Soviet Era Research Articles

Антропологическое измерение эффекта Пигмалиона

The "Pygmalion effect" applies to humans. It is a phenomenon in which their own expectations of themselves or what other people expect from them can influence their behavior and performance. Moreover, this works even at the most basic, primitive physiological level — in an enriched environment, the brain becomes larger in volume, and the density of its nervous tissue increases, while provoking severe stress or depleted conditions reduce the number of nerve cells in the brain. People in the USSR had absolute confidence that in the end good would win (the Pygmalion effect or placebo in the language of medicine), while from the 1990s to the present day, inclusive, the opposite attitude (program) totally prevails in Russia — evil will still prevail (the Golem effect or nocebo in the language of medicine). The proof of the Pygmalion effect in Soviet times is modal personalities — those who realized all the best of their (Soviet) era. There are countless of such examples in Soviet times. One of the most prominent of them in the philosophical environment was Professor V.A. Kutyrev. Anyone could become an academician, philosopher, engineer, officer or cosmonaut, etc. It was the Pygmalion effect in action.

Soviet heritage: clubs, palaces of culture, and other cultural buildings of Kamensk-Uralsky erected in the 1930-1960s.

The article provides a historical and architectural review of the unique heritage of the Soviet era - the clubs and palaces of culture of Kamensk-Uralsky, an industrial city in the Urals, Russia. Changes in the architectural style of these buildings and their use in connection with the changing political situation in the country are retraced.

ON THE ISSUE OF TRANSCRIPTION IN HISTORICAL TURKIC TEXT STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA

After the acceptance of Islam by Turkic people, the Arabic script was introduced and became prevalent in the region of Turkestan. From the time of the Karakhanid dynasty, the first Turkic-Islamic state, numerous works were composed and transcribed using the Arabic script. These works now serve as valuable historical texts for scholars and researchers. Arabic script remained in use in Kazakhstan until the 1920s. Despite sporadic research efforts to uncover and analyze Turkic texts transcribed in the Arabic script, these works received limited attention during the Soviet era. However, since Kazakhstan gained independence, there has been a surge in studies aimed at exploring these historical texts. In such studies, the transcription of the texts is typically conducted using Cyrillic or Latin script, and in some cases, both are employed. Following the initiation of Kazakhstan's transition to the Latin alphabet in 2017, there has been renewed interest in transcribing Turkic texts written in the Arabic script. This study aims to re-evaluate the transcription alphabet employed in previous research on historical texts in Kazakhstan and propose a new transcription system that is suitable for the new Latin script. The proposed alphabet will be applied to the Chagatai manuscripts of Divān-i Hikmet, Qıṣṣa-i Sulṭān Ḥubbı̇̄, Destūr'ül-‘ilāj and Durruʾl-ʿacāyib, located in Kazakhstan. The last two works, which have significant historical and linguistic value, have not yet been extensively studied by scholars. Destūr'ül-‘ilāj is a medical book on Central Asian herbalism and medicine, written in Chagatai, a language with Classical Period features. Durruʾl-ʿacāyib is a collection of 66 chapters that narrates hadiths and belongs to Chagatai's Post-Classical Period.

Развитие атомного ледокольного флота и его роли в экономическом освоении Северного морского пути

This scientific article studies the development of nuclear icebreakers, the history of their commissioning and service; the growth of nuclear icebreaker capacity is investigated. The Soviet and Russian stages of their history have been compared. A diagram of this development was constructed. Key tactical and technical data of nuclear icebreakers are compared; their proportionality and similarity are proved. The prospects of the nuclear icebreaker fleet development are investigated. The growth of cargo turnover along the Northern Sea Route in 1933–2022 is analyzed and systematized. The development of nuclear icebreakers is compared with the growth of cargo turnover along the Northern Sea Route, their interdependence is proved; the diagram of this interdependence is constructed. The reasons for the influence of both the development of the human economy and political events in and around Russia on the changes in the grouping of nuclear icebreakers are revealed. It is identified that the volumes of transportations along the Northern Sea Route in the 21st century are many times higher than in the Soviet era, largely due to the growth of the quality and quantity of the nuclear icebreaker fleet. The reasons for the reduction of the nuclear icebreaker fleet at the beginning of the 21st century under the influence of the general temporary reduction of cargo flows along the Northern Sea Route are shown. Maximum small and optimal sizes of nuclear icebreakers grouping for effective operation of the Northern Sea Route are specified.

