, this group of Western-trained physicians and young female social workers enacted a new kind of social activism, one which seized upon the food-as-fuel idea and staked the welfare of the nation upon the nutritional health of its citizenry. In contrast to earlier social relief projects promoted by the imperial state and the local philanthropic initiatives of gentry elites, the Chinese Nutritional Aid Committee articulated an image of professional and specialised expertise in the science of nutrition and care. Theirs was a project of modern refashioning in which science played a key and foundational role in crafting their understanding of both relief and the children they aimed to save.

Cinética de fermentação ruminal in vitro de alguns co-produtos gerados na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel pela técnica de produção de gás

Fermentation kinetics rates of co-products generated in the supply chain of biodiesel were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. Crambe meal, cottonseed meal, crambe cake, soybean cake and sunflower cake were evaluated. The soybean cake had higher rates of degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), compared to other foods, resulting in higher volume of gas. Cottonseed meal and crambe meal had degradation rates of NFC and gas production similar. Although the crambe cake did not differ from crambe meal on gas production in the degradation of NFC, there were differences in the rate of degradation, being the highest value found for the cake. The biggest lag time was required for soybean cake and the lowest for the sunflower cake. The highest rates of degradation of fibrous carbohydrates (FC) were observed in soybean cake and crambe cake, and lowest in sunflower cake. The highest gas production coming from the degradation of FC was obtained for the crambe meal. The soybean cake and crambe cake were the co-products with a better profile on rumen fermentation kinetics in relation to the degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates and fibrous carbohydrates.

Occurrence and biotransformation of ochratoxin a during pepper sauce fermentation

Gochujang, a savory and pungent fermented sauce, is a Korean ethnic food composed primarily of fermented soybean cake, red pepper powder, glutinous rice, and salt. Industrial gochujang is fermented following inoculation with Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis as starter microorganisms. In contrast, a wide variety of natural fungi and bacteria are used in fermentation and aging of artisanal gochujang, the aging period of which is longer than 6 months. We monitored ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of red pepper and gochujang available in the Korean retail market and explored the possibility that microorganisms in gochujang might degrade OTA present in contaminated red pepper during soybean fermentation and aging. We report here that OTA can be easily biotransformed serially to several products by B. Subtilis (KTCT 1021) under the conditions of our experiments. The dynamic microbial activity in gochujang might contribute to the low occurrence of ochratoxin A in this product despite the use of highly contaminated pepper powder, one of the main ingredients of gochujang. At the same time, however, an inappropriate fermentation process and the long aging period are assumed to be sources of contamination. Studies to identify critical control points and to prevent fungal spoilage by the development of high quality starters should be followed up to enable the artisan to produce OTAfree gochujang.

Water Temperature and Surface Coating Effect on Floatability, Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling of Feed

Ten experimental diets were formulated to meet the 40% crude protein requirement of the African mudcatfish, Clarias gariepinus. In six of the diets fishmeal served as the main protein source while in the remaining four diets fishmeal was supplemented with either GNC or soybean cake to make isonitrogenous diets. The binding efficiency and some physical properties of diets formulated from each of the five binders: rice bran, brewery distiller grain (BDG), corn bran, soybean and groundnut cake (GNC) were assessed. Any of the other binders was used when either soybean or groundnut cake was not included in the diet. Ingredients were ground and sieved to a particle size of 350µm. Three mash conditioning methods: cold water, warm water and cold water with oil coating of pellets were used for mixing each set of ten diets. Physical parameters and binding efficiency were evaluated using floatability, bulk density (BD), water absoption index (WAI) and thickness swelling (TS). Feed with rice bran had the highest floatability with the least BD,WAI and TS. Feed with groundnut had the highest BD, WAI and TS and the least floatability. Mash conditioning with warm water gave a higher floatability over those with cold water but coating of feed with oil after cold water conditioning gave the highest floatability. There is direct relationship between floatability and bulk density (BD) and between floatability and water absorption index (WAI).

Production of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme from <i>Coprinus comatus</i> YY-20

A strong fibrin-specific fibrinolytic enzyme was produced by liquid culture ofCoprinus comatusYY-20. Soybean cake powder and sucrose as substrates resulted in the highest fibrinolytic activity. The optimal temperature for the production of the enzyme was found to be 21-25°C in the optimal medium (Soybean cake powder 50 g/L, sucrose 20 g/L). The optimal initial pH of the medium was found to be at the range of 5-8. The maximum fibrinolytic activity was observed at the stationary phase of cell growth. These results suggest that the culture liquid ofCoprinus comatusYY-20 has potential as a source of physiologically active fibrinolytic enzymes.

