Soviet Citizenship Research Articles

ДЕПОРТАЦИЯЛАНҒАН КӘРІСТЕРДІҢ ВАГОНДЫҚ (ОТБАСЫЛЫҚ) ТІЗІМДЕРІ ЗЕРТТЕУГЕ АРНАЛҒАН КӨПНҰСҚАЛЫ ДЕРЕККӨЗІ РЕТІНДЕ

The paper is a pioneering study of wagon (family) lists of deported Koreans through the prism of the polyvariant use of a historical source. Archival documents on the deportation of Koreans, kept for many decades as "top secret", became available in the early 1990s, but the wagon (family) lists never became the object of a special analyze and were only mentioned in some publications. Despite the limited and concise information, the lists provide rich material for verifying existing knowledge and identifying new aspects in demographic issues, such as: the average size of a Korean family, its composition, the number of children of Koreans, etc. Surnames, first names and patronymics (if any) indicated in the lists of deported Koreans are a source for studying the anthroponymy, the peculiarities of transcription of Korean surnames in Russian, how the names were given, etc. The topic of the citizenship of the deported Koreans became a key and priority issue because it remained a "blank spot" in research discourse. Opinions turned out to be diametrically opposed: most of the deported Koreans were not citizens of the USSR and vice versa - most of them had Soviet citizenship. Wagon (family) lists indicating the number of confiscated passports and the calculations made on this data, gave a clear answer that the overwhelming majority of Koreans were citizen of USSR. The article used only a small part of the wagon lists found in the archives of the Russian Federation, so the search for these sources and research from the point of view of various social sciences and humanities are ahead.

Simplified procedure for admission to citizenship of the Russian Federation

The article is devoted to the analysis of the simplified procedure for admission to Russian citizenship. Its application in practice, its scope are closely connected with specific socio-economic conditions and the specifics of its different periods. Before 1917, the use of the simplified procedure for acquiring Russian citizenship was based mainly on an economic factor - attracting highly qualified foreigners to the country. In the first years of Soviet power, the most important factor was the return to the homeland of citizens, who had been outside as a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire and three revolutions. This is one of the reasons for the inclusion in the 1924, 1930, and 1931 Regulations on Soviet Citizenship of a position on the simplified procedure for admission to Soviet citizenship. Note that the 1938 Law on Citizenship of the USSR no longer contained such positions. Only the 2002 Law on Citizenship of the Russian Federation returns to the simplified procedure for admission to Russian citizenship. This was primarily due to the fact that more people were needed to address the enormous, highly complex challenges facing Russia, primarily in the economy. Subsequently, a large number of changes and additions were made to this act. This is a clear indication that this institution should fully reflect modern activities, is in constant development, in search, fixing new, optimal solutions. This is especially evident these days in the face of a huge threat looming over Russia aimed at the destruction of its economy, political system, everything Russian. The use of the simplified procedure for acquiring Russian citizenship in recent times was mainly associated with the adoption, establishment of new entities in the Russian Federation, relocation of forced migrants to Russia. The new Federal Law on citizenship of the Russian Federation adopted in April 2023 is based on the amendments made in 2020 to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of our country and the actual practice of migration policy in Russia. It reduced the number of requirements for persons admitted to Russian Federation citizenship, and expanded the range of persons eligible for its simplified acquisition

Russian Modernism in the Memories of the Survivors: The Duvakin Interviews, 1967–1974 By Slav N.Gratchev, MargaritaMarinova, IrinaEvdokimova. Translated by Slav N. Gratchev and Margarita Marinova. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021, xii + 234 pp. $80.00. ISBN 978‐1‐4874‐2725‐9

Russian Modernism in the Memories of the Survivors: The Duvakin Interviews, 1967–1974 By Slav N.Gratchev, MargaritaMarinova, IrinaEvdokimova. Translated by Slav N. Gratchev and Margarita Marinova. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021, xii + 234 pp. $80.00. ISBN 978‐1‐4874‐2725‐9

Early Deportations of Jews in Occupied Poland (October 1939–June 1940): The German and the Soviet Cases