Сопоставительная характеристика кубачинского и ицаринского идиомов даргинского ареала: фонетические данные

The paper aims to identify common and distinctive features in the phonetic system of the Kubachi language and the Itsari dialect of the Tsudakhar-Sirkhin language (the Dargin branch of the Nakh-Dagestanian languages). Based on extralinguistic observations, the Dargin languages were considered as a single language during the Soviet era, although they had many differences at all linguistic levels, including phonetics. They have a rich and complex system of both vowel and consonant systems. Meanwhile, the common properties and differences in the sound system of almost all Dargin lects remain unexplored, which complicates the problem of creating a final classification of Dargin languages and dialects. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the sound composition of the Kubachi and Itsari lects and the phonetic processes occurring in them. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a significant amount of new material on the phonetic level of the compared linguistic units has been introduced into scientific use. As a result of the study, the issues of formation and functioning of long vowels, pharyngealized and labialized sounds, geminate consonants, as well as the sound processes occurring in the Kubachi language and the Itsari dialect were investigated. The common features and differences in the compared lects were revealed, sound correspondences were determined, the principles of the stress position were investigated.

THE SPECTRUM OF THREATS TO WOMEN'S PERSONAL SAFETY IN THE 1920-1935 (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE URALS)

The article considers the threats to the personal safety of women in the Urals in the period of the 1920-1935. The source base of the research of the topic was archival documents identified in the Ural archives, periodical press materials, memories of eyewitnesses of the events. The main factors that influenced the state of women's personal security are named: the general low level of well-being of the population, the weak development of social guarantees for the life support of citizens of the country, the complex of the old customs and mores of society. The old (traditional) and new, genuine and imaginary threats to women's health and life in the extreme conditions of the first decades of the Soviet era are characterized and illustrated.

Исторический обзор русских биографий Аристотеля (вторая половина XVIII – начало XX в.)

The article reviews some multi-genre texts of Russian intellectual literature (the 18th – early 20th centuries), containing structured biographies of Aristotle: dictionaries and encyclopedias, textbooks, educational and scientifi c publications. The author singles out seven main chronological periods in the history of the philosopher’s biographies’ creation, as well as their features and source base, with special attention to the authors’ personalities. A separate block examines the key biographies of Aristotle written in the Soviet era. In the main part of the article the author describes each of the selected periods chronologically in every detail, and considers the history of the individual biographical works’ creation. It is noted that the content of the studied texts varies from full-fl edged biographical sketches to brief notes, listing only the main facts or stages of Aristotle’s life. The conclusion is made about the auxiliary nature of these works, where the philosopher’s biography was often referred to when compiling thematic encyclopedic and dictionary articles, or historical references for educational purposes. At the same time, this information was borrowed mainly from foreign encyclopedic publications and popular science works devoted to Aristotle. The above features of the content of the studied texts allow us to call them Russian biographies of Aristotle only conditionally. Among the designated authors there are scientists from various fi elds, philosophers, publicists, theologians and popularizers of science. However, among them there were no professional researchers who purposefully studied the biography of Aristotle. The most signifi cant for the Russian culture of the studied period are the works of S. Ya. Nechaev, G. Voskresensky, S. S. Gogotsky, S. G. Kovner, E. F. Litvinova, S. N. Trubetskoy.

Orthodox Poets of the Soviet Era: Aleksandr Solodovnikov, Vasily Nikitin, Sergey Averintsev, Elena Pudovkina

The article explores the work of Orthodox poets during the Soviet era, particularly focusing on Aleksandr Solodovnikov, Vasily Nikitin, Sergey Averintsev, and Elena Pudovkina. It formulates a general principle of the poetic style of these authors as the principle of soul, word, and world transformation, realized through prayerful and confessional expressions. The distinctive feature of the resurging Orthodox poetry in the 20th century primarily lay in its pursuit of maximum immediacy, simplicity, and originality, deliberately transcending “literariness,” which was particularly burdensome for individuals of the 20th century. In turn, the analysis reveals that due to this aspiration for the primacy of the word, it unexpectedly proves to be far more complex than it appears at first glance. It carries not only profound meanings of Orthodox faith but also the deep tradition of Christian “literariness” in the best sense of the term—an active continuity with the texts of predecessors, reaching back to ancient Russian and Byzantine heritage. Moreover, it strives to reproduce the spirit of the Gospel’s word, as far as it is humanly possible. Literary creation for an Orthodox person is justified and beneficial only when it constitutes a part of their spiritual self-improvement and transmits the experience of this work to others. It represents the work of soul transformation by the grace of God, captured in the word. Spiritual poetry is traditional not only in content but also in form, oriented toward classical poetry of the 19th century as its model. In cases when it diverges from this model, it does not tend toward the modernism of the 20th century but, conversely, delves into the deep archaism of the early centuries of Christianity, sometimes directly aligning with the structure of the Gospel’s word and canonical church hymns. This is logical since the breakdown of classical poetic structure in the 20th century was a consequence of secularization—the despiritualization of the world and language. Accordingly, the reverse process inevitably led to the revival of the style of classical poetry and even its earlier form—the church poetry.