유기질비료의 질소, 인산, 칼륨 함량 분포 특성

The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents are the key factors to determine the quality of organic fertilizers and right amount of application for agricultural uses. The major nutrient contents in raw materials used for making organic fertilizers and products were evaluated in this study. Among the raw materials that were investigated, soybean cake gave the highest total N content at , followed by perilla cake (), rape seed oil cake (), cotton seed cake (), and rice bran (). We investigated 43 organic fertilizers and our results showed widely varied concentrations of major nutrients : total N at , total at , and total at . Our study would like to emphasize the importance of nutrient content labeling in packed organic fertilizers to be able to know its efficiency and for determining the right amount for application.

Optimization of the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C1 in solid-state fermentation using dairy manure compost and monosodium glutamate production residues as basic substrates

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a polymer with uses in foods, cosmetics, medicine and agriculture. The medium for the production of γ-PGA by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C1 was optimized by response surface methodology using agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation (SSF). The optimal SSF medium (20 g substrates with 50% initial moisture) for producing γ-PGA was determined to contain 5.51 g dairy manure compost, 1.91 g soybean cake, 0.57 g corn flour, 2.15 g monosodium glutamate production residues, 1.5 g wheat bran, 0.5 g rapeseed cake, 0.1 g citric acid, 0.05 g MgSO 4·7H 2O and 0.03 g MnSO 4·H 2O. In this medium the strain produced up to 0.0437 g γ-PGA per gram of substrates when cultured for 48 h at 37 °C. SDS–PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the γ-PGA was more than 130 kDa. Due to the high-yields observed and the low-cost nature of the optimal medium, this study indicates a possibility to establish economical large-scale production of γ-PGA.

Influence of substrate-to-inoculum ratio on the batch anaerobic digestion of bean curd refuse-okara under mesophilic conditions

Abstract Bean curd refuse-okara, a byproduct of tofu (soybean cake) production, contains more than 20% total solid (TS), making it difficult to use as a substrate for anaerobic methane fermentation without dilution. This study focused on the batch methane fermentation of okara in anaerobic digesters under mesophilic (36 °C) conditions. Inoculum was mixed with different amounts of okara, and their final moisture content was adjusted to 90%. Methane production at 13 different substrate-to-inoculum ratios (S/Is), ranging from 0.1 to 3.0, were determined. The results indicated that despite the TS loading of 10%, which is significantly higher than that of traditional methane fermentation, okara was fermented to methane at the highest methane-based degradation of 93%. When the S/I values ranged from 0.1 to 0.6, methane yields indicated a linear relationship with the S/I value. Methane yield reached its maximum at S/I values of 0.6–0.9. In contrast, methane yield decreased when the S/I exceeded 1.0, due to higher accumulation of volatile fatty acid (VFA), which significantly inhibits fermentation. After 19 days of mesophilic digestion, maximum methane yields of 478–495 ml CH 4 g VS-1 were achieved at S/I values of 0.6–0.9, which corresponds to 90–93% methane-based degradation of okara.

Optimization of Inulinase Production from Garlic by Streptomyces sp. in Solid State Fermentation Using Statistical Designs.

Plackett-Burman design was employed for screening 18 nutrient components for the production of inulinase using Garlic as substrate by Streptomyces sp. in solid-state fermentation (SSF). From the experiments, 4 nutrients, namely, NH4NO3, MnSO4·7H2O, Soya bean cake, and K2HPO4 were found to be most significant nutrient components. Hence, these 4 components are selected. The selected components were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions are NH4NO3—6.63 mg/gds, MnSO4·7H2O—26.16 mg/gds, Soya bean cake—60.6 mg/gds, and K2HPO4—5.24 mg/gds. Under these conditions, the production of inulinase was found to be 76 U/gds.

Decolorization of synthetic dyes by crude laccase from a newly isolated Trametes trogii strain cultivated on solid agro-industrial residue

A new dye-decolorizing white-rot fungus was isolated and identified as Trametes trogii based on its ITS-5.8S rRNA gene sequence analysis and morphological characteristics. Laccase was the only lignolytic enzyme produced by this strain during solid substrate fermentation (SSF) in soybean cake, a solid agro-industrial residue used for the first time in enzyme production. The extracellular crude enzyme from T. trogii in solid substrate fermentation showed good activity in synthetic dye color removal, decolorizing 85.2% Remazol Brilliant Blue R (50mgl−1), 69.6% Reactive Blue 4 (35mgl−1), and 45.6% Acid Blue 129 (83.3mgl−1) without the addition of redox mediators, 90.2% Acid Red 1 (10mgl−1), and 65.4% Reactive Black 5 (18.3mgl−1) with the addition of 1mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in 30min. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE) of the crude enzyme and effects of laccase inhibitors on decolorization corroborated the laccase as the major enzyme involved in the decolorization of dyes. The comparison of color removal by the crude culture filtrates and by the whole fungal culture on the solid substrate revealed the former was more advantageous.