Abstract After the division of Poland in September 1939 following the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, deportations of Polish citizens were part of the Nazis’ plan to “Germanize” western and northern Poland, though the Jewish dimension of these events has hardly been investigated. Beyond the organized deportations by the German Security Police, there were local initiatives to expel Jews to the Soviet Zone of partitioned Poland. In the Soviet-occupied Polish territories, many Jews were deported in 1940 to remote areas of the USSR either as “unreliable” or “class alien elements,” or because of their refusal to accept Soviet citizenship. While the brutal Soviet policies unintendedly saved the majority of deported Jews from German extermination, the German deportations were the precursors to total mass murder. This article describes and compares the deportations on both sides, reconstructs the German transports, and concludes that the USSR’s deportations were part of its ongoing war against political opponents and “alien elements,” whereas the Germans’ were stepping stones on Karl A. Schleunes’s “twisted road to Auschwitz.”

유목문화가 카자흐스탄과 투르크메니스탄 독재체제 형성에 미친 영향 분석

On January 2, 2022, protests took place in Zhanaozen, a small town in western Kazakhstan, against the sharp increase in the price of LPG from 38 Tenge to 120 Tenge. After these protests, the first president, Nazarbayev, who had been in power for virtually 31 years, was forced to resign. On the other hand, in the Turkmenistan presidential election on March 12, 2022, Deputy Prime Minister Serdar, son of former President Berdimuhammedov, who had maintained power for 15 years, was elected with 73% of the votes.<BR> Based on the above facts, this study assumes that the nomadic traditions and cultures of both countries influenced the formation, maintenance, and succession of the dictatorship system. This study has the following main contents.<BR> First, the characteristics of power and politics in the nomadic traditions and culture of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan will be analyzed. To do this, it is necessary to understand the nomadic production method. And through this, the power structure and the political relationship between rulers and members will be analyzed.<BR> Second, it will be analyzed how Nazarbaev, Niyazov, and Berdimuhamedov used their nomadic traditions and culture to form their own dictatorship. Here, the policy of settlement and Soviet citizenship promoted under the Soviet system and the change in the political structure between tribes, nationalism and nepotism in both countries after independence, and process and content of application of nomadic culture and tradition to Stalin’s personality cult policy will be analyzed in detail.<BR> Third, the characteristics of the dictatorships of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan will be compared and analyzed. The characteristics of each country

Spaniards in the Great Patriotic War

Hundreds of Spanish volunteers who had ended up in the Soviet Union in various ways during or after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) took part in the Great Patriotic War. First, they were Spanish children, including teenagers. Secondly, several thousand members of the Spanish Communist Party and its leaders evacuated after the fall of the Republic. Thirdly, Spanish Republicans rescued by Soviet diplomats from French internment camps in 1939–1940. In addition, after the outbreak of war, the last of the pilots who had taken a pilot training course at the aviation school in Kirovabad remained in the USSR. The aim of this article is to systematise the information available in memoirs, archival sources and literature on the participation of Spanish volunteers in the war on the Soviet side and to draw conclusions as to the nature and forms of that participation. Soviet conscription centres did not have the authority to enrol Spaniards who did not have Soviet citizenship into the Red Army, and Spanish volunteers were allowed to go to the front thanks to several Soviet military officers who had fought in the Spanish Civil War. It is for this reason that the most massive and effective military efforts of the Spaniards behind enemy lines were in partisan and sabotage groups, as well as in the air force. The Spanish volunteers wrote a glorious chapter both in the history of their country and in the annals of the Great Patriotic War.

«Посольство Русской Церкви»: восстановление отечественных па-ломнических связей с Ближним Востоком в 1964 году