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

Islamic Tibb and Soviet Medicine: Trajectories, Resiliency and Appeal of Indigenous Medical Practitioners in Central Asia, 1921–1991

Abstract This article explores the trajectories of the encounter of Soviet state and its ‘modern,’ ‘scientific’ medicine with Islamic tibb in Central Asia, providing an overview of the different facets and manifestations of these pathways throughout the lifespan of the Soviet Union. The survey elucidates how the initial expansion of Soviet medicine followed by a later erosion of the Soviet healthcare system came into play to underline the complex relationships of Soviet health workers and indigenous medical practitioners as well as their rivalry and negotiations for legitimacy and authority across different settings and contexts. It argues that by virtue of castigating tibb as a remnant of the ‘backward past’ as well as demonising and suppressing tabibs, Soviet medical authorities eventually appropriated the traditional medical knowledge of the region and denigrated Central Asian indigenous medicine to the realm of ‘non-traditional’ by the end of the Soviet era.

The Phenomenon of Soviet Factory Sociology (Based on Biysk City)

This article is devoted to such a scientific and social phenomenon of the Soviet era as factory sociology. The history of the formation and decay of this extremely interesting applied discipline is traced using the example of Biysk city, one of the leading centers of the Soviet defense industry in the 1960’s – 1980’s. The article is based on the personal memories of Sergey Orlov and Lyudmila Mrachkovskaya, who in the 1970’s and 1980’s worked as factory sociologists at such large enterprises as the Research and Production Association “Altai”, the Biysk Chemical Combine, and the Biysk Oleum Plant. Publications of the corporate newspaper of the Biysk Oleum Plant “Za progress” (“For Progress”) have been introduced into scientific circulation as a new source of information about the work of factory sociologists, and this helps in understanding problems that were of concern for the management of Soviet enterprises. In conclusion, several hypotheses are put forward to indicate the horizon for further research on the topic of factory sociology.

Z dziejów przyjaźni polsko-ormiańskiej

FROM THE HISTORY OF POLISH-ARMENIAN FRIENDSHIP: THE CASE OF MARIA GROCHOLSKA (1917-1989)
 Maria Grocholska (1917-1989) played a significant role in Polish-Armenian cultural relations during the Soviet era. Born in St. Petersburg to a Polish family, she studied Russian philology and Armenian philology in Leningrad. Her studies continued in Yerevan from 1940 to 1945, and from 1945 to 1948 she worked there as Professor Gurgen Sewak’s assistant. After abandoning the completion of her doctoral studies, she worked in primary and secondary schools in Armenia, where she taught Russian and Armenian. From 1955 to 1960, she taught Russian at the Academy of Theology in Etchmiadzin. She was a fervent advocate of the Armenian language during the Russification era. In 1962, she translated into Armenian Bohdan Gębarski’s essay on the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, titled List do starego tureckiego znajomego [A Letter to an Old Turkish Acquaintance], which resonated widely in Armenia. She also translated several literary works by Polish authors into Armenian, including Stanisław Lem’s well-known novel Solaris. She moved to Poland in 1969, where she taught Russian at a high school in Grodzisk Mazowiecki and assisted Bohdan Gębarski in translating literature from Armenian. Grocholska died in Warsaw. In March 1989, a solemn memorial service was held in Etchmiadzin in her honor performed by Catholicos Vazgen I.

