Soybean By-products Research Articles

Fermentation Characteristics and Nitrogen Retention of Madura Cattle Fed Complete Rations Containing Soybean Pod and By-Products

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of complete rations containing soybean pod and soybean by-products (soybean meal and tofu waste) on rumen microbial population, fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention of Madura cattle. Twelve Madura cattle of 1.5 years of age were given 4 feeding treatments in triplicates in randomized block design experiment. The treatments included T0 (100% native grass) as a negative control, T1 (concentrate: grass (60:40) as a positive control, T2 (complete ration containing 15% soybean pods), and T3 (complete ration containing 30% soybean pods). The treatments were based on feeding practices commonly applied by farmers in the village. The results showed that the use of concentrate rations or complete rations containing soybean pod and by-product did not affect protozoa population, ammonia concentration, and total VFA production compared to cattle fed 100% native grass. In contrast, the use of concentrate rations or complete rations containing soybean pod and by-products reduced acetate and increased butyrate proportion compared to native grass. The use of a concentrate ration resulted the highest propionate proportion. Methane estimation increased with the use of concentrate ration or complete ration containing 15% soybean pod, but it decreased when the level of soybean pod was increased to 30%. It can be concluded that soybean pod has a potential to be used as a fiber source in beef cattle ration to substitute native grass.

Influence of Inclusion of Different Levels of Okara Meal in Replacement of Groundnut Cake in the Diet on Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performance in Japanese Quails

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of inclusion of different dietary levels of okara meal (soybean byproduct) replacing groundnut cake in Japanese quail ration on nutrient utilization and growth performance for six weeks. Two hundred commercial one week old Japanese quail chicks were randomly divided into four treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 10 chicks each. Ground nut cake was replaced by okara meal in ration at 0, 25, 50 and 75% on protein equivalent basis in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Total feed consumption was similar in all the four groups. The average total weight was higher (P<0.05) in T3 compared to other treatments. Feeding of graded levels of okara meal replacing groundnut cake at levels of either 25, 50 and 75% in Japanese quails diets had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio compared with control group. The N retention was lower (P<0.05) in treatment T1 compared to other groups. The Ca retention was similar in all treatments whereas P retention was higher (P<0.05) in T3 compared to other groups. It was concluded that growth performance and nutrient utilization of quail chicks was best at 50% inclusion of okara meal replacing groundnut cake on protein equivalent basis.

Distribution of β-amylase and lipoxygenase in soy protein products obtained during tofu production

Soybean is considered an important source of human food and animal feed. Okara and tofu whey are the main by-products of soymilk and tofu production. The distribution of enzymes ?-amylase and lipoxygenase (Lox) from six soybean genotypes in protein extracts of okara and tofu as well as in soymilk and tofu whey was assessed. SDS-electrophoretic results showed that production process significantly affected high molecular mass protein fractions of soybean by-products. Low amounts of Lox in soymilk were registered, while in okara protein extracts and tofu whey this enzyme was present in trace. In tofu protein extracts, Lox was registered in higher quantity that might be the result of the aggregation process during formation of the tofu gel. Content of ?-amylase in all soy protein products was high and similar to the content in soybean genotype. Content of ?-amylase in okara depended on respective soybean genotype.

Daya Dukung dan Eisiensi Produksi Sapi Madura dengan Pemanfaatan Limbah Kacang Kedalai

The aim of this study was to evaluate productivity of beef cattle through the utilization soybean by-product.Twelve Madura cattle with and average initial liveweight of 175.64 ± 16.41 kg and aged between I1-I2 (18-30 months) were used in this study fattened for three monthsgiven differentfeeds level, ie. P0 (100% native grass), P1(40% roughage + 60% concentrate), P2(15% of soybean pod+ 85% concentrate), and P3(30% soybean pod + 70% concentrate). Observed parameters included production of soybean waste per hektar, carry capacity of cattle based of soybean waste, income over feed cost (IOFC), andRC ratio.The results showed that the production of soybean pods and tofu waste was 1.75 ton/ha, and 0.44 ton/ha. This results indicated that carry capasity of soybean wastes for cattle production was of8,95 ST/ha/year, and 1,91 ST/ha/year respentively. Economy analisis based on income over feed cost and R/C ratio results showed that use of soybean waste was to replaces forage quite potensial for farmer, especially in the region to here soybean production is high.