The relevance of the research topic is due to the significance of the academic understanding of the phenomenon of Orthodox pilgrimage to the Holy Land of the citizens of the USSR, as well as the need to fit this phenomenon into the history of international relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. The purpose of the research is to identify the main features of the first pilgrimage trip of Soviet citizens to the Middle East in 1964. Objectives: to study the organizational characteristics and event content of the journey of a group of believers from the USSR to the territory of historical Palestine in 1964, to identify degree of compliance of this journey with tra-ditional pilgrimage norms; to characterize the features of the representation of the trip in the memoirs of members of the pilgrimage group; to analyze the influence of the factor of Soviet citizenship of pilgrims on their behavior and communi-cation in the Holy Land. Methodology. The conducted research combined work with archival documents reflecting the goals and progress of the 1964 pilgrimage trip, as well as published memoirs of its participants. In the process of analyzing memories the method of content analysis was used - a qualitative and quantitative study of their texts. In addition, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used in the course of solving the tasks. Results. The paper demonstrates the inconsistency of the first pilgrimage trip of Soviet citizens to the Middle East with the traditions of Orthodox pilgrimage formed within the framework of Russian culture in the previous centuries. This discrepancy was determined by the lack of personal initiative, sacrifice, asceticism on the part of the group members, their dependence on church and state institutions, as well as the representative functions assigned to them. The study demonstrated that the delegation that went to the Holy Land had important church-diplomatic tasks that did not allow believers to focus on religious practices. The need to observe political loyalty to the Soviet state caused the pilgrims to be limited in words and actions, and also determined the choice of their subsequent memories. Conclusions. The article concludes that the trip of believers from the USSR to the Holy Land undertaken in 1964 became a significant event in the history of international relations of the Russian Orthodox Church and had a wide resonance in Orthodox circles of the Middle East. This event nominally revived the practice of Russian pilgrimage to historical Palestine, but the actual pilgrimage component of the journey turned out to be far from traditional ideals and norms.

러시아 연해주 지역 한인의 근대 경험 – 1920~1930년대 한인의 토지분배와 집단화

The purpose of this study is to examine the socialist modern experience experienced by Koreans living in the Russian Far East while participating in the construction of a new society after the Russian Revolution. At the end of 1922, as the civil war ended in Primorsky Krai and socialist construction began, Koreans began to actively participate in socialist construction.<BR> Participated as a representative of the Korean American plenipotentiary under the Far East Revolutionary Committee and contributed to the establishment of a socialist system by participating in the Soviet Executive Committee on Korean issues. And every Korean village living in the Far East began to build a Korean soviet.<BR> The problems faced by Koreans in Primorsky Krai during the Soviet period were very numerous. Since most Koreans were farmers, the land issue was a very sensitive issue. However, as the number of Koreans immigrating to Primorsky Krai increased, the problem of acquiring Soviet citizenship also overlapped, making it difficult to solve the problem. The Soviet authorities implemented a policy of granting citizenship to those who lived and worked in Primorsky Krai for a certain period of time. In order to solve the land problem, the Soviet authorities gave priority to the peasants in the Primorsky Territory. Nevertheless, the peasants who were not granted land pursued a policy of emigrating to Khabarovsk and Amur.<BR> At the 15th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, the policy of rapid heavy industry and comprehensive agricultural collectivization was decided. This decision brought about a major change in the lives of Koreans in the Far East. So, by 1934, the overall collectivization rate of Koreans had reached 60-65%, and in the case of farmers, 75-80%.<BR> As such, in the 1920s and 1930s, when the Korean Peninsula was experiencing the dark history of the Japanese colonial period, Koreans in Primorsky Province experienced a new era, a new society, and a new modernity.

Efmov , Mikhail Smit , Dzheral'd Sviatopolk-Mirskii (review)

