Southwest Anatolia Research Articles

Geoelectric structure of inland area of the Gökova rift, southwest Anatolia and its tectonic implications

A geoelectrical survey using vertical electrical sounding was carried out to identify the geoelectric model of graben structure within the Gökova rift, since it can provide further useful information on the north–south extension in the western Anatolia. Over 60 Schlumberger electrical soundings were made in the inland area of the rift, using current electrode spacings up to 1500 m. The geoelectrical models are obtained from two-dimensional resistivity inversion based on observed apparent resistivities, since one-dimensional stratified earth models cause several errors due to lateral resistivity changes. The resistivity maps and the two-dimensional geoelectric models indicate that the tectonic structure is comparatively complex, and that the structural pattern is disturbed by numerous fault zones. Interpretation of geoelectrical structure suggests that the inland area of the Gökova rift has an asymmetric graben structure as observed in both the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens of western Anatolia. The strong lateral variations in resistivity values at the northern and southern margins of the area indicate the edges of the basin. Abrupt variations in lateral resistivity across the profiles reflect the signature of east–west-trending faults in southern and northern margins of the Gökova graben. A conducting anomaly that is well depicted in all resistivity maps and the two-dimensional geoelectric structure show that the Plio-Quaternary deposit in the eastern part of the area is thicker (up to 140–150 m) and the basement is deeper. The irregular development of sedimentaries in the basin and the short faults trending northwest–southeast identified from two-dimensional geoelectrical models, suggest the cross-cutting relationship between the Gökova and Yatağan–Muğla rifts.

Distribution and status of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis L.) in Turkey.

A survey of all the major potential habitats in western Turkey showed that medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis L., are widely distributed over the country and are not rare. They occur in practically all suitable habitats and the only region where they were found to be absent is that of the large river deltas in the south of the country (Cukurova deltas, Goksu delta). There may be zoogeographic reasons for this (Taurus mountains barrier). The application of a semi-quantitative survey method using collecting efficiency (number of leeches collected per hour by a single person) allowed a rapid assessment to be made of its status in a large number of wetlands. Leech density varied considerably from wetland to wetland, and the results enabled a ranking of the Turkish wetlands to be made according to their importance for medicinal leeches. Taking both the leech density and the size of leech habitats into account, the largest populations were identified on the Black Sea coast (Kizilirmak delta, Yesilirmak delta and Karagol Marshes near Sinop) and in inner and south-west Anatolia (Eber Golu, Karamik and Sultan Marshes). Commercial exploitation for the pharmaceutical industry and for other purposes takes place at only a few places and does not appear to affect the population seriously. However, many populations are threatened by the draining of their habitats.

FLORISTIC NOTE: A NEW VARIETY OF TRIFOLIUM NIGRESCENS VIV. (FABACEAE) FROM TURKEY

Trifolium nigrescens Viv. subsp. petrisavii (Clem.) Holmboe var. grandifolium is identified as a new taxon collected from southwest Anatolia, Turkey.

Investigation of the submarine active tectonism in the Gulf of Gökova, southwest Anatolia–southeast Aegean Sea, by multi-channel seismic reflection data

Submarine active tectonism in the Gulf of Gökova located at the southwest Anatolia–southeast Aegean Sea region was investigated by means of multi-channel seismic reflection data. The Gökova basin is filled by the latest Miocene–Pliocene–Quaternary sediments with maximum thickness of about 2.5 km. The Lycian Nappes, which predominantly cover extreme southwestern Anatolia, constitutes the basement rocks for the Gökova province. The gulf was mainly opened by a buried major listric normal fault, so-called Datça Fault, which has not been previously discussed in the literature. The north-dipping, mainly E–W-trending Datça Fault is located at the southern part of the gulf, whereas its associated antithetic faults are located at the north. The onset time of the opening of the gulf is possibly in the latest Miocene–Pliocene. In terms of local rather than regional effects, the activity of the Datça Fault has decelerated, possibly since the Pleistocene. The Datça Fault might have gained its curved fault plane as it evolved, beginning as planar and/or using antecedent planes of the Lycian Nappes in the area. As the extension progressed, i.e., as the hanging wall block slipped further north, gravity may have impeded rather than helped the faulting. On the other hand, continuing extension in the area may have initiated a second phase of faulting, i.e., WNW–ESE-oriented subgrabens in the gulf and major E–W normal faulting in the northeast margin. A bathymetric low in the mid-gulf area and a horst–graben system in the eastern part of the gulf are observable from the bathymetric data and are well correlated to the seismic data. Although the main orientation of the gulf is E–W, more recent WNW–ESE structures are remarkable in the mid-gulf and in the eastern part of the gulf. The latest WNW–ESE structures are also in agreement with the results of GPS and SLR studies as well as plate motion modelling by total moment tensor of earthquakes in the western Anatolia–Aegean Sea region, particularly in southwestern Anatolia. The amount of total N–S extension within the gulf is estimated as at least 5.5 km since the latest Miocene–Pliocene with overall constant extension rate of at least 1.1 mm/y where the estimated extension factor is about β=1.3.

A new species of Alkanna Tausch (Boraginaceae) from south-west Anatolia

Abstract A new species of Alkanna Tausch, A. mughlae H. Duman, Guner & H. Sa ǧban sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The species is restricted to the south-western corner of Anatolia growing on coastal limestone cliffs. Diagnostic morphologic characters for a detailed discrimination from the most similar taxa are discussed.