Microbiological and mycotoxicological correctness of protein feed ingredients in Vojvodina

During 2009 and 2010, the microbiological tests of a total of 40 samples of protein feed ingredients (sunflower meal, soybean, soybean cake, soybean grits and soybean meal) originating from Vojvodina were carried out. The most of the samples (57.5%) matched the Serbian regulations on feed. Microbiologically, there was not adequate quality of protein ingredients, which was a consequence of the presence of pathogenic bacteria: Proteus spp. in 12 samples of sunflower meal, 1 sample of soybean meal and 2 samples of soybean cake, and E. coli in 2 samples of soybean meal. The highest total number of bacteria (1 x 107 g-1) and the highest number of yeasts and molds (148.000 g-1) was identified in one sample of sunflower meal. Mycological analysis of protein feed established the dominance of species from the genera Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. ochraceus), Fusarium (F. solani, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides) and Mucor (Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis and M. racemosus f. racemosus). The study of biochemical characteristics of 10 fungal isolates from sunflower meal, soybean grits and cake has established that: a) 2 cultures of Aspergillus spp. possessed antagonistic activity against other fungal species, b) 1 isolate F. solani biosynthesized T-2 toxin, c) 1 culture of F. subglutinans produced zearalenone, d) 4 isolates of Mucor spp. showed the ability to degrade one or both trichothecenes of type A (diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS and T-2 toxin). Mycotoxicological studies that included 24 samples of protein ingredients showed the absence of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, DAS and T-2 toxin) in all 15 samples of sunflower meal. In the samples of soybean and its products (meal and cake) only T-2 toxin was detected in 3 analyzed samples. The amount of this fusariotoxin did not exceed 375 ?g kg-1 .

Application of NIR technology in the animal food industry

The importance of NIR technology in the animal food industry is presented in this study. As the example of the calibration procedure of NIR devices a calibration model for 14 samples of soybean cake was designed. Samples were previously analyzed in the standard laboratory testing of the moisture content, content of crude proteins, crude fats and crude fibre. In this calibration procedure high determination coefficients - R2 were established for these parameters of the nutritional value of food (0.9783 for moisture, 0.9904 for crude proteins, 0.9872 for crude fats and 0.9351 for crude fibre). The comparison of values obtained by using standard laboratory methods with values obtained by NIR technology/method indicates that by using NIR devices it is possible to obtain highly reliable results, and therefore it can be used successfully in facilities for production of animal food in the control of the quality and projection of mixtures.

Anti-Photoaging Effects of Soy Isoflavone Extract (Aglycone and Acetylglucoside Form) from Soybean Cake

Soy isoflavones, found in soybean and soybean products, have been reported to possess many physiological activities such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, reduction of cardiovascular risk, prevention of osteoporosis and alleviation of postmenopausal syndrome. In our previous study, soy isoflavone extract ISO-1 (containing 12 soy isoflavones) from soybean cake was demonstrated to prevent skin damage caused by UVB exposure. In this study, soy isoflavone extract from soybean cake was further purified and evaluated for the protective effects on UVB-induced damage. The results revealed that Fraction 3, which contains the aglycone group (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) and acetylglucoside group (acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin and acetylglycitin) of soy isoflavones, could inhibit UVB-induced death of human keratinocytes and reduce the level of desquamation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and epidermal thickness in mouse skin. Furthermore, topical application of Fraction 3 increased the activity of catalase and suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in mice exposed to UVB. In addition, in comparison with ISO-1 and genistein, the Fraction 3 possessed much greater protective effects on both UVB-induced oxidative stress and keratinocyte death than other fractions. Therefore, the soy isoflavone extract Fraction 3 from soybean cake is a desirable anti-photoaging agent for skin care.

HCN and NH3Released from Biomass and Soybean Cake under Rapid Pyrolysis

HCN (hydrocyanic acid) and NH3 (ammonia) (including HNCO (isocyanic acid)) released during rapid pyrolysis of three biomass samples (rice straw, chinar leaves, pine sawdust) and a nitrogen rich material (soybean cake) were measured. The pyrolysis runs were conducted at 600−1200 °C using a high-frequency furnace. Much more HCN than NH3 was released in the biomass runs while the reverse was observed in the soybean cake runs. Because lignin was a common constituent of biomass cells and nearly absent in soybean, the effect of its content on HCN release from the biomass was determined. A strong correlation was established for each biomass sample suggesting that lignin may promote formation of heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds which then decompose to form HCN. HCN release and char/tar-N formation decreased at a higher pyrolysis temperature. Pyrolysis at >1000 °C is desirable since most nitrogen in the biomass will be converted to N2 with <7% released as HCN and NH3.