SEER, 99, 3, JULY 2021 554 in the Modernist Novel’; and Violeta Sotirova, ‘Petersburg and the Problem of Consciousness in Modernist Fiction’. The question remains, as so often with publications of collections which, of necessity, lack a single authorial ‘voice’: who is the potential ‘reader’ of this Guide? The answer, most probably, depends on whether we are to understand the title as promising a ‘companion volume’ to a difficult and fascinating book for a reader not particularly well-versed in Russian language and literature or as a collection of specialist articles designed to facilitate the teaching of a university course on a hitherto somewhat neglected classic? As a teaching aid, I would recommend the book unreservedly. As a ‘companion volume’, I regretted the absence of the map of St Petersburg, an internet reference to which is given by the editor, and, perhaps, some other visual material, and found Part Two more reader-friendly than Part One, perhaps because the apt and insightful contributions tend to be more tightly interwoven with Belyi’s enchanting text. Part One, with its greater emphasis on general background and what Belyi read when, though useful and scholarly, provides information rather than involves the reader in a voyage of discovery, though contributions by Lange, Fink and Bethea provide agreeable exceptions. These reservations notwithstanding, this ‘Reader’s Guide’ is to be heartily recommended to all serious students and teachers of European modernism and should be available in every university library. Department of Russian Avril Pyman University of Durham Efimov, Mikhail and Smit, Dzheral´d [Smith, Gerald]. Sviatopolk-Mirskii. Zhizn´ zamechatel´nykh liudei, vol. 2025 (1825). Molodaia gvardiia, Moscow, 2021. 701 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. R792.00. Prince Dmitrii (occasionally Dimitrii, but Dim to his close family and friends) Sviatopolk-Mirskii is best known for two reasons. The first is his History of Russian Literature, especially the 1949 edition, which is regarded by more than a few specialists as still the best introduction in English to the splendours of Russian poetry and prose fiction (see pp. 324–36). The second reason is his return to Russia (apparently on a single, not return, ticket) in 1932, a year after taking Soviet citizenship and joining the CPGB. He was just 42. (Could he have been thinking of Prince Petr Kropotkin, who went back to Russia in May 1917?) Mirskii was arrested in 1937 on suspicion of working for British intelligence and died in a camp near Magadan in 1939, aged 48. It may be naive or pointless to ask ‘Why did he give up a steady job at the London School of Slavonic Studies and the chance to publish regularly in The REVIEWS 555 Slavonic Review?’ For your reviewer, however, the attempt to find answers to this question gives a unity to a very long book and makes it well worth reading in full, whether or not the mystery is either answered or answerable. It’s tempting to plan a better, if rather boring, future for the Prince: he becomes a Professor, retires some time between 1955 and 1960, and, like Sir Dimitri Obolensky in Oxford, is offered a knighthood, but in his own case politely declines. (On his time at the School see, i.a., pp. 144, 515, 518 and 520–39.) But Mirskii preferred to risk an early death to slowly rotting away (p. 416). Perhaps he was an incarnation of Dostoevskii’s fictional Prince Myshkin, one of innumerable twentieth-century too-clever-by-half and allegedly Useful Idiots, of whom there are still so many today, but currently praising Putin rather than Stalin? Even wise men sometimes stumble. Sceptics might ask whether it was worth writing and whether it is worth reading a 701-page volume about an extraordinary man who made one, literally fatal, mistake. The answer is a resounding ‘yes’, especially for those who are interested in modern, including contemporary, Russian history or, for that matter, in ‘eternal Russia’ (some things never change). I was constantly reminded of Catherine Belton’s recent long book about Putin’s People, some of whom, especially a few of Russian heritage, are as deluded by Putin as Mirskii was by Lenin and Stalin. Jean Goutchkov, for instance, in Belton...

“Married to a Foreigner”: A Chance of Not Returning to the Post-War USSR

This essay investigates marriages between displaced Soviet citizens and foreigners, in the context of problems of repatriation to the USSR after World War II, especially given previous policies on foreigners and persons without citizenship, as well as legislation on international marriages. The article analyses marriage statistics for 1945–1948, collected by the Soviet repatriation services, and the registration mechanisms and practices of repatriation for this category of citizens. Based on materials of the Office for Repatriation under the Council of People’s Commissars/Council of Ministers of the USSR, the legal framework for managing international marriages and specific steps to counteract the change of citizenship and repatriation to the USSR by persons who married foreigners are analysed to show how the USSR sought to complete repatriation from controlled countries of Eastern Europe, demanding that satellites assist in the registration and removal of all Soviet citizens. Real practice was based on maneuvering between prohibitions of international marriages and their legitimation, which made it possible to optimize repatriation, while levelling out massive departures from the country. The decision of the Soviet government of 24 July, 1945, endorsed by Stalin, authorising marriages with foreigners made during the war, and this remained in effect until the adoption of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 15 February, 1947, banning them. The USSR did not manage to avoid new mass emigration following the war, including to countries of Eastern Europe. However, Soviet citizenship was imposed on some “defectors” that potentially made it possible to control this population.

