Soviet Ukraine Research Articles

„Rękopisy kozackie”. Z dziejów zasobu rękopiśmiennego Biblioteki Naukowej PAU i PAN w Krakowie

“Manusripts of the Cossacks”. The history of the manuscripts collection of the Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Cracow The article discusses an unknown episode from the history of our library, related to the donation of several dozen 17th and 18th c. documents on Cossacks done in 1954 by the Polish Academy of Sciences on the request of the Ministry of Culture and Arts of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. These were the proclamations by Bogdan Chmielnicki and his son Jerzy (Jurek) as well as priviliges bestowed to Cossacks by empress Anna and empress Elisabeth. The original documents were included in manuscripts no. 270, 1678 and 1679. The first one was donated in 1866, the other two in the years 1906–1912. The manuscript no. 270 was donated in 1866 to the then existing Cracow Scientific Society. It was provided by Stanisław Filip Krzyżanowski (1841–1881), the owner of an estate in the former Bracław voivodeship, collector of paintings, old coins, manuscripts and old prints, a historian and publisher of writings, a member of the Cracow Scientific Society. The group of scriptures donated by him contained 49 manuscripts and 20 parchment diplomas. Its valuable and homogeneous part are the so-called Manuscripts of the Cossacks, including among others 17th-19th proclamations issued by subsequent Cossack hetmans, court files and numerous documents on the political, economic, social and church history of eastern Poland – the Podolian, Volhynian and Bracław voivodeships. The entire donation was described in the catalogue of manuscripts issued in 1906 by Jan Czubek, the Academy librarian, and has been present in scientific literature since then. The manuscripts with shelf marks 1678 and 1679 were donated to the Academy after the publication of the catalogue, therefore they were described in the second volume published in 1912. Unfortunately, their descriptions do not contain the provenance or the donor’s name. They include 25 and 34 original ukases of the Russian empresses addressed to the Hetmans of Zaporizhian Cossacks: Danylo Apostol (from the years 1730– 1733) and Kyrylo Razumovsky (from the year 1751–1753). After the second volume of Czubek’s catalogue was published, they also became widely known to the historians. In 1947, in new political circumstances, the Polish–Soviet Friendship Society on behalf of the Academy of Sciences of the UkrSSR requested the Polish Academy of Art and Science to take photographs of Chmielnicki’s proclamations. The PAAS management gave its consent. A few years later, the PAAS assets and collections were taken over by the newly created Polish Academy of Sciences, which was recognised as a politically correct unit by the Communist authorities. In 1954, the PAS Printing Houses and Libraries Office in Warsaw, on behalf of the Ministry of Culture and Art, took the original documents from the above mentioned manuscripts away from the Library (then the PAS Library in Cracow). They were donated to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The only trace of this forced “donation to the fraternal nation” to be found in sources is the correspondence related to the handover of the photocopies of taken documents by the PAS Printing Houses and Libraries Office that is included in the Library archives. It took place in December 1954 and the photocopies (of good quality) are still kept in the Library collection. However, the order to hand over the originals is absent. According to the library oral tradition, a message about the order was issued on the phone. The exact date, author of the idea, the names of political principals or Polish implementers of these notorious endeavour remain unknown. A detailed query in the archives of the Ministry of Culture and Art and the chief authorities of the Polish United Workers’ Party may possibly give an answer to these questions.

The universe behind barbed wire. Memoirs of a Ukrainian Soviet dissident. By Myroslav Marynovych, edited by Katerine Younger (trans. Zoya Kayuk) (foreword Timothy Snyder). (Studies in East and Central Europe.) Pp. xxviii + 453 incl. 71 ills and 2 tables. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2021. £25. 978 1 58046 981 4

The universe behind barbed wire. Memoirs of a Ukrainian Soviet dissident. By Myroslav Marynovych, edited by Katerine Younger (trans. Zoya Kayuk) (foreword Timothy Snyder). (Studies in East and Central Europe.) Pp. xxviii + 453 incl. 71 ills and 2 tables. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2021. £25. 978 1 58046 981 4 - Volume 74 Issue 1

Mythologizing of Ukrainian Drama during the Soviet Era (1920s) as a Way of Theatre Institutionalising

