Soybean Cake Research Articles

Impact of Incorporating Argan Cake (Argania spinosa L.) and Desalted Anchovy Waste (Engraulis encrasicolus) on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus)

Desalted anchovy bones (Engraulis encrasicolus) and argan cake are important sources of minerals and animal proteins. The objective of this study was to analyze the respective consequences of their addition to the diet of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus). Four groups, each containing 15 chickens, were organized according to the following factorial scheme: four feed treatments (including a control group) x five chickens per treatment x three repetitions (4x5x3). The groups were fed four different feed rations containing varying proportions of desalted anchovy bones (DAB) and argan cake (AC): T (0%DAB/0%AC), L01 (1%DAB/1%AC), L02 (2%DAB/2%AC), and L03 (3%DAB/3%AC). Results of the study revealed a significant difference (p>0.05) in weight gain during the start and end of the study for L02 (2144.46g), which was higher compared to the control T (2140.56g). Regarding the feed conversion ratio, L02 (1.54) was lower than the control T (1.65). Conversely, the other feed combinations, including 1% (L01) and 3% (L03), negatively affected weight gain and feed conversion ratio due to the addition of DAB and AC. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that at a low rate of 2% (L02: 2%DAB/2%AC), both desalted anchovy bones and argan cake appear to be effective substitutes for other fish meals and soybean cake in the diet of broiler chickens.

Potency of cassava leaf as protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaves are cheap and readily available resource that can be used as a feed ingredient for Nile tilapia although they have different constituents that affect their nutritional values. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of processing methods on nutrient content of cassava leaves, digestibility, and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Eight processing methods, namely air-drying, soaking and boiling, baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), rumen-fluid, molasses, yeast-rumen-fluid, yeast-molasses and molasses-rumen-fluid fermentations, were applied. One control and eight processed cassava leaf-based diets were made. The cassava leaf protein replaced 30% of crude protein (CP) from soybean cake in the control diet. The results showed that CP content in dry matter (DM) varied from 21.7 ± 0.25% (Molasses fermentation) to 30.3 ± 0.25% (Yeast-rumen-fluid fermentation). Rumen-fluid fermentation showed higher (p < 0.05) level of gross energy (21.9 ± 0.02 MJ/kg, DM) and ether extract (12.0 ± 0.21%) compared with other treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficient of CP was generally higher in the control diet (89.9 ± 0.61% in the hindgut), followed by rumen-fluid fermented diet (87.2 ± 0.61%), rumen-fluid-molasses fermented diet (86.1 ± 0.61%) and yeast-molasses fermented diet (85.3 ± 0.61%). Besides the control diet, the latter three diets also revealed the best growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and production profitability. In conclusion, rumen-fluid, yeast-molasses, and rumen-fluid-molasses fermentation methods improved the nutritional value of cassava leaves. Diets with 30% protein from soybean cake replaced by rumen-fluid, rumen-fluid-molasses and yeast-molasses fermented cassava leaves had overall acceptable growth performance with better production outcomes for Nile tilapia farming.

OPTIMIZATION OF α-AMYLASE SYNTHESIS BY BACILLUS VELEZENSIS USING TAGUCHI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

This research employs the Taguchi experimental design to optimize the production of α-amylase, a versatile enzyme with diverse industrial applications, using Bacillus velezensis. Thirteen key parameters, including pH, temperature, agitation, inoculum size, aeration and various carbon and nitrogen sources, were systematically investigated using the Taguchi L27 (313) orthogonal array. Initial screening of six seed media formulations identified SM6 (0.5% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.1% K2 HPO4 ) as the optimal medium, producing 2.8 U mL-1 of α-amylase. Further optimization under the Taguchi framework yielded a maximum α-amylase activity of 1097.31 U mL-1 and total protein of 1230 mg mL-1 at pH 5, 34°C, 4% moong husk as carbon source, and 2% soybean cake as nitrogen source. Two-factor interaction analysis revealed that a temperature of 34°C with 2% soybean cake, and 4% moong husk with 2% soybean cake, provided the best results. Validation experiments confirmed a 31.2% enhancement in α-amylase production under the optimized conditions. This study highlights the efficacy of the Taguchi design in systematically optimizing complex bioprocesses, paving the way for improved α-amylase synthesis with B. velezensis.

Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Effects of Walnut Kernel Cake on Adipose Deposition in Pigs.