Female Pilgrimage to the Middle East during Global Transformation, or How Lost Female Pilgrims in the Holy Land Fell in the Sphere of Soviet Interests

The research focuses on establishing and personifying the rather shady and marginal group of “Russian female pilgrims” that decided to stay in the Holy Land in 1910—1920’s and caught the attention of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs after the formation of the state of Israel. In our research, we are introducing previously unpublished documents that give us the opportunity to examine this marginal group of elderly, religious women, who unexpectedly became acting figures in the Soviet-Israeli diplomatic relations and the Soviet struggle for Russian property in Palestine. The interest of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs in attaining property that previously belonged to institutions and representatives of the Russian Empire in Palestine naturally sparked the USSR’s keen interest in Russian nuns and female pilgrims in the region. The condition under which these women were granted Soviet citizenship was the recognition of Patriarch Alexius I of Moscow, which in itself is an expression of the new role, played by the Russian Orthodox Church under Stalinist leadership in the international (namely — Middle Eastern) arena. In this research paper we will demonstrate the mechanism of discussion and decision-making within the Soviet institutions, which pertained to the granting of a special kind of citizenship, one that officially forbade the entrance to the USSR. Among the documents published is the list of the female pilgrims, who lived in the Holy Land in 1952 and who were willing to receive Soviet citizenship.

The Fate of the Catholic Church of St. Louis of the French in Soviet Moscow: the Perspective of an American Assumptionist

From 1938 to 1992, the Church of St. Louis of the French was the only legally operating Roman Catholic parish church in Moscow. The peculiarity of the parish was that its core membership and its “executive bodies” comprised foreign nationals and representatives of the diplomatic corps, primarily of France and the United States. In the second half of the 1940s, amid rising tensions with the West, the Soviet authorities subjected the community of St. Louis and its clergy to their control. Today, it is possible to detail the circumstances of this case not only thanks to the Russian archival materials but also to the document published below, a copy of a memorandum by Fr. Leopold Braun, A. A., an American priest who administered the Church of St. Louis in 1934—1945. The document, originally forwarded to the US State Department in February 1954, was found in the Archives of the North American Province of the Assumptionists in the Provincial House in Boston, MA. In this document, Fr. Braun describes the history of the church in the Soviet period, focusing on the confrontation between its clergy and parishioners, on the one hand, and the Soviet authorities, on the other. He also suggests that the US Government intervene in the situation and return control of the church to Catholics of all nationalities, including those who do not have Soviet citizenship. The basis for such interference, from the point of view of Fr. L. Braun, was the Roosevelt — Litvinov agreements of 1933, which contained guarantees of religious freedoms for American citizens in the USSR.

Contribution of the Far Eastern Region to the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War and the End of World War II

In 1941—1945. The inviolability of the Far Eastern borders with limited human resources, a poorly developed system of communication links and a lack of financial resources was maintained using the country&amp;apos;s socio-political and military-economic capabilities. The demographic situation determined the mobilization capabilities of the region, the imbalance between the number of urban and rural residents, the personnel potential of military-industrial and civilian enterprises has increased, the problem of labor resources has become aggravated. The deployment of a military contingent in the Far East was, on the one hand, an incentive for the development of life-supporting industries, and on the other, an additional burden for limited regional resources. The introduction of a rationed supply of food and basic necessities to the population guaranteed a minimum of material benefits for the majority of the population. In the most difficult conditions, it was possible to preserve the social infrastructure at a level that ensures the reproduction of the labor force. The movement “Everything for the front, everything for the victory!” became a symbol of Soviet patriotism, citizenship and sacrifice. The war of the Soviet Union against Japan received the support of the world community. The Tokyo and Khabarovsk military tribunals established that the main Japanese criminals violated international law, treaties and agreements, unleashing aggressive wars against other countries, and committed a grave crime against humanity. The signed international agreements provided not only for the defeat of fascist Germany, Italy, militarist Japan and their allies, but also for the preservation of peace and the settlement of contradictions. The commonality of goals, the just nature of the war helped the Soviet people endure an incredibly difficult and prolonged test and win the Great Patriotic War, and bring the end of World War II closer.