I Never Thought I Would End Up Here: the Context of Nursing Home Relocation Among Lithuanian Older Adults

Nursing home relocation is considered one of the most significant and stressful events in older age. Research shows that a variety of factors influence the decision to move to a nursing home and that the circumstances of the move have an impact on the post-move adaptation process and the quality of life in the nursing home. This paper aimed to reveal the context of the nursing home relocation of older people. Research data was gathered through life story interviews with 18 nursing home residents. Life story interviews were supplemented with semi-structured interview questions. The research revealed that the decision to move and the subjective experience of nursing home relocation is shaped not only by micro-environmental factors of an older person, such as health status or certain personality traits, but also by the conditions of the broader socio-economic, political and historical context. The interaction of these factors, which can be conditionally distinguished at the individual, family (community) and societal levels, creates a unique context in which older people decide to move to a nursing home. On an individual level, such factors as a person’s health, values and beliefs, personality traits, circumstances of the nursing home relocation and knowledge of possible alternatives to residential care affect the relocation decision-making. On the family or community level, the influence of family members, recommendations from social workers, doctors and acquaintances, community social support networks and access to social services play an important role. And lastly, on the societal level such factors as cultural norms and values (i.e. societal attitudes towards residential care and attitudes towards parental care), organisation of the social services system and history of the country (Soviet era) affect the nursing home relocation decision-making.

Şeydabəy Məmmədovun tədqiqatlarında M.F.Axundzadə: Sovetlər dövrünün kontekstində tənqidi təhlil

During the Soviet era, social sciences, especially philosophy, which was one of the most ideologically oriented fields, tried to follow the course of the ruling ideology. Ideologization has significantly undermined the objectivity of ongoing research in philosophy and the history of philosophy. In this sense, the studies of the Soviet historian of philosophy of the ХХ century, Sheydabek Mammadov, devoted to the analysis of the sociophilosophical views of Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh, is distinguished by its ideological character. Sheydabek Mammadov is trying to show Akhundzadeh the way he wants to see him. Instead of studying the legacy of Akhundzadeh, his research is more focused on modernization and presentation of the great enlightener in the ideological format of the Soviet era. Of course, the ideologically veiled research of Sheydabek Mammadov make exaggerations and distortions inevitable when analyzing Akhundzadeh‟s sociophilosophical views. In all the studies of Sheydabek Mammadov, Akhundzadeh is presented as a militant materialist and a consistent atheist, in the spirit of the Soviet era. Although Sheydabek Mammadov connects Akhundzadeh‟s enlightenment with the French enlightenment, but he does not explain in what issues and how these relations manifest themselves. He is content to mention the role of the French enlighteners in the formation of Akhundzadeh as a “materialist” and an “atheist”. He also does not talk about the subsequent development of the Enlightenment and its criticism in the XX century. However, in the modern era, such moments leave research conducted in Soviet times about representatives of Azerbaijani culture out of relevance. In this sense, constructive criticism of Soviet-era studies, which are an integral part of our philosophical heritage, is important. In the article, when studying the works of Sheydabek Mammadov about Akhundzadeh, this method was applied. Constructive criticism gives new relevance to the research conducted in various fields of philosophy in the Soviet era.

Historical Roots of Interethnic Harmony and Tolerance in Uzbekistan

Objectives: This article explores the historical roots of interethnic harmony and tolerance in Uzbekistan, a country situated in Central Asia. Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, with a long history of different ethnic groups coexisting and interacting within its borders. The paper examines key historical periods and events that have shaped the foundations of interethnic harmony in the region.
 
 Methods: The article begins by delving into the ancient history of Uzbekistan, highlighting the influence of various civilizations and empires, such as the Persian, Greek, and Arab empires. These interactions fostered cultural exchange, religious pluralism, and linguistic diversity, laying the groundwork for a society that embraced differences and valued coexistence. Furthermore, the paper explores the legacy of the Silk Road, which played a pivotal role in connecting different regions and facilitating trade and cultural exchange. The Silk Road brought together merchants, scholars, and artisans from diverse backgrounds, fostering cross-cultural understanding and tolerance.
 
 Results: The article also examines the impact of Islam on interethnic relations in Uzbekistan. Islam arrived in the region during the 8th century and became a unifying force, transcending ethnic boundaries. The spread of Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, further promoted a spirit of harmony and acceptance, emphasizing the importance of spirituality over divisions based on ethnicity or social status. Moreover, the article discusses the Soviet era and its effect on interethnic relations. During this period, the Soviet government implemented policies aimed at promoting equality and unity among different ethnic groups. Education and employment opportunities were made accessible to all, fostering a sense of shared identity and promoting social cohesion. Finally, the article examines contemporary Uzbekistan, highlighting the efforts of the government in promoting interethnic harmony and tolerance. The country has adopted policies that protect minority rights, encourage cultural diversity, and foster dialogue among different ethnic groups. Initiatives such as language and cultural festivals, interethnic marriages, and inclusive education programs contribute to a society where diversity is celebrated and valued.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, Uzbekistan's historical roots of interethnic harmony and tolerance can be traced back to its ancient civilizations, the Silk Road, the influence of Islam, and the policies implemented during the Soviet era. These factors have shaped a society that embraces diversity and promotes peaceful coexistence among its various ethnic groups. Understanding and appreciating these historical foundations are crucial for fostering continued harmony and tolerance in Uzbekistan and beyond.