With the rising cost of animal feed protein, finding affordable and effective substitutes is crucial. Walnut kernel cake, a polyphenol-, fiber-, protein- and fat-rich byproduct of walnut oil extraction, has been underexplored as a potential protein replacement in pig feed. In this study, we found that feeding large Diqing Tibetan pigs walnut kernel cake promoted adipose deposition and improved pork quality during pig growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed the upregulation of genes ANGPTL8, CCNP, ETV4, and TRIB3, associated with adipose deposition. Pathway analysis highlighted enrichment in adipose deposition-related pathways, including PPAR, insulin, PI3K-Akt, Wnt, and MAPK signaling. Further analysis identified DEGs (differentially expressed genes) positively correlated with adipose-related traits, such as PER2 and PTGES. Single-cell transcriptome data pointed to the specific expression of CD248 and PTGES in adipocyte progenitor/stem cells (APSCs), pivotal for adipocyte differentiation and adipose deposition regulation. This study demonstrates walnut kernel cake's potential to substitute soybean cake in pig feed, providing high-quality protein and promoting adipose deposition. It offers insights into feed protein replacement, human functional food, fat metabolism, and related diseases, with marker genes and pathways supporting pig breeding and pork quality improvement.

Comparing Quality and Functional Properties of Protein Isolates from Soybean Cakes: Effect of De-Oiling Technologies

Driven by growing concerns about food supply and the environment, research on alternative protein sources has become increasingly important. In this context, de-oiled seed cakes, particularly soybean cakes, have emerged as a promising option. However, the conventional methods, such as organic solvent extraction, from which these cakes are obtained present several limitations. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative method for de-oiling soybean seeds and obtaining related protein isolates. By using SFE for de-oiling, it was possible to achieve 19% more protein isolates from soybean cakes than the conventional de-oiling method using hexane. Moreover, protein isolates from the SFE de-oiled cake reported significantly improved (p &lt; 0.05) emulsifying abilities and water absorption capacity. Gel electrophoresis and differential scanning calorimetry indicated the presence of a higher concentration of proteins in their native state in the SFE de-oiled flour. Finally, results from the sulfhydryl group content, surface hydrophobicity, and protein dispersibility index also supported these conclusions. The SFE process produced de-oiled soybean cakes with superior functional characteristics and lower environmental impact. Thus, this study provided important information for the food industry to develop more sustainable and healthier production methods.

Responses of SOC, labile SOC fractions, and amino sugars to different organic amendments in a coastal saline-alkali soil

Organic amendment combined with mineral fertilizer is known as an effective management practice to improve soil carbon (C) sequestration in cropland. We evaluated the effects of three organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizer on soil organic carbon (SOC), labile SOC fractions, amino sugars, C mineralization, and C-cycle enzyme activities in a coastal saline-alkali soil. The three amendments, including straw (C/N of 75.5:1), straw biochar (C/N of 43:1), and soybean cake (C/N of 7.4:1), were continuously added into the soil at an equal C amount of 2250 kg C ha−1 for four years. Compared to mineral fertilizer alone, the contents of SOC in plots receiving straw, straw biochar, and soybean cake were increased by 7.6%, 17.3%, and 12.7%, respectively. The amendment of straw biochar mainly increased easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and fungal-derived glucosamine, whereas straw and soybean cake mainly increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and bacteria-derived muramic acid. Meanwhile, the activities of C-cycle enzymes and C mineralization were higher in straw and soybean cake treatments than in straw biochar treatment. EOC and POC, but not DOC and MBC, were strongly positively correlated with fungal-derived glucosamine and SOC, suggesting that EOC or POC could be used as appropriate indicators to predict SOC sequestration potential. In addition, the C/N ratio of organic material did not affect SOC and its components. In conclusion, straw biochar promotes the maximum accumulation of SOC through increasing EOC, POC, and fungal necromass.