“Returning Home as an Enemy”. The Languages for Description and Self-Description of Inner Asia Repatriates

The article explores the doubts and anxieties associated with the return of two communities of Russian long-term residents of Inner Asia – the Cossack repatriates of the Three Rivers Region and the local Mongolian Russians – to the Soviet citizenship. The theoretical basis of the article is the statement about the epistemological character of the presence of the past, which determines a crucial influence of the current terms on any historical knowledge. In this perspective, the memory of the past can be considered not only as its subjective reflection, but also as a social practice that identifies the community’s status. The purpose of this article is to show how the Soviet people used speech practices in relation to the temporary and spatial discrepancy of repatriates. The main characters of this article will be the ways of creating an image of the enemy linguistically and mastering it by target groups in everyday life. In this perspective, the decision to repatriate, which causes distrust and alarm, is a convenient marker for the inclusion of local political folklore in the conflict between ethnic and political solidarity in Soviet society

No Happy Childhood Behind the Iron Curtain: Cold War and Imperial Perspectives in the Anglo–Soviet Dispute Over Unaccompanied Baltic Children (1947–1952)

This article reconstructs the postwar Anglo–Soviet dispute within the League of Red Cross Societies over unaccompanied children from the Baltic states, whose postwar Soviet citizenship Britain contested. It argues that the resolution of this dispute was prevented by the novel Cold War view, common to both the British and the Soviet governments, that children socialised by ideological enemies were future enemies. With reference to Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper’s comparative study of empires, it also suggests that, while the proposed repatriation or actual resettlement of the children in former British settler colonies and the United States may have been influenced by Cold War rivalries, the citizenship offered to these children was also determined by the ‘politics of difference’ of the Soviet, British and even the US empires.

FROM CITIZENSHIP OF RUSSIA TO THE NATIONALITY OF THE USSR

The paper, devoted to the institutions of citizenship in Russia and citizenship in the USSR, presents issues related to the trends of international migration policy over a long historical period. Despite the inevitable fluctuations, with the beginning of the reforms of Peter I, the policy of citizenship in Russia becomes part of the state policy in the field of modernization and strengthening of Russia’s defense capability. In the long term, the policy of citizenship in Imperial Russia up to the February revolution can be defined as keeping the population out of Russian citizenship and attracting foreigners in certain periods. Episodic were the measures aimed at returning former subjects to Russia. This approach corresponded to the populationist concept of population, which is explained by the constant expansion of the territory of Russia. The liberal law of 1864, which defined the position of foreigners in Russia, contributed to the influx of foreign investment in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The consequences of the law of 1864 were reflected in the strengthening of land and national contradictions. The state’s policy on emigration of Jews from Russia, which became widespread at the beginning of the XX century, also contributed to the growth of tension. the policy on citizenship and international migration changed fundamentally after October 1917 as a result of the ban on renouncing the citizenship of the RSFSR and the return to the USSR of the main part of the "white emigration". At the same time, accelerated industrialization determined the need to attract people to the USSR in the late 1920s and 1930s. foreign specialists, and the international political situation — the influx of political emigrants to the USSR. On the agenda in the 1930s, judging by the legislation, the issues of deprivation of Soviet citizenship were relevant. After world war II, citizenship issues were similar to those that were the focus of attention after world war I and the civil war. It was about large-scale repatriation of Soviet prisoners of war and displaced persons who found themselves outside the USSR, population movements (options) as a result of the revision of state borders, and the return of prisoners of war who were on the territory of the USSR. The" warming " of international relations in the 1950s and 1970s objectively meant the expansion of the USSR’s international relations. A number of laws passed in the 1970s and 1980s actually extended the isolation of the USSR, although these laws failed to stop the growing emigration potential of Soviet Jews, as well as of a number of other nationalities. It is also characteristic that in these years the laws regulating the situation of foreigners and stateless persons in the USSR were adopted in conditions when the statistics of these categories of the population were not available for analysis. Against the backdrop of strong experience in the development and application of legislation governing relations between the state and the population in the area of acquisition and renunciation of citizenship in the form of an unbroken chain of laws, regulations, comments to the laws on citizenship and international migration in many countries around the world fear, the uniqueness of Russia is the existence of two approaches — pre-revolutionary and Soviet. This experience should not be underestimated when choosing a citizenship policy in the future.