Leaching behavior of nitrogen in a long-term experiment on rice under different N management systems

The leaching behavior of nitrogen was studied in single rice paddy production ecosystems in Tsukuba, Japan after 75 years of consistent fertilization regimes (no fertilizer, ammonium sulfate, a combination of composted rice straw with soybean cake, and fresh clover). During the 75-year period, management was unchanged with respect to rice planting density, irrigation, and net N fertilization for each field to which an N-source was added. Percolation water was collected, from May 2001 to April 2002, using porous suction cups installed in the fields at depths of 15, 40, and 60 cm. All water samples were taken to the laboratory for the measurement of both NH(4) ( + )-N and NO(3) ( - )-N concentrations using a continuous-flow nitrogen analyzer. The result indicated that there were significant differences in N leaching losses between treatments during the rice growing season. Total N leaching was significantly lower with the application of composted rice straw plus soybean cake (0.58 kg N ha( - 1)) than with ammonium sulfate (2.41 kg N ha( - 1)), which resulted in N leaching at a similar level to that with the fresh clover treatment (no significant difference). The majority of this N leaching was not due to NO(3) ( - )-N loss, but to that of NH(4) ( + )-N. The mean N leaching for all fertilizer treatments during the entire rice growing season was 1.58 kg N ha( - 1). Composted rice straw plus soybean cake produced leaching losses which were 65-75% lower than those with the application of fresh clover and ammonium sulfate. N accumulation resulting from nitrification in the fallow season could be a key source of nitrate-N leaching when fields become re-flooded before rice transplanting in the following year; particular attention should be paid to this phenomenon.

Milk yield and quality in Guernsey cows fed cottonseed cake-based diets partially substituted with baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed cake

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of partially substituting cottonseed cake with graded levels of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed cake (BSC) on milk yield and quality in Guernsey cows. Sixteen cows in mid-lactation and in their third parity were allocated to diets containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 15% BSC in a completely randomized design. Each cow was given a daily feed ration of 6kg and a basal diet of soya bean stover ad libitum. There were no differences in daily feed intake (P > 0.05), but basal intake differed among all treatment groups with cows on the control diet having the highest intake (30 ± 0.34kg/day). Mean daily milk yield differed (P < 0.05) among all treatment groups. However, the control had higher milk yield of 12.1 ± 0.73kg/day, and the 15% BSC had the least yield of 7.46 ± 0.73kg/day. Cows on the control diet had higher milk butterfat content (6.12%; P < 0.05) than those on the BSC-based diets. Protein content differed (P < 0.05) across all treatment groups with cows on 15% BSC producing the highest protein content (3.43%) while the control had the least (2.6%). The concentration of milk total solids for cows fed on 15% BSC was higher (P < 0.05) than that from cows on other diets. Lactose content was not affected by the diets (P > 0.05). These results indicate that BSC can substitute soya bean cake in dairy diets, but milk production and butterfat content are compromised.

Production and extraction optimization of xylanase from Aspergillus niger DFR-5 through solid-state-fermentation

The effects of solid substrates, initial moisture content, moistening medium, temperature and incubation time on xylanase production by Aspergillus niger DFR-5 was studied and the highest activity (2596 IU/g dry substrate (gds)) was achieved in medium that contained wheat bran (WB) and soybean cake (SBC) at a ratio of 70:30, was moistened to 70% with MSS-2 mineral salt solution, and incubated for 6 days at 40 °C. Water at 37 °C was suitable for efficient recovery of enzyme from moldy WB–SBC medium. The extraction parameters for xylanase were optimized with respect to minimum volume of extractant using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The maximum recovery of xylanase (4465 ± 52 IU/gds) with 92.5% desirability was obtained employing water (10 ml/gds) as extractant at 200 rpm for 60 min. The result shows that an overall 5.4-fold increase in xylanase production was obtained in concentrated form by optimizing medium components and extraction conditions.

Effects of Exposure Duration to Cottonseed Cake-Based Diets on Broiler Performance

Two experiments were separately conducted using cottonseed cake-based diets to feed table birds. In the first experiment (phase 1) broiler birds were fed from day old to 8 weeks of age, while in the second experiment (phase 2), the birds were fed cottonseed cake based diets from 4-8 weeks of age. Five dietary treatments were fed in both experiments formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous with Cottonseed Cake (CSC) replacing Soyabean Cake (SBC) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. The live weight of broilers in the phases differed significantly (p<0.05) with broilers in phase 2 being better. The dressed weight was higher in phase 2 than phase 1. Broilers fed CSC based diets from 4 weeks had better feed conversion ratio than those fed from day old. Similar trend was observed in haematological and serum biochemistry parameters in the different treatments of the two phases. It can be concluded that feeding CSC protein as replacement for SBC protein was better from 4 weeks of age in respect of broiler performance though at a higher cost than the former.