Subsidizing extensive cattle production in the European Union has major implications for global agricultural trade and climate change

Pastureland maintenance is seen as a land-based measure to reduce dependency on feed concentrates and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock production in the EU, while providing other ecosystems services. This paper assesses potential market-mediated impacts, including global Land Use Change (LUC) and GHG emissions, from increased subsidies to pasture-based livestock production in the EU. A tax recycling strategy (TRS) is simulated against a baseline up to 2030 under the shared socioeconomic pathway 2 (SSP2). This implies a budget-neutral increase in the level of pasture subsidies in individual Member States, as land subsidies for other cropping activities decrease. We employ the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model GTAP in its recursive-dynamic version, GTAP-RDEM, extended with the Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) database FABIO to disaggregate agri-food sectors from 21 to 31. This approach allows considering price- and income-dependent feedbacks when assessing long-run changes in the global economy, improving the sectoral resolution relative to GTAP v10.The policy increases pastureland areas and cattle production in almost all EU Member States, whereas cropland and crop production decrease, causing significant changes across EU agri-food markets. Crop prices increase, leading to the reduced output of intensive animal production sectors, mainly pig and poultry. Cropland areas decrease and most EU countries increase imports of grain, oilseeds, and cakes, essentially soybean cake from Brazil and North America. While GHG emissions decrease in those EU countries where pasturelands expand mainly at the cost of croplands, GHG emissions increase in those countries where pastureland expansion comes with forest loss. As a result, net GHG emissions increase in the EU-27 in 2030 (+2.49 Mt CO2-eq). Emissions from LUC in major non-EU grain- and oilseed-exporting countries increase, e.g., by 102.52 Mt CO2-eq in Brazil and by 129.17 Mt CO2-eq in North America. The simulated policy shows that promoting extensive livestock per se does not meet the objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy and the EU Green Deal. The TRS should be complemented with policies to foster crop diversification and promote the use of domestic feed sources (e.g., legumes) to effectively ensure feed self-sufficiency and that extensive cattle production in the EU does not lead to deforestation in carbon-rich countries.

Toxicological evaluation of peptide hydrolysates from bovine blood meal with antioxidant and antifungal activities

This study addresses the underutilized potential of bovine blood-derived bioactive peptides. With approximately 22 million metric tons of bovine blood waste generated annually, sustainable utilization is essential. Our research focuses on exploring antifungal and antioxidant properties and includes proximate analysis of blood meal, enzymatic activity determination, and optimization of bovine blood protein hydrolysis. Optimal conditions were identified at 70 °C and pH 9, achieving a remarkable degree of hydrolysis (25.75 %). Key results demonstrate that lower molecular weight peptides exhibit enhanced antioxidant capacity, making them suitable for functional foods and nutraceuticals. While antimicrobial activity against specific strains had limitations, significant antifungal efficacy against Fusarium keratoplasticum ATCC 36031 was observed. Electrophoresis analysis confirmed the presence of peptides with a molecular weight below 14 kDa in optimally hydrolyzed samples, aligning with their bioactivity. A maximum tolerated concentration of 100 µg/mL was established through toxicity assessment using a zebrafish model, ensuring safety. This research reorganizes the abstract to address underutilized bovine blood, explores bioactive potential, and presents significant results concerning antioxidant and antifungal activity. Significantly, this study has implications for food safety, environmental sustainability, and health-related product development. The enzyme used was obtained from fermenting soybean cake with B. subtilis, and treatment selection was based on optimization studies. This research offers insights into industrial applications, environmental impact reduction, and health-related advancements.

湖南洞口县蚯蚓干粉和蚯蚓粪代替部分豆饼玉米养猪试验

湖南洞口县蚯蚓干粉和蚯蚓粪代替部分豆饼玉米养猪试验

Prospects for the use of soyan cake in the production of rye and wheat bread

In this paper, an analysis was made of the use and consumption of soybean meal. Studied organoleptic, physico-chemical, functional and technological indicators of soybean cake. The safety of the use of cake in the production of bakery products has been established. Due to its economic value, reduced price, and high content of nutrients such as protein, fiber, carbohydrates and antioxidants, the use of soybean meal in the production of rye-wheat bread has been explored by partially replacing wheat flour.

In Situ Transesterification from Soybean Seed Using Mechanochemical Methods toward Producing Biodiesel.

The research and development of new routes of biodiesel synthesis have been increasingly in line with the principles of green chemistry. In this sense, mechanochemistry is a promising technique, able to ally the energetic potential with reductions in the use of solvents and steps of treatment of the sample and the purification of the product. To date, this is the first work using mechanochemistry directly in extracting soybean oil from its seed and the in situ transesterification reaction by applying a reactive soybean oil extraction process. The presence of n-hexane was studied in different molar proportions (relative to the oil content), and a low solvent consumption in a 3:1 ratio was adopted. Mechanochemistry favored oil diffusion in the n-hexane solvent, resulting in a mean triglyceride content equal to 90%, against 66% obtained in the tests without spheres in the planetary ball mill. The catalyst content was also evaluated, and 4% NaOH (weight, concerning the oil) was the concentration that presented less residue of nontransesterified glycerides in the samples for ethyl ester preparation. Additionally, the protein content was determined on the residual soybean cake, with no loss of nutritional potential when subjected to the mechanochemical process.