«ПОЛЬСКИЕ ПЕРЕБЕЖЧИКИ» ИЗ ЗАПАДНОЙ БЕЛАРУСИ В «ПОЛЬСКОЙ ОПЕРАЦИИ» 1937–1938 ГОДОВ В ПЕРМИ

Using the example of the so called “Polish refugees” (pol’perebezhchiki), the paper discusses a research problem of the “blind spots” of historical memory. By the technical term pol’perebezhchiki the NKVD investigators denoted a special social group of the former citizens of the interwar Poland – mainly ethnic Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Jews, – who escaped to the Soviet Union in the 1920s – 1930s, and, according to the order № 00485 from 11.08.1937 issued by Nicholas Ezhov, were almost totally exterminated during the 1937–38 ‘NKVD Polish operation’. “Polish refugees” do not exist, as the objects of commemoration, neither in traditions of national remembrance (Polish, Jewish, Belarusian, Ukrainian or Russian ones), because they cannot be introduced into the heroic or lacrimous national narratives; nor in the memory of their families: as young men, they were not married and did not have children. They are ignored by scholars as well. Based on the materials of the NKVD archives in Perm, the author tries to reconstruct the main features of the standard procedure of the treatment of “Polish refugees” elaborated by the NKVD up to 1931: (1) several months of imprisonment near the Polish-Soviet border, (2) transferring to the “Sarov concentration camp” organized especially for such refugees, (3) several years of labour in one of the GULAG camp, (4) and finally, liberation from the camp and accepting of Soviet citizenship. The object of special interest are the series of biographies of the group of “Polish refugees” who were, at the moment of their arrest, the students of Perm educational institutes.

Music and the Making of the Cosmonaut Everyman

This article repositions the space race as a sonic phenomenon by analyzing music and sounds related to the Soviet space program. Early triumphs such as the orbit of Sputnik I in 1957, Yuri Gagarin’s groundbreaking orbital flight in 1961, and Valentina Tereshkova’s success as the first woman in space in 1963 epitomized the complexities of the cultural Cold War and the utopian underpinnings of the Thaw. Space, the ultimate nonaligned sphere, was a new world for the planting of real and ideological flags. At the same time, these successes were key to reimagining the ideals of Soviet citizenship and national identity in the post-Stalin era. Heating up at a moment of great change and consequence, the space race provides an inroad to examine how music, media, and sound helped spread these emerging values. Drawing on the popular press, radio broadcasts, and variety television performances, this article demonstrates how music was used to humanize the cosmonauts and promote a new personal ethics—one that prized approachability and humility alongside heroism and bravery. The divergent ways that composers and performers celebrated Gagarin and Tereshkova reveal a complex politics of gender during the Thaw. Gagarin, the conqueror, was revered in marches extolling his colonizing feats; Tereshkova, the homemaker, was celebrated with romances and tales of domesticity. By demonstrating the prevalence of new media and the power of participatory practices in the sonic space race, this article contributes to our understanding of the cultural Cold War as a lived and performed experience.

Советское гражданство как фактор бесправия? Проблемы политико-правового положения советских граждан в Синьцзяне во второй половине 1920-х гг.

Советское гражданство как фактор бесправия? Проблемы политико-правового положения советских граждан в Синьцзяне во второй половине 1920-х гг.

ИСПАНСКИЕ ЭМИГРАНТЫ И ИНСТИТУТ ГРАЖДАНСТВА В СССР (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА 1930-Х - НАЧАЛО 1940-Х ГГ.)

The article focuses on the Soviet citizenship obtaining by Spanish immigrants who arrived in the Soviet Union during and after the Civil War (1936-1939), ended in the defeat of the Republicans. The article addresses the status before the acquisition of nationality under the laws of the Soviet Union, and especially the process of taking Soviet citizenship, complicated by several factors. Among these factors, the author identifies the causes of age (&ldquo;Spanish children&rdquo;), personal (in the case of Spanish pilots interned in French concentration camps or remained on the territory of the USSR at the end of training in Kirovabad flight school) and external (the influence of the Spanish Communist Party, the Soviet bureaucracy) character. In this connection, also raises indirectly the question of citizenship compliance received by the Spaniards, to the basic law that governed the rights and duties of Soviet citizens - 1936 Soviet Constitution.