Supplementation with fruit and okara soybean by-products and amaranth flour increases the folate production by starter and probiotic cultures

The ability of two starter cultures (Streptococcus (S.) thermophilus ST-M6 and St. thermophilus TA-40) and eleven probiotic cultures (St. thermophilus TH-4, Lactobacillus (Lb.) acidophilus LA-5, Lb. fermentum PCC, Lb. reuteri RC-14, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lb. casei 431, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei F19, Lb. rhamnosus GR-1, and Lb. rhamnosus LGG, Bifidobacterium (B.) animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, B. longum subsp. longum BB-46, and B. longum subsp. infantis BB-02) to produce folate in a modified MRS broth (mMRS) supplemented with different fruit (passion fruit, acerola, orange, and mango) and okara soybean by-products and amaranth flour was investigated. Initially, the folate content of each vegetable substrate was determined: passion fruit by-product showed the lowest folate content (8±2ng/mL) and okara the highest (457±22ng/mL). When the orange by-product and amaranth flour were added to mMRS, all strains were able to increase folate production after 24h of fermentation. B. longum subsp infantis BB-02 produced the highest concentrations (1223±116ng/mL) in amaranth flour. Okara was the substrate that had the lowest impact on the folate production by all strains evaluated. Lb. acidophilus LA-5 (297±36ng/mL) and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (237±23ng/mL) were also able to produce folate after growth in mMRS containing acerola and orange by-products, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that folate production is not only strain-dependent but also influenced by the addition of different substrates in the growth media.

Okara, a soybean by-product, prevents high fat diet-induced obesity and improves serum lipid profiles in C57BL/6J mice.

This study aimed to validate the anti-obesity effect of okara, a soyfood byproduct, in diet induced obese mice. Thirty two C57BL/6J male 4 week old mice were divided into four dietary groups (n=8) fed either normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HD), HD with 10% okara (OL), or HD with 20% okara (OH) for 12 weeks. Body weight gain and epididymal fat weight of OL and OH group were significantly lower than HD group. Similarly, the serum and hepatic lipid profiles in OH were significantly lower than HD group. The fecal triacylglycerol and TC levels in OL and OH increased compared to HD. Also, the expression of PPAR-α was higher in OH than HD group; PPAR-γ and FAS levels were lower in OH compared to HD. In this study, okara consumption appears to protect mice against diet induced obesity (DIO) and metabolic dysregulation related to obesity.

Productivity and Meat Quality of Local Cattle Fed Soybean By-Products

Productivity and Meat Quality of Local Cattle Fed Soybean By-Products

Effect of dietary isoflavones of soybean by-product on estrogen and testosterone levels in mouse

Effect of dietary isoflavones of soybean by-product on estrogen and testosterone levels in mouse

Processed whole grain and soybean byproducts in diets for broiler chickens

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaca e cortes nobres, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e viabilidade economica em racoes para frangos de corte no periodo de 22 a 42 dias de idade, alimentados com dietas contendo oleo de soja degomado, soja integral extrusada e soja semi-integral extrusada. Foram utilizados 360 frangos de corte, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (racao controle; racao com adicao de oleo de soja degomado; racao com adicao de soja integral extrusada; racao contendo soja semi-integral extrusada), cinco repeticoes e 18 aves por boxe. Na fase de 22 a 33 dias de idade, as aves alimentadas com racoes contendo soja semi-integral extrusada, apresentaram o menor ganho de peso e indice de eficiencia produtiva. No periodo de 22 a 42 dias de idade, aquelas que receberam a racao controle e racao contendo oleo de soja degomado obtiveram melhor conversao alimentar. Aos 42 dias de idade, os frangos alimentados com a racao controle, tiveram maiores pesos absolutos da carcaca e menor porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Em racoes para frangos de corte no periodo de 22 a 42 dias de idade, a utilizacao da soja integral extrusada aumenta a gordura abdominal, e a soja semi-integral extrusada prejudica a conversao alimentar, com menor peso absoluto de carcaca e margem bruta. O uso do oleo de soja degomado proporciona melhor conversao alimentar e menor custo de producao das aves, o que viabiliza sua inclusao em racoes para estes animais.

Influence of daily consumption of synbiotic soy-based product supplemented with okara soybean by-product on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a synbiotic fermented soy product supplemented with okara (a by-product from soybean) on cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy men. In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial, thirty-six normocholesterolemic men were assigned to two groups. Subjects consumed daily 100g of soy-based product fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12, and Streptococcus thermophilus (starter culture) (synbiotic group — S) (n=18) or 100g of unfermented soy-based product (placebo group — P) (n=18) for 8weeks. Fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline (T0), the end of week 4 (T4), and the end of week 8 (T8). Serum lipids, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and electronegative LDL were also analysed on T0, T4, and T8. During the period of daily soy-based product consumption (from T0 to T8) the LDL-C mean decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group S, resulting in a significant (p<0.05) improvement of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Comparing mean differences (T8–T0) between the two groups, the trend of LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio reductions was higher in group S (14.1mg/dL and 0.38mg/dL, respectively) than group P (4.9mg/dL and 0.17mg/dL, respectively) (p>0.05). Our results suggest limited lipid-lowering effects of synbiotic soy-based product supplemented with okara on cardiovascular risk markers in normocholesterolemic men.