Study of Value-Added Soybean-Based Processed Products in Three Regencies of East Java Province

The soybean stock availability in Pasuruan, Jember and Banyuwangi regencies of East Java Province has experienced a very worrying development in the past few years due to decline in production by above 29 per cent. This has implications for the sustainability of the tofu and soybean cake (tempeh craft). Along with the limited availability of raw material, i.e. soybean, the production costs tend to reduce the added value. The purpose of this study was to analyse the added value, the relationship of soybean commodity stock availability and added value, the factors that influence profit, and the added value of the tofu &amp; tempeh craft. Descriptive correlative method with survey and non-probability sampling techniques as well as data collection techniques through in-depth interviews were used for this study. For data analysis, Hayami method, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and Cobb-Douglas Model Multiple Regression were used. The results of this study revealed that i) the average value added of tofu &amp; tempeh products is IDR 8,608.09 per kilogram of raw materials with an added value ratio of 47.11 per cent; ii) there is a fairly strong positive relationship between the variable stock availability of raw materials and the added value of tofu &amp; tempeh products, iii) the variable of the amount of production, and the price of production have a significant effect on the profit of the tofu &amp; tempeh craft at the real level α1 per cent; and 4) variable amount of soybean raw material significantly influences the added value of tofu &amp; tempeh products at the real level of 1 per cent.

Duodenal-ileal ratio of digestive enzymes when using different protein supplements in the diet of laying hens

Creation of domestic poultry crosses and development of optimal diets for them is an urgent problem, since in vivo studies using fistula technologies are currently few. The present work presents data on determination of duodenal and ileal activity of digestive enzymes when protein additives of vegetable (soybean meal and cake) and animal origin (fish meal and meat and bone meal) are used in the diet of laying hens. Experiments were performed on laying hens (Gallus gallus L.) of Hisex White cross (n=24, K.A. Timiryazev Russian State Agricultural Academy, 2022,2023) with chronic duodenal and ileal fistula. All chickens were divided by random sampling method into 4 groups: 1) 1 control group - received OR (Table 1); 2) 2 experimental group - 1.5% soybean cake was added to the diet instead of soybean meal; 3) 3 experimental group - 1.5% meat and bone meal was added to the diet instead of soybean meal; 4) 4 experimental group - 1.0% fish meal was added to the OR instead of soybean meal. It was found that protein additives are differently hydrolyzed in the intestine of birds and assimilated by the organism. Thus, the breakdown of soy protein is more intensive in cake than in meal due to the increase of trypsin activity in duodenum by 43.6%, and when fish meal is added, the activity of the enzyme increases by 11.8% against meat and bone meal and 101.5% against soy meal. At the same time, protein digestion increased, accompanied by an increase in trypsin activity in blood when soybean cake was used and in urine when fish meal was added to the diet of chickens. With feces the least loss of trypsin is observed in the group that received meat and bone meal supplementation (9.6% of trypsin activity is excreted), then fish meal - 16.8% and soy cake - 21.7% of activity in duodenum, which indicates the efficiency of exo- and endogenous protein utilization by poultry organism.

Design and fabrication of a fish feed mixing cum pelleting machine for small-medium scale aquaculture industry

Abstract The study developed a compact, single unit of fish feed mixing and pelleting machine. In this work, a compact fish feed mixing and pelleting machine was designed, fabricated, and evaluated for its performance efficiency. The basic units of the machine are the processing unit, structural support, and the prime mover. The major component of the feed substrates used were maize, fish meal, soya bean cake, blood, and bone meal in their varied proportions blended with wet cassava starch to establish the machine performance and efficiency. The results showed that the varied proportions of starch inclusion in the blended substrate have influence on the investigated machine performance parameters. The performance outputs from the machine revealed the highest pelleting efficiency of 80.36%, pellet durability of 98.74%, throughput capacity of 4.16 kg/h, and the least labour requirement of 0.23 man-hour per kg at a starch inclusion of 0.125 kg, while the highest pellet bulk density of 0.302 g/cm3 was recorded at 0.20 and 0.125 kg starch addition. Machine economic analysis revealed that it can be of benefit for small- to medium-scale fish feed farmers.