The purpose of the work is to reveal the peculiarities of the Ukrainian drama mythologizing at the beginning of the Soviet era (1920s). The research methodology consists in the application of a number of methods: analytical to understand the literature on the topic of the article; interdisciplinary – to comprehensively study factual material and acquire new knowledge; systematic with the use of a range of methods (biographical, semiotic, cultural, hermeneutic, historical, and theoretical generalisation) – to comprehend the stated purpose of the research. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the interrelationship of mythologizing and the development of Ukrainian drama as a means of theatre institutionalising in the beginning of the Soviet era is systematically studied. Conclusions. The publication proves the statement: A myth in the theatrical sphere can be any message in the language of drama due to the fact that the myth itself has no substantial boundaries. This is directly related to the fact that the myth is a phenomenon embedded in the primary sign system, that is, in the natural language of the theatre. The characteristics of a myth in drama include intentionality, naturalisation, aggressiveness, formality, and historicity. Myth in the theatrical sphere has an imperative, motivating character. It imposes its own aggressive, motivatingambiguity. A theatrical myth and symbol of the Soviet government, nurtured in Ukraine in the 20s of the 20th century, enabled the creation of a unique theatrical organism that made art popular (in a positive sense). It can be argued that the striving for the ideal created by the new government, on the one hand, and its discrediting, on the other hand, became the tendencies, the collision of which created the phenomenon of the «Ukrainian Soviet theatre». In general, the logic of mythologizing theatrical life was connected with a number of key interrelationships: myth – transformation of meaning into form – replacement of language with myth. Key words: theatre, myth, mythologizing, manipulation, ideology, Soviet regime.

Provincial territorial Cheka offices in Soviet Ukraine in the early 1920s

Provincial territorial Cheka offices in Soviet Ukraine in the early 1920s

PREFACE

PREFACE

The practice of borrowing foreign projection and technological solutions in the design of electrical machines in Ukraine in the second half of the 1930s

This article, based on the problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historiographical, and source-research methods, as well as the method of actualization, identifies the extent of borrowing foreign design and technological solutions in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic for projecting electrical machines in the second half of the 1930s, as well as the reasons for the absence of unambiguous information in historiography regarding the existence of this phenomenon in the republic at this chronological stage. The publication provides a general assessment of the quality of scientific support for the processes of creating electrical machines, establishes the ways of fulfilling the scientific-technical borrowings that were studied and the dynamics of their development, analyzes their role in the growth of the technical level of products of the Ukrainian electrical machine-building branch. It was found that the level of a scientific escort for electrical machine-building production in Ukraine during the considered period was insufficient for arranging a completely independent design of the entire range of sectoral industrial products, therefore, scientific and technical borrowings remained the only way to maintain the necessary rates of development in the design and production of new types of electrical machines across the entire latitude spectrum of their application. According to the archival documents, it was found that because of the rapid growth of the Soviet Union’s needs at the turn of the 1930s–1940s for electric power equipment, on the one hand, and the improvement of the possibility of organizing its mass production in Ukraine, on the other, the scale of such borrowings grew like an avalanche. At the same time, because of the growth of the scientific-technical potential of the republican electrical machine-building, the nature of the procedure for their fulfillment at the end of the 1930s changed and allowed their mimicry as the exclusively independent achievements of domestic designers. This is how the achievements of Ukrainian electric machine builders were presented to the entire Soviet society during the considered period, which subsequently allowed them to gain a foothold in the relevant historiography, however, the facts and arguments in this publication completely refute this established opinion.

Sándor Horváth. Children of Communism: Politicizing Youth Revolt in Communist Budapest in the 1960s

Sándor Horváth. <i>Children of Communism: Politicizing Youth Revolt in Communist Budapest in the 1960s</i>

CRIMEA AND MAINLAND UKRAINE: ON THE WAY TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD (1945-1954)

The article provides an overview of the monographs of P.V. Satsky, devoted to the peculiarities of the socio-economic development of Crimea in the first decade after the end of World War II and the problems the solution of which was related to the inclusion of the peninsula into Soviet Ukraine.

Особливості жанру фейлетону у львівській газеті «Новий Час» (1923–1939 рр.)