Animal Performance, Feeding Behaviour and Carcass Traits of Feedlot Cattle Diet Fed With Agro-Industrial By-Product as Fat Source

In feedlot system is particularly important to reduce the cattle feeding cost without impact on the animal gain and carcass, in this sense, aimed with this study to evaluate animal performance and carcass traits of the young Nellore male (n = 40) finished with agro-industrial by-products in feedlot diet. The addition of cottonseed by-product (CSB) was based on the ether extract (EE) contents in the feedlot diet: 3, 4 and 5%; and two other reference treatments were also tested, with 3 and 5% of EE content and soybean by-product (SOB) as fat source, totalling five experimental diets. In diets with 3% EE, CSB did not alter performance, gain cost or carcass traits compared to the SOB. In diets with 5% EE, animals fed with CSB showed greater dry matter (DM) intake than animals fed with SOB (10.34 versus 8.94 kg/day), but because CSB is a cheaper ingredient than SOB, it reduced the gain cost from 1.60 to 1.35 US$/kg. The CBS used in diet with 3, 4 and 5% EE increased the daily gain (1.17, 1.38 and 1.50 kg/day) and the rumination time (225, 338 and 370 min/day, respectively). So, CSB does not change the carcass traits nor the feeding behaviour when compared to SOB. The increased of CSB concentration in the diet raised the daily gain, DM intake and rumination time, with no changes in carcass traits.

Hydrolysis of Soybean By-Products to Prepare Reducing Sugar in Ionic Liquids

Hydrolysis of Soybean By-Products to Prepare Reducing Sugar in Ionic Liquids

Desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo grão integral e coprodutos da soja em ambiente com calor cíclico

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, avaliar a utilização do grão integral e coprodutos da soja, quanto o desempenho de frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Foram selecionados 360 pintainhos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, consistindo de quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e 18 aves por boxe. Os tratamentos utilizados foram uma dieta controle e dietas com adição de óleo de soja degomado, soja integral extrusada e soja semi-integral extrusada, visando atender as exigências nutricionais das aves em cada fase do ciclo produtivo, pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias de idade) e inicial (8 a 21 dias de idade). Na fase de 1 a 7 dias, os tratamentos não interferiram significativamente nas variáveis, consumo de ração e viabilidade criatória, porém no período total de 1 a 21 dias de idade, o ganho de peso e o índice de eficiência produtiva foram afetados. A utilização do óleo de soja degomado e da soja integral extrusada em dietas para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, em condições de estresse por calor cíclico, não influenciam no desempenho, contudo, a soja semi-integral extrusada se não processada adequadamente, afeta negativamente o ganho de peso e o índice de eficiência produtiva das aves.

Soybean molasses-based bioindicator system for monitoring sterilization process: Designing and performance evaluation

A novel cost-effective Bacillus atrophaeus Sterilization Bioindicator System (BIS) with a high quality and performance was developed from a soybean byproduct and compared with the commercial BIS. It was composed of recovery medium and dry-fermented spores with sand as the support. The BIS was developed and optimized using a sequential experimental design strategy. The recovery medium contained soluble starch (1.0 g/L), soybean molasses (30.0 g/L), tryptone (40.0 g/L), and bromothymol blue (0.02 g/L) at pH 8.5. The solid-state fermentation conditions of the bioreactor and environmental humidity had no significant effects on the spore yield and dry-heat resistance. The only substrate mineral that showed a positive effect was Mn2+, allowing Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+ to be eliminated from the formulation. Validation of optimized medium indicated D160°C = 6.8±1.0 min (3.6 min more than the minimum) and spore yield = 2.3 ± 0.5 × 109 CFU/g dry sand (10,000 × initial values). BIS performance resulted in D160°C = 6.6 ± 0.1 min. Sporulation and germination kinetics allowed the sporulation process to be reduced to three days, and the growth of heat-damaged spores was sufficient to achieve visual identification of a non-sterile BIS within 21 h. Process economics was a minimum of 23.9%, and process cycle time was reduced from 29 to 15 days. The new BIS parameters demonstrated compliance to all regulatory requirements. No studies have yet described a BIS production from soybean molasses.