Nisin Production from Waste: A Review

Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by microbial fermentation of the well-known starter culture for dairy products, Lactococcus lactis. A major challenge in food safety and security is the prevention of the emergence of unwanted microbes. Artificial preservatives added to prolong the shelf life of foods may have negative effects on consumer health. An alternative approach is to use bio-preservatives. However, the cost of production of nisin is relatively higher than other chemical-based alternatives, because of which it has low marketability. Traditional production techniques are expensive and harmful to the environment. This review investigates sustainable alternatives employing waste products as fermentation substrates, including whey, corn stover, cane molasses, soya-bean cake, bean pulp and mussel processing waste. These eco-friendly strategies minimize negative environmental effects while providing resource and cost-efficient solutions. This review demonstrates the possibility for India to become self-sufficient in nisin production and reduce reliance on imports by emphasizing waste-to-value techniques. Keywords: Nisin, Bio-preservatives, Waste-to-value, Sustainable, Eco-friendly

Comprehensive Characterization of Kukui Nuts as Feedstock for Energy Production in Hawaii.

Fuel properties of oil-bearing kukui (Aleurites moluccana) nuts, a commonly found crop in Hawaii and tropical Pacific regions, were comprehensively studied to evaluate their potential for bioenergy production. Proximate and ultimate analyses, heating value, and elemental composition of the seed, shell, and de-oiled seed cake were determined across five sampling locations in Hawaii. The aged and freshly harvested kukui seeds were found to have similar oil contents, ranging from 61 to 64%wt. Aged seeds, however, have 2 orders of magnitude greater free fatty acids than those freshly harvested (50% vs 0.4%). The nitrogen content of the de-oiled kukui seed cake was found to be comparable to that of the soybean cake. Aging of kukui seeds can decrease the flashpoint temperature and increase the liquid-solid phase transition temperatures of kukui oil obtained. Mg and Ca are the major ash-forming elements present in the kukui shells, >80%wt of all metal elements detected, which may reduce deposition problems for thermochemical conversion in comparison with hazelnut, walnut, and almond shells. The study also revealed that kukui oil has similar characteristics to canola, indicating that it is well-suited for biofuel production.

Ecofriendly Management of Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

The pertinence of bio-control agents applied with plant-based materials is a highly efficient and reliable sustainable management practices in agriculture. The present study dealt with the repercussion of various bio-control agents and oil seed cakes viz., Trichoderma viride, neem cake, T. viride+neem cake, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Beauveria bassiana, T. harzianum, soybean cake and castor cake were used against root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) crop. The results showed, all of the bio-control agents and oil seed cakes, either used alone or in combination, suppressed the galls of the root knot nematode. Significant growth parameters and yield of the fruits were perceived in plants treated with combination of T. viride+neem cake followed by P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. harzianum, neem cake, B. bassiana, soybean cake and castor cake respectively. Merest root galls were found in a T. viride+neem cake combination. T. viride was the most effective bioagent and in case of oil seed cakes, neem cake was the most effective in improving growth parameters and reducing root galls caused by M. incognita in the okra crop.

Refining life cycle nutrient modeling in organic pig production. An analysis focusing on feeding strategies in organic Danish pig farming

Organic pig farming systems are associated with considerable ammonia losses, nitrate leaching in sow pasture concepts, and dependency on imported protein feed components, such as soybean cake. Furthermore, in environmental nutrient modeling approaches, there is a lack of data on emission factors and models that account for nutrient balances concerning organic production systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze feeding strategies in organic pig farming by using refined nutrient modeling approaches.A cradle-to-farm-gate life cycle approach was used to analyze six feeding scenarios: reduced crude protein content in feed rations for sows (S1) and sows and fattening pigs (S3), alternative protein sources and reduced protein in feed rations for sows (S2) and sows and fattening pigs (S4), and reduced compound feed intake for sows (S5) and sows and fattening pigs (S6). Danish average production data were collected and specific data regarding organic production (N content in manure, emission factors for ammonia for the paddock and housing) were identified. Six sub-systems (paddocks with sows and piglets on grass-clover, weaners, fattening pigs, feed, manure, and manufacturing of inputs) were considered and balanced out. Five environmental impact categories, climate change (including soil carbon changes), eutrophication potential, acidification potential, abiotic depletion of fossil fuels, and land occupation, were assessed.It was found that the feeding strategies had considerably higher effects when including both sows and fattening pigs compared to only including sows. The highest reductions for most of the analyzed environmental impacts (13% for eutrophication and acidification, 11% for climate change, and 8% for land occupation) were estimated due to reduced amount of compound feed to both sows and fattening pigs (S6). For abiotic depletion of fossil fuels, a decrease of 33% was determined by the use of locally grown protein sources (S4), which decreased the contribution of transportation. In terms of methodological refinements, an approach for nutrient modeling at the paddock level, where crop rotation and associated effects were also considered, was identified. Furthermore, adapted emission factors for indoor housing with access to outdoor runs were suggested.