This paper investigates the feuilletons of the newspaper «Novy Chas» (Lviv, 1923–1939), of which more than 600 were published during the 17 years of publication. The authors of these publications were established, and their pseudonyms were revealed, since almost all of them hid their real surnames. The most active feuilletonists, as well as those who published irregularly or had a single publication in this genre, were identified. The problematic of the studied feuilletons were determined, and position of their authors in relation to the Polish government and certain ethnic groups was established. The paper outlines the names of authors whose works were reprinted from other periodicals, namely: the classic satirical genre of Ostap Vyshnia, who lived and worked in the territory of Soviet Ukraine, as well as the Russian Soviet writer-novelist of Ukrainian origin Mykhailo Zoshchenko. More than 160 satirical articles by Vasyl Girny, as well as materials by other authors of this publication, such as Roman Goliyan, Stepan Charnetsky, and Yuriy Shkrumelyak, were noticed on the pages of the «Novy Chas» newspaper. Keywords: Novy Chas newspaper, feuilleton, column, satirist, subject, pseudonym, cryptonym

POSTWAR ANTI-SEMITISM ON THE TERRITORY OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR (1944-1947): ORIGINS, MANIFESTATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the causes, manifestations, and scale of anti-Semitism in the first post-war years on the territory of Soviet Ukraine and its consequences in consciousness and social life.&#x0D; Methodology. The general scientific and special historical methods (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) research applied in the work made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of anti-Semitism in the post-war period, to determine the relationships between the influence of Nazi propaganda on the eve/during the war and Soviet realities in which Jews the role of the "internal enemy" was fixed. Among the methods used in the research is the verbal history method.&#x0D; Scientific novelty. An attempt was made to investigate the peculiarities of Stalin's national policy in the difficult transition period from war to peace (1944-1947) using the example of the so-called "Jewish question" on the basis of various sources – from official documents, memories that appeared in Soviet times, to oral history memories of living contemporaries of the events. The content of the policy and its influence on the formation of persistent anti-Semitic sentiments in Soviet society are outlined. The new attack on Jewry officially began only in 1948, before that this issue was in a state of limbo, which was also facilitated by the foreign political situation. Therefore, it is important to investigate the specifics of the manifestation of anti-Semitism in 1944-1947 and its subsequent impact on the situation of Jews.&#x0D; Conclusions. Having survived the hell of the war, the Jews faced difficulties in relations with the authorities and the population of their own country. Post-war anti-Semitism was caused by post-war devastation, the consequences of Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda during the occupation, Stalin's passive and uncertain position on the Jewish question, and the traditional, for a totalitarian system, desire to have an internal enemy. Hatred of the Jews of this period manifested itself in pogroms, problems in returning to work, difficulties in returning one's home and property. However, anti-Semitism became a component of state policy only in 1948.

UKRAINIAN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF 1940-60S ABOUT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST AND RUSSIA DURING THE HAYDAMATSKIY MOVEMENT IN THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of the research is to analyze the works of Ukrainian Soviet historians of the 1940s and 1960s, who are devoted to the Haidamat movement and the role of Cossacks in it. Changes in the Soviet paradigm regarding the interpretation of the history of the Zaporozhian Host and the social and political aspects of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the spread of the Haydamak movement in the 18th century are traced.The influence of the resolutions of the congresses of the CPSU on the coverage of the 300th anniversary of the "reunification of Ukraine and Russia" and the 200th anniversary of the Koliivshina has been studied. Among the methods that were used during the preparation of the article - general scientific and general historical, analysis of the Soviet historiography of the problem, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is emphasized by the fact that in modern Ukrainian historiography there are no works dedicated to the study of the history of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the Haydamak movement of the 18th century. The author of the article proposes to fill this historiographical gap. &#x0D; Conclusions. In the context of the study of the Haydamak movement of the 18th century, Soviet historians considered Zaporozhye-Russian relations as a component of the struggle of peasants against feudal lords in Right-Bank Ukraine. This was due to the promotion and consolidation in Soviet historiography of the idea of the "leading role" of the peasantry, instead of the Cossacks, in the wars and uprisings of the outlined period. Soviet historians consciously supported the policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, participating in the transformation of historical science into a political tool, manipulating facts to suit the ruling ideology.