Interdisciplinary study of the medium-term fertility trend in Latvia (1970-2022)

The article aims at identifying the medium-term fertility trend in Latvia. The main research question is whether it is possible in the near future to increase fertility in Latvia, as planned in the “Strategy for the Reproduction of the Nation FAMILY - LATVIA - 2030 (2050)”. The authors conducted the mathematical analysis of fertility in Latvia for the medium-term period of 1970-2022 (53 years), which includes two decades of the so-called “Soviet era” and the period of independence after the collapse of the USSR. The study is based on the available data of the official Latvian statistics on the total fertility rate. The novelty of this interdisciplinary - demographic, economic and sociological - study is determined by the use of mathematical analysis to identify demographic trends, which is not typical for the publications of Latvian and foreign researchers. The study is also based on the theory of economic cycles to identify demographic fertility cycles and their phases in Latvia and to predict fertility rates in Latvia for the near future. Furthermore, the analysis of the sociological surveys data allowed to understand the main reason for the steady - in the medium-term perspective - linear decline in fertility in Latvia. This reason is value changes in the society, in which children are no longer at the center of the life value system of men and especially women in Latvia, i.e., are no longer considered necessary for the realization of their life goals and ambitions. Based on the results of the mathematical analysis of the medium-term fertility trend in Latvia, the authors believe that the decline in fertility in Latvia will continue for several more years before the bottom of the next demographic fertility cycle will be reached (and this bottom will be lower than the previous one, i.e., below 1.22 -1.25), and there will be an upturn in a linearly declining fertility trend. However, even this expected rise will not reach the previous peak; the next peak is likely to be below 1.74. Thus, the desired and even expected by the creators of the “Strategy for the Reproduction of the Nation” increase in fertility in Latvia to the level of 1.77 by 2027 is considered by the authors unattainable.

Azərbaycan tarixinin orta əsr məsələləri Heydər Əliyev irsində

Heydar Aliyev, who did invaluable services in the protection of our historical, national and moral values, has always taken special care of our material and spiritual culture and tried to protect it. The monuments erected in honor of our historical figures, the protection of our historical and cultural monuments and the celebration of the anniversaries of well-known personalities at the international level, the issuance of decrees on deportations and genocides are connected with the name of the great leader Heydar Aliyev. The personality of Heydar Aliyev tried to declare to the whole world that the Azerbaijani people are a people with an ancient culture, both during the Soviet era and during the period of independence. He tried to prove this by preserving the historical and religious monuments that existed in Azerbaijan in the middle ages and passing them on to the next generations. It included medieval sources and our historical figures who lived in this period too.

“The Other”, Official History, and Memory of the City in Soviet Guidebooks to Chernivtsi

The paper examines attempts to create new interpretations of the memory and history of Chernivtsi during the Soviet era through the prism of guidebooks and tries to deconstruct it. Guidebooks are considered primarily as textual representations of official policies on reconstructing Chernivtsi's past as valuable narrative sources for understanding how the totalitarian state ideologically dominated this culturally diverse city. A linguistic approach based on the theoretical model of newspeak is applied to the study of publications in order to identify discourses and analyze them. Soviet newspeak in guidebooks functions as a means of constructing narratives and an instrument for their internalization in society. The author also examines the guidebooks in the context of official historical and national policies in the post-Stalin USSR, which, in the case of the annexed territories of the Ukrainian SSR in the aftermath of the Second World War, involved the assimilation of new regions by Ukrainians along with the cleansing and demonization of local “Others.” The ideological framework for these actions included discourses on “Old Russian ethnicity” (davnoruska narodnist) as “a cradle of three brotherly peoples,” “Russian-Ukrainian friendship,” “Great Patriotic War,” and others. The study also seeks to understand the motivations of the guidebooks' authors, drawing on their biographies. It concludes that Soviet guidebooks to Chernivtsi, adhering to the official doctrine, create an exclusive and sanitized image of the city's past, aimed at erasing the history and experiences of the local “Others,” represented primarily by Romanians, Jews, and Germans, who, before the Soviet annexation, were demographically dominant ethnic groups in the city. In specific contexts, markers of “Others” create the illusion of presence and agency; however, the guidebook`s texts mostly ignore the multicultural past of Chernivtsi. Simultaneously, when the “Others” are not excluded from the narrative, their very presence in Chernivtsi's history was mainly interpreted as a hostile phenomenon, a historical mistake, and a consequence of colonial oppression in the city declared by the Soviet authorities to be primordially Ukrainian. As publications aimed at tourists and guests of the city, guidebooks appropriately represent Soviet memorials and objects of the symbolic space of Chernivtsi, through carefully crafted textual interpretations. Tourist guides are regarded as significant sources for researching local memory and history policies.