Volatile organic compounds and palatability of concentrates fed to lambs and ewes

The aromatic characteristics of concentrate feeds can affect feed intake in ruminants. In a previous study, the palatability of 14 feeds, mostly concentrates, was tested in lambs and mature dry ewes. In this study, the volatile profile of those feeds was measured by electronic nose analysis and gas chromatography–olfactometry as well as by mass spectrometry and the identified compounds were associated with their palatability. Another concentrate feed (barley meal) was used in the training of the animals for the palatability tests and was also subjected to the same instrumental analysis.Feed palatability by the lambs ranged from 0mg/kg BW to 1379mg/kg BW in a preference gradient that did not show clear cuts among types of feeds. The ewes, instead, showed clear preferences, with higher (P<0.05) level of intake during the 6min palatability tests for beet pulps, wheat grains, pea grains, and corn grains compared to the other feeds. The electronic nose showed a good separation between the most palatable and the least palatable feeds both in lambs and in ewes. The rank of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the feeds was, in decreasing order: beet pulps (27 VOCs), oat grains (26 VOCs), dehydrated alfalfa (20 VOCs), soybean hulls (19 VOCs), soybean meal 44 (18 VOCs), sunflower meal (16 VOCs), barley meal (15 VOCs), corn gluten meal and soybean meal 49 (14 VOCs), wheat brans (13 VOCs), corn middlings (12 VOCs), canola meal (7 VOCs), wheat grains (6 VOCs), corn grains and pea grains (5 VOCs). The aroma profile of the beet pulps, which were the most eaten feed by ewes and had intermediate intake by lambs, was characterized by a pleasant aroma of green and fruity notes because they were the richest of aldehydes (11 VOCs) and poor of sulphur compounds (2 VOCs). Dehydrated alfalfa and sunflower meal, which were commonly refused by lambs and ewes, were both rich of sulphur compounds (5 VOCs), whose unpleasant notes probably affected their palatability. Soybean meal 44, which was refused by the ewes and the least eaten of soybean by-products by lambs, and sunflower meal were characterized by a rich aroma profile but by a negative note due to the presence of methanamine, which gave an off-flavour identified as rotten fish odour. Oat grains, although characterized by pleasant flavours due to their richness of aldehydes (10 VOCs) and terpenes (7 VOCs), were refused by lambs and ewes. This was probably due to the presence, among the terpenes, of a unique compound (α-pinene), with a resin-pine flavour which is known to negatively affect intake of alfalfa pellets in lambs. Corn gluten meal, which was refused by lambs and ewes, was characterized by the presence of four sulphur compounds, which gave unpleasant notes of garlic and cooked potato to the feed and probably negatively affected its palatability. These results suggested that the aroma of several feeds might have affected animal short-term intake responses. The gas chromatography/olfactometry analysis can be a useful tool to identify potential candidate molecules that might explain the feeding choices of animals in terms of sensorial perceptions. However, more research is needed to better understand the specific compounds involved and to separate the flavour effects from the many other factors affecting palatability.

Natural deoxynivalenol occurrence and genotype and chemotype determination of a field population of the Fusarium graminearum complex associated with soybean in Argentina

Soybean (Glycine max L.), the main source of protein throughout the world, is used both as a food and a feedstuff. Currently, limited information about the occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in soybean grain and by-products is available. The aims of the present study were: (1) to identify toxigenic Fusarium species associated with soybean during crop reproductive stages; (2) to determine the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in soybean seeds; (3) to determine the genotype and chemotype of selected Fg complex strains using molecular and chemical analysis, respectively; and (4) to characterize the strains using AFLPs markers. One soybean field located at Córdoba Province, Argentina, was monitored and samples of soybean tissue were harvested at three reproductive stages: flowering (R2), full seed (R6) and full maturity (R8). A total of 389 Fusarium strains F. equiseti (40%) was the most frequently species recovered followed by F. semitectum (27%) and F. graminearum (Fg) (11%). From the 40 soybean samples analysed, only two presented detectable DON levels. Based on DON occurrence on soybean seeds at ripening stages, the toxigenic ability of Fg complex strains isolated from soybean seeds, pods and flowers were analysed. The trichothecene genotype was determined by a multiplex PCR using primers based on Tri3, Tri5 and Tri7 toxin genes and then the chemotype was verified by chemical analysis. Most Fg complex strains showed 15-ADON genotype and five strains presented a DON/NIV; these also produced both toxins under in vitro culture. Neither the NIV nor the 3-ADON genotypes were detected among the members of the population evaluated. All the 15-ADON genotype strains were characterized as F. graminearum sensu stricto (lineage 7), while the strains presented a DON/NIV genotype were characterized as F. meridionale (lineage 2). The present study contributes new information on the occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes toxins on soybean at the pre-harvest stages. Also, this is the first report on the chemotype, genotype and lineages among Fg complex isolated from soybean.