Viktor Kosenko: at the Crossroads of Cultures and Traditions. Warsaw

The relevance of the investigation is justified by the lack of research into the first two decades of the life of the outstanding Ukrainian musician of the first half of the 20th century, Viktor Stepanovych Kosenko — an extremely important time when the foundations of the worldview and aesthetic beliefs of the future composer were laid. During this period, Viktor Kosenko, together with other family members, was in Warsaw, where he received a thorough general and musical education.&#x0D; The situation of another "white spot in domestic musicology" related to the artist's biography was created due to the lack of materials and documents, as well as the artist's personal belongings related to this period. The socio-political circumstances of Soviet Ukraine, in which Viktor Kosenko found himself in the 20s of the 20th century, became an obstacle to the preservation of sources and information of the relevant time.&#x0D; It has also been established that the composer's biography, which has been repeatedly reproduced in reference books and studies, is artificially constructed by him "at the demand of time". The scientific novelty of the study is the introduction into wide circulation of the socio-worldview and cultural panorama of the initial period of the artist's life. Therefore, the actual goal of the article is the reconstruction of the circumstances of the first twenty years of the composer's biography. The methodological basis of the research is the cultural-historical, biographical, as well as the method of source analysis, used to reproduce the initial period of V. S. Kosenko’s life path.&#x0D; Thanks to little-known publications of memoirs of the artist's contemporaries, as well as archival findings of modern scientists, it was possible to restore some facts of Viktor Kosenko's biography. The study focuses on the peculiarities of the educational and pedagogical process in the Warsaw Suvorov Cadet Corps, where the future composer studied. Emphasis is placed on the influence of many traditions, both national and social-worldview, with which Viktor Kosenko could come into contact during this period of his life. The atmosphere, traditions, way of life, as well as artistic impressions that formed the personality of the young musician and possibly influenced his further musical life are also considered.&#x0D; Conclusions. The multinational and multicultural environment of the earliest period of Victor Kosenko's life in Warsaw probably left an impression on the artist. Being at the intersection of cultures and traditions — a military and artistic environment with their inherent worldviews, a change in artistic and sociopolitical orientations at the border of the 19th and 20th centuries, the presence in everyday life of several national traditions (officially declared Russian, urban culture of Warsaw, preservation of Ukrainian origins in the family circle, a diverse circle of teachers and fellow students, etc.), could not but influence the growth of the creative personality of the Europeanized composer, who was open to other cultures. Tracing multi-level and multi-vector influences on the formation of creative ideas and their further specification looks like a promising direction for further research of the artist's creativity.