The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors toward the Farmer’s Adoption Rate on Soy Bean Crop Farming in the Semi Arid Area of South Amanatun Sub District, the South-Midle Timor District

It is neccery to realize that soy bean has certain important benefits for people, either for food or for fulfiling the row materials needed by such industries as: animal feed, medicine, liquid paint, and printed ink industries. For food, people should consum the soybean, primarily by people who are living in the areas placed far from the source of fish and meat, because the soy bean contains nabati protein in a high level of percentege, around 40-41%, and nine kinds of important matters functioning to prevent women from breast canccer infection. People can consume soybean in the type of: fermented soy bean cake (tempeh), tofu, soy bean milk, et cetera. Although the soy bean is categorized as an important food, but the number of farmers cultivating this crop in Indonesia, as well as in the Pronvince of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), included in the Sub District of South Amanatun as a semi arid area, are still very limited, while the availability of natural resources supporting the growth of this crop is very potensial, and then the soy bean needed by industries operated near by this Sub District dominantly are supplied by outside of the NTT, such as from: Java, Bali, and Lombok, even from U. S. A. Farmers in the Sub District of South Amanatun, only a few who have cultivated soy bean crops, while the majority of them have not cultivated yet. These facts indicate that among farmers probably because of their having different level of socio-nomic factors which inluence them to adopt or not to the soy bean crop farming. To examine whether or not these different level of socio-economic factors have signicant influence to the farmer’s adoption on the soy bean farming, then a study had been done in 2018. On the basis of results of the data analysis by applying the Linear Probablity Modle demonstrated that: the socio-economic factors which have the significant influence to the farmer’s adoption on the soy bean crop farming in the study area were: (1) the level of farmer’s knowledge related to soy bean cultivation and soy bean processing, (2) the level of farmer’s perception on the soy bean cultivation, (3) the level of farmer’s interest on the soy bean crop farming, and (4) farmer’s family income. The other soci-economic factors such as the level of farmer’s formal and non formal education, the level of farmer’s cosmopolitan, the farmer’s orientation on soybean crop farming, and the farmer’s size of land operated for soyben crop farming have no significant infuence to the farmer’s adoption on soybean cropp farming.

Fertilization can modify the enantioselective persistence of penthiopyrad in relation to the co-influence on soil ecological health

Penthiopyrad is a widely used chiral fungicide for controlling rust and Rhizoctonia diseases. Development of optically pure monomers is an important strategy to realize amount reduction and increment effects of penthiopyrad, wherein, fertilizers as the co-exiting nutrient supplement may alter the enantioselective residues of penthiopyrad in soil. In our study, influences of urea, phosphate, potash, NPK compound, organic granular, vermicompost and soya bean cake fertilizers on enantioselective persistence of penthiopyrad were fully evaluated. This study demonstrated that R-(−)-penthiopyrad dissipated faster than S-(+)-penthiopyrad during 120 days. High pH, available nitrogen, invertase activities and reduced available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, urease, catalase activities were situated to benefit removing the concentrations of penthiopyrad and weakening enantioselectivity in soil. With respect to the impact of different fertilizers on soil ecological indicators, vermicompost contributed to enhanced pH. Urea and compound fertilizer played an absolute advantage in promoting available nitrogen. All fertilizers didn't go against available phosphorus. Dehydrogenase responded negatively to phosphate, potash and organic fertilizers. Urea increased invertase, besides, it and compound fertilizer both diminished urease activity. The catalase activity was not activated by organic fertilizer. Based on all the findings, soil application of urea and phosphate fertilizers was recommended and considered as a better option to exhibit high efficiency for the dissipation of penthiopyrad. The combined environmental safety estimation can effectively guide the treatment of fertilization soils in line with the nutrition requirements and pollution regulation from penthiopyrad.