Effect of high-fat diets supplemented with okara soybean by-product on lipid profiles of plasma, liver and faeces in Syrian hamsters

The main components of okara, a by-product from soybean, are dietary fibre and protein. In this study we fed okara based diets with different amounts of fibre, protein and isoflavones to determine their effect on the lipid profile in the plasma, liver and faeces of an animal model. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed high-fat diets supplemented with okara for 3 weeks. The supplemented diets contained 13% or 20% of okara fibre (OK-13 and OK-20), low-protein okara with 13% of fibre (OK1-13), and isoflavone-free okara with 13% of fibre (OK2-13). Okara supplemented diets did not produce significant differences in the feed intake or body weight gain ( p > 0.05). The plasma levels of triglycerides, VLDL- plus LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in hamsters fed OK-20 decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) with respect to the 20% control group (C-20). However, no significant differences ( p > 0.05) were found in LDL- and HDL-cholesterol plasma levels in all experiments. Total lipids, triglycerides, total and esterified cholesterol concentrations in liver were reduced by OK-20 diet. Regarding the hamsters fed OK-13 diets, the mean values of the total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol in the plasma and liver decreased as compared to the control (C-13), but the differences were not statistically significant. All of the okara diets assayed increased the faecal excretion of total lipids, triglycerides, free cholesterol and total nitrogen ( p < 0.05) compared to their respective controls. Our results suggest that the main components of okara, dietary fibre and protein, could be related with the total lipids and cholesterol decrease in the plasma and liver, as well as with the faecal output increase in high-fat fed hamsters. Okara might play an interesting role in the prevention of hyperlipidemia and could be used as a natural ingredient or supplement for functional food preparation.

Antioxidant capacity, phenolics and isoflavones in soybean by-products

This study aimed to determine proximate composition, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, isoflavones and free phenolic compounds in soy by-products. High carbohydrate and protein contents were found in grade A soymilk powder (GASP) compared to grade B soymilk powder (GBSP) and soy husk powder (SHP). Ash, moisture and total dietary fibre contents were reported to be the highest in soy husk, while GBSP had the highest fat content. Antioxidant capacity as assessed using β-carotene bleaching assay was in the order of SHP ≈ GBSP > GASP, and the ranking order of the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) value was GASP ≈ GBSP > SHP, while the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) value was GASP > GBSP > SHP. The total phenolic content was in the range of 62.44–103.86 mg GAE/100 g wet weight, and the major phenolic compounds in free form were ferulic, vanilic as well as gallic acids. Acid hydrolysis increased the amount of total extractable isoflavone in all soy samples.

Multifunctional antioxidant activity of polysaccharide fractions from the soybean byproduct okara

An alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) from okara, a byproduct from soymilk, was mainly composed by indigestible carbohydrate (55.7%). After sequential extraction, three alkali-soluble fractions (12.7% yield) and an insoluble residue (RES, 58.7% yield) were obtained. Soluble polysaccharide fractions showed in vitro reduction power (11–26 μmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g dry weight (dw)) and free radical scavenging activity (63–78 μmol TE/g dw). The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by 0.05 M NaOH-soluble fraction, rich in pectins. The 1 M KOH-soluble fraction had a mixture of hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides, and 4 M KOH-soluble fraction contained the bulk of xyloglucans, although some pectins could also be present. RES contained cellulose along with residual pectins. FT-IR spectra of okara and AIR exhibited an absorption band at 1740 cm −1 of carboxylic ester from pectins, which lacked in the fractions. Moreover, they showed absorption bands at 1650 and 1550 cm −1 of proteins, and at 900–890 cm −1 of β-glycosidic linkages. Potential antioxidant activity of okara cell-wall polysaccharides could be attributed to pectins, although the contribution of residual proteins cannot be ruled out.

Detection of transgenic DNA in tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus, GIFT strain) fed genetically modified soybeans (Roundup Ready)

We used nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Roundup Ready soybean in aquatic feeds and feeding tilapias. A template concentration of 10(-10) g mu L(-1) DNA solution could be detected with a dilute degree of 0.01%. Most (90.6%) of the aquatic feeds containing soybean byproduct included exogenous DNA segments. We also compared genetically modified (GM) soybean with non-GM soybean diets in feeding tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus, GIFT strain) and examined the residual fragments (254 bp) of GM soybeans. Tilapias receiving GM soybean diets had DNA fragments in different tissues and organs, indicating that exogenous GM genes were absorbed systemically and not completely degraded by the tilapia's alimentary canal.