GEOGRAPHY OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE OF UKRAINE (UkrSSR) AS ASSESSED BY PROF. MYRON KORDUBA

Professor Myron Korduba’s (1876 – 1947) creative contribution into geography of science and culture of Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (UkrSSR) from the day of its formation and until the 1930s is disclosed. Development and allocation of scientific establishments of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, as well as the same of the republican archives, museums and libraries was highlighted through Prof. M. Korduba’s eye. Preconditions and details of accelerated growth of Ukrainian scientific movement at the beginning of post-revolution time in Ukrainian SSR are cleared up, as well as territorial specificities for the same are presented, namely, the availability of scientific Ukrainian associations outside the borders of Russia; a significant number of outstanding Ukrainian scientists in the Tsarist Russia itself; participation of representatives of different- ethnicity authors living on the territory of Ukraine in Ukrainian-language publications Three stages in brief history of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences are outlined and characterized as follows: 1918-1923 – the stage of formation; 1923-the last quarter of 1930 – full-scale development; and, the end of 1930 – the period of persecution and repressions of the members of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences; consolidation of “communist” science on the basis of Marxist-Leninist methodology. &#x0D; The activity of three departments within the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is highlighted, namely, I. Historic-Philosophic; II. Physic-Mathematic; and, III. Social-Economic. Each of these had its own sections and boards to prepare a series or even several series of publications. Among the most distinctive collections of expressly geographical content, Myron Korduba outlined the “Historic-Geographic Series (1927; 4 volumes edited by the Board for Compilation of Geographical Dictionary of Ukraine); “Materials of the Seminar for the Study of National Economy of Ukraine” (from 1926), “Writings of Demographic Institute” (from 1924), “Transactions of Social-Economic Department of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences” (from 1923, 6 volumes), “Collection of Works by Social-Economic Department of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences” (from 1925, 35 issues).&#x0D; An essential portion of attention was given by Prof. Myron Korduba to institutes, associations and establishments affiliated and closely connected with the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Among these, there was National Library of Ukraine in Kyiv, Institute for Ukrainian Scientific Language, Kyiv and Odesa Boards for Regional Studies.&#x0D; The scientist had assessed the activity of 52 self-employed scientific departments, institutes and associations close to Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The most important of them, to Prof. Myron Korsuba’s opinion, was the group of institutes for public education that published their “Writings”, i.e., Volyns’kyy in Zhytomyr, those in Dnipropetrovs’k, Kamyanets’-Podil’skyy, Kyiv, Luhansk, Nizhyn, Odesa, Poltava, Kharkiv, and Kherson.&#x0D; Of great importance and interest is the scientist’s information on archiving in Ukrainian SSR as of the beginning of the 1930s. Prof. Korduba distinguished between three classes of archives in the republic, namely, 1. Central; 2. Land (oblast); and 3. District (rayon) archives, and presented the map of territorial disposition of the same in the Soviet republic.&#x0D; Specificities of territorial organization of 95 republican museums are disclosed, where 19 were national-level museums, 54 – regional and district, 6 were associated with the Academy of Sciences and the Commissariat for Public Education, and 15 – with the other establishments.&#x0D; Myron Korduba brought special thoroughness to assessment of heritage available in 28 libraries of Ukrainian SSR. In particular, the scientist scrupulously characterized territorial differences in librarian funds and the number of visitors, while his analysis of bibliographic editions and of bibliographical science of is a unique study of the achievements of the Ukrainian Soviet republic.&#x0D; Prof. Myron Korduba’s assessment of the development of science and culture in the Ukrainian SSR is presented with a breakdown into every rayon of the republic and bears an expressly geographic aspect. &#x0D; Key words: Professor Myron Korduba, geography of science and culture of UkrSSR, “Minerva-Zeitschrift”.

Идеологические искажения русской церковной истории в трудах украинских советских авторов второй половины 1980-х годов

Одна из главных задач настоящего исследования — проследить идеологические особенности формирования исторического мышления украинских историков в контексте осмысления роли и места Церкви в прошлом страны. С помощью историко-типологического и историко-сравнительного методов проанализированы публикации украинских историков, философов и общественных деятелей второй половины 1980-х гг., касающиеся вопросов церковной истории. В статье также рассматриваются конкретные примеры реализации данных методов при искажении исторической действительности в культурной, социальной, общественно-государственной сферах. Отдельно проанализирован идеологический миф о «церковном модернизме» в русском богословии второй половины ХХ в. Обосновываются выводы о том, что влияние советской атеистической идеологии на церковно-исторические исследования оставалось достаточно сильным; основными методологическими приёмами идеологического искажения церковной истории были: огульное упрощение исторической действительности; целенаправленное упрощение церковной трактовки прошлого Руси, искажение выводов христианских авторов; формирование отрицательного отношения к позиции церковных учёных с помощью навешивания ярлыков, необоснованного противопоставления «свой — чужой», «прогрессивный — отсталый», «научный — выдуманный»; использование экспрессивной, отрицательно окрашенной лексики. The second half of the 1980s opens a new stage of Ukrainian historiography. It was connected with the processes of democratization of the socio-political life of the country. However, the influence of Soviet atheist ideology on church-historical research remained quite strong. one of the main tasks of this study is to trace the ideological features of the formation of the historical thinking of Ukrainian historians in the context of understanding the role and place of the Church in the country's past. Using historical-typological and historical-comparative methods, the authors analyze the publications of Ukrainian historians, philosophers, and public figures of the second half of the 1980s concerning issues of church history. The author substantiates the conclusions that the main methodological methods of ideological distortion of church history were: wholesale simplification of historical reality; purposeful simplification of the church's interpretation of the past of Russia, distortion of the conclusions of Christian authors; the formation of a negative attitude to the position of church scientists by labeling, unjustified opposition «friend — foe», «progressive — backward», «scientific-fictional»; the use of expressive, negatively colored vocabulary. The article also discusses specific examples of the implementation of these methods in the distortion of historical reality in the cultural, social, public and state spheres. The ideological myth of «church modernism» in Russian theology of the second half of the twentieth century is analyzed separately.