Professor of Kharkiv University A. M. Stoyanov as a historian of law

Introduction. The article highlights the main milestones of the professional development of Kharkiv University professor A. Stoyanov and his scientific activity in the field of history of law. It was found that modern researchers who, in the course of their scientific research, turned to the analysis of his works, for certain reasons, emphasize primarily the work of the scientist in the field of international law, but usually do not pay any attention to the extremely wide range of historical and legal research of the scientist, which in his scientific creativity, he himself took far from the last place in terms of importance and volume. This is what determined the topic of this article. Summary of the main results of the study. It is noted that one of the most interesting historical and legal works by A. Stoyanov's monograph "History of Advocacy among Ancient Peoples", in which the monuments of law and legal thought of Egypt, India, ancient Jews, Greeks and Romans were analyzed. The embryo of the Institute of Advocacy A. Stoyanov saw precisely in the ancient Greek synegory. His historical and legal studies "Historical analogies and points of intersection of new legislation with ancient law", "The beginnings of family law among primitive peoples", "Family law and inheritance among Jews" and published by the publishing house of Kharkiv University in separate brochures aroused considerable interest among scientists and students of that time, "Family, marriage, and the legal position of women according to the legislative monuments of India", "Customary law in the history of the most important states of Europe and especially France", "Customs of society and courts in France from the end of the 17th century. until 1789". A certain result of this stage of his studies of ancient law was the publication of the author's lectures devoted to the history of the legislation of the countries of the East. Some scientific research carried out by Professor Stoyanov at one time caused heated discussions and controversies. Among these, first of all, we can mention the work "Historical analogies and points of intersection of new legislation with ancient law", which was published in 1883 and was an extremely interesting attempt at diachronic comparative research, one of the first that was carried out in the universities of Eastern Europe. He was an ardent supporter of comparative and especially historical methods of studying legal institutions. He used them widely when writing his scientific works. The scientist published a significant part of his works in the journal "Notes of the Kharkiv University". One of the most interesting historical and legal studies, which has not lost its relevance even today, is the work "Criminal Law of Rome from the earliest times to Justinian inclusive", published here in 1895. Conclusion. The conclusion that A. Stoyanov was a bright representative of that generation of lawyers of the Kharkiv school, whose work created the foundation of the modern national science of the history of law. His works, which during the Soviet era were forgotten for ideological reasons and only briefly mentioned by researchers, contain many layers of valuable historical and legal information and deep scientific conclusions. The merits of the scientist in the future have yet to be fully assessed by the next generation of lawyers.

The Epoch that Did Not Happen. The Poem of the Perished and Its Relationship to History

It is difficult to exclude the expression of socialist realism in Lithuanian literature because of a deep coup d’état of intellectual values caused after the Soviets occupied Lithuania in 1940, in a System collapsing and masking political facts. Then, a year later, when the German occupation started, all the horrors of the Soviet occupation revealed their reality, the grip of censorship fell, and a call to the nation began... At that time, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas (1893-1967) created a poem which would become a great historical exception from the poetry of the Soviet era, which, after the return of the Red Army in 1944 “folded its wings” against propaganda and censorship legitimising the occupation, and against the introduction of the dogma of socialist realism in literature. The fate of Putinas’ poem became exceptional, breaking destinies by circulating in the underground and remaining anonymous, as the author could not name himself for the sake of survival in literature, spreading from the partisans’ movement to the American Lithuanian press. It is worth taking note of three factors: a) the relevance of the courage of the poem’s insights, which are constantly reborn at the non-end of the story; b) the controversy of the relationship between the poem and the author in the era of “socialist realism” and the uncertainty of that era, which penetrated even the life of a famous writer, fearing the openness of historical truth, c) significance of the creation date of the poem “Vivos plango. Mortuos voco” (1943), its spontaneous spread, concealment of authorship and the circumstances of its returned relevance in the present, which speak of its phenomenon, overshadowing the ineffectiveness of the “socialist realism” introduced by the Soviets in the context of Lithuanian literature.