From Khrushchev’s Kulish to Chicken Kyiv: How Soviet Power Redefined Ukrainian Cuisine

Abstract During the rule of Josef Stalin, the Soviet government sought to promulgate a common culinary aesthetic to facilitate the goals of the Soviet project. But pushback against these “socialist realist foodways” emerged in Soviet Ukraine. During the Khrushchev era the Ukrainian government took the step of creating Ukrains”ki stravy (“Ukrainian Dishes”). First published in 1957, this Ukrainian-language cookbook sought to articulate foodways that were both socialist realist and distinctively Ukrainian. The inevitable contradictions within this effort foreshadowed the problems that would dominate Soviet food discourse in subsequent decades, as the USSR’s citizens increasingly critiqued the shortcomings of the Soviet food system and attempted to reclaim prerevolutionary, and particularly national, culinary traditions. Drawing on published and archival Ukrainian sources, this paper explores the uncomfortable balance between nationality policy and official Soviet food discourse in the postwar era, and how this contributed to the eventual demise of socialist realist foodways.

The politics of literal translation in Soviet Ukraine

Abstract Nikolai Gogol (Ukrainian: Mykola Hoholʹ) is a notable example of a nineteenth-century Russian author of Ukrainian origin, whose works in Ukrainian translation have always been and now remain ideologically fraught. This article discusses the dynamics of translation – from creative stylization to awkward literalism – during the period from the late 1920s to the early 1950s. Later Ukrainian editions of Gogol’s works in the Ukrainian SSR were not substantially different from those published in the mid-1950s, which indicates that by that time the Soviet model of Ukrainian literary language had been firmly established. It tended to increasingly merge with Russian, taking the Russian-language writings of Gogol as a model. The study reveals a tension between Ukrainian national idealism and the Soviet regime’s pragmatic use of language as a means of political propaganda. The discussion further challenges Russian-to-Ukrainian literalism as a strategy for manufacturing linguistic similarities and “naturalizing” Russian as the mother tongue.

Ukrainian standard variants in the 20th century: stylometry to the rescue

AbstractIn this study, we use the General Regionally Annotated Corpus of Ukrainian (GRAC, www.uacorpus.org) as an experimental field for testing stylometric approaches for variationist analysis. While, in the last years, quantitative methods such as binomial mixed-effects regression models as well as machine-learning methods such as random forests have gained considerable popularity in corpus linguistics, methods from stylometry have not been used for variation-linguistic analysis very often. Using data from GRAC, we show that a stylometric approach can be useful to analyze the diachronic development of Standard Ukrainian in the 20th century. We take departure from the two main variants of Standard Ukrainian used in the interwar period in Soviet Ukraine, on the one hand, and Western Ukraine as it was part of the Polish republic, on the other. We ask: what can stylometry tell us about how these standards differed and about their subsequent fate in enlarged Soviet Ukraine after WWII?Our analysis shows that certain specifically Western Ukrainian features common during the first decades of the 20th century did not find their way into the post-WWII standard, while others were retained. Moreover, we show that, by and large, stylometry shows a stronger continuity of the Eastern than the Western standard.Methodologically, we demonstrate that stylometry can be used as a tool to start corpus-linguistic research from a bird’s-eye view and in an inductive manner, without formulating any hypotheses regarding particular variables, and later zoom in on hitherto unknown variables representing regional or diachronic differences.

ЕТАПИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДІЗНАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the historical development of inquiry bodies on the territory of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the introduction and functioning of new legal institutions both cause fundamental changes in people's minds and are a consequence of these changes. One of the legal institutions that has significantly influenced the development of legal systems in the world is the institution of pre-trial investigation, including its form - inquiry. Six stages of formation of legal regulation of inquiry in Ukraine are established. It is determined that in antiquity, operational and investigative activities began to emerge, which is primarily traced in religious stories. It is investigated that during the existence of Kievan Rus, the collection "Ruska Pravda" contained many elements of the pre-trial investigation, the responsibility for which was entrusted to the victim. It is determined that during the existence of the Zaporizhian Sich there is a mention of the traditional conduct of inquiries by the military ossuary in cases of conflicts between the Cossacks or their crimes. In the Ukrainian lands, which were part of the Russian Empire, in 1718 began a stage of dynamic development of knowledge. It is concluded that the institute of inquiry in the Russian Empire first appeared in fact, and then received its legal enshrinement in numerous legal acts. It is at this stage of the formation of legal regulation of the inquiry is the separation of inquiry and investigation, the separation of the judiciary from the executive. It is established that the pre-trial investigation, including the institute of inquiry, during the existence of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic has received a difficult path of development, constantly reforming in search of the optimal model. According to the new criminal procedure legislation of independent Ukraine, inquiry is a form of pre-trial investigation (along with pre-trial investigation) in which criminal offenses are investigated. It is noted that in 2020 the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine in Connection with the Adoption of the Law of Ukraine" On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Simplification of Pre-trial Investigation of Certain Categories of Criminal Offenses "came into force. changes in legislation and the introduction of a relatively new institution of criminal misconduct. The role of investigators in the criminal process and features of the inquiry, which has a special (simplified) nature at the present stage of development of the legal system are analyzed.

Processing of the newspaper fund by creating an electronic database of a retrospective bibliography

The article prepared by the authors continues the tradition of scientific and practical work of the State Print Archive in the matter of publishing the results of analytical and statistical analysis of the fund of newspaper periodicals stored in the vaults of the Book Chamber of Ukraine. The newspaper periodical of the 1960s is updated in this survey. The authors raise the problem of researching newspaper periodicals, pay attention to its genre, format, publishing standards, etc. The work includes an analysis of previous publications on the given topic. The purpose of the presented article is to present a generalized picture of the development of newspaper periodicals in Ukraine in 1960. The methods of scientific research were general (comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis) and special (grouping, graphic presentation, correlation of data, component analysis, formation of dynamic series). The parameters for the analytical and statistical analysis of the fund of newspaper periodicals were such indicators as the geography of the location of publishing houses, the dynamics of their development from the point of view of the growth of printed products, the status and purpose of newspaper products, the language of publication of newspaper prints, etc. The authors carefully analyzed the content of Ukrainian Soviet newspapers of the specified period and made conclusions regarding their correspondence to the social and political regime of that time. A separate research episode of the article became collective farm newspapers, which at the specified stage of Ukraine's development acquired special dynamism. In the work carried out, the authors relied on the requirements and standards in force in the Book Chamber of Ukraine regarding the creation of electronic databases of retrospective bibliography.

Assistance to Ukrainian SSR Police Officers in the Fight against Crime and Protection of Public Order in the 20s of the 20th Century

The paper deals with the issues of assistance of the population to the police in the fight against criminal crime and the protection of public order in the USSR in the 20s. of the 20th century. The author examines some features of the involvement of auxiliary forces by the Soviet Ukraine police, including committees of non-eligible villagers, village performers, janitors, workers’ squads. The role of each type of auxiliary forces in the protection of public order and the fight against criminal crime is revealed.The author points out that the committees of the unfit villagers, contributing to the realization of the goals of combating banditry, actively opposed the kulaks. The role of the institute of rural performers who contributed to solving the tasks of the police by protecting public order, supervising the execution of decisions of local councils, performing security and convoy functions is considered. It is noted that the tasks of street cleaners in each city household included supervision of order and public safety within the boundaries of the territory of households. The paper also reveals the specifics of assisting the police by workers’ teams (druzhinas) who opposed thefts and hooliganism on the streets of large cities, actively conducted propaganda activities among workers.The paper focuses on the widespread use of explanatory work and campaigning through speeches to workers’ organizations and village gatherings, posting publications in the media in order to attract the population to the tasks of the police.The author concludes that due to the close connection with the working class and the peasantry, the tasks set to combat crime and protect public order by the Soviet police were successfully carried out, specifying what prospects in the work of the modern police will reveal the appeal to similar experience of the Soviet state.