A new species ofAlkannaTausch (Boraginaceae) from south-west Anatolia

A new species ofAlkannaTausch,A. mughlaeH. Duman, Güner & H. Şa ǧbansp. nov., is described and illustrated. The species is restricted to the south-western corner of Anatolia growing on coastal limestone cliffs. Diagnostic morphologic characters for a detailed discrimination from the most similar taxa are discussed.

Life strategies of epiphytic bryophytes in Mediterranean woodlands and

A life strategy analysis of the epiphytic Brachythecio olympici-Dicranoweisietum cirratae (xeric Pinus woodlands) and the Orthotricho franzoniani-Antitrichietum breidlerianae (Platanus alluvial forests) of southwest Anatolia was conducted, based on a plant sociological analysis. Typical of the drought-resistant, photo- and xerophytic Brachythecio-Dicranoweisietum are xerotolerant cushion- and short turf-forming acrocarpous “generative” perennial stayers with a regular sporophyte production and small spores, providing chance dispersal for colonizing the extensive Pinus woodlands of the area. By contrast, tail-, mat- and fan-forming pleurocarpous mosses and liverworts, belonging to the “passive” or “vegetative” perennial shuttle species and perennial stayers strategy, dominate the shadier, meso- to hygrophytic Orthotricho-Antitrichietum. In addition, in this community short-range dispersal, as indicated by large spores (engy- and achorous tendency) is typical, increasing the chance of establishment within the narrow alluvial forests along the rivers. The great proportion of the Colonists strategy in the Brachythecio-Dicranoweisietum, which is typical of true colonizing and pioneering species of successional series, can be seen as an indicator for disturbing effects caused by fire, that often occur within these xeric Pinus woodlands. Auf der Grundlage einer pflanzensoziologischen Untersuchung wurde im epiphytischen Brachythecio-Dicranoweisietum (typisch für die Pinus-Offenwälder) und im Orthotricho franzoniani-Antitrichietum breidlerianae (Platanus-Auwälder) Südwest-Anatoliens eine Lebensstrategienanalyse durchgeführt. Charakteristisch für das xerophytische, strahlungsexponierte Brachythecio olympici-Dicranoweisietum cirratae sind trockenadaptierte, polster- und kurzrasenbildende, akrokarpe “generative” Ausdauernde mit regelmäβiger Sporogonbildung und kleinen Sporen, durch die Nah- und Fernausbreitung in den ausgedehnten Pinus-Offenwäldern der Region möglich ist. Im Gegensatz dazu zeichnet sich das eher beschattete und feuchtere Orthotricho-Antitrichietum durch schweif-, decken- und wedelbildende pleurokarpe Laubmoose und Lebermoose aus, die den Lebensstrategien “passive” oder “vegetative” Ausdauernde Pendler und Ausdauernde angehören. Die relativ groβen Sporen dieser “Pendler” deuten auf Nahausbreitung (Engychorie) innerhalb der Auwälder hin, wodurch ein Etablierungsrisiko, das auβerhalb der nur schmal ausgebildeten, bachbegleitenden Wälder besteht, vermieden wird. Der relativ hohe Anteil an Besiedlern im Brachythecio-Dicranoweisietum, einer Strategie die charakteristisch für viele Pionierarten verschiedenster Sukzessionsstadien ist, ist möglicherweise ein Hinweis auf die Störungen durch Brände, die in diesen trockenen Kiefernwäldern häufig zu beobachten sind.

Cladistic Analysis of 37 Mediterranean Bogidiellidae (Amphipoda), Including Bogidiella Arista, New Species, from Turkey

A new subterranean amphipod species, Bogidiella (Medigidiella) arista, found in the mesopsammic ground waters of southern Anatolia, Turkey, is described, together with Bogidiella (Bogidiella) calicali Karaman, the latter being recorded for the first time in the eastern Mediterranean. A cladistic analysis of 37 Mediterranean species of the family Bogidiellidae is performed, using 4 species from the Canary Islands as an outgroup. Alternatively, 2 cladistic software packages, PAUP 3.1.1 and HENNIG86, are employed to calculate consensus trees of minimal length. The resulting trees show more or less identical robust clades, characterizing a central, a central-eastern, and an eastern Mediterranean group. Apart from this pattern of major geographical clusters, all species of the subgenus Medigidiella appear as a robust, monophyletic clade as well. This initial attempt to analyze the phylogeny of Mediterranean bogidiellids forms a useful basis for further, extended studies, using either different outgroup taxa or additional morphological data. During the spring of 1987 a major biospeleological expedition of the Dutch speleological society was carried out along the coastal Taurus mountains in southwest Anatolia, Turkey. The expedition was focused on collecting the fauna of caves, wells, subterranean water flows, and the interstices of marine gravel beaches. The special yield of subterranean (or stygobiont) crustaceans, predominantly amphipods of the genus Bogidiella Hertzog, 1933, promised to serve as an interesting case study to the colonization of inland ground water by marine organisms. In July 1996, a second sampling program occurred along the southern Turkish coast between Antalya and Alanya. Its main objectives were, first, to visit one or two Speleo Nederland stations and enlarge the small original sample sizes (1-3 individuals), and, second, to collect a new series of samples east of where the 1987 expedition went, in order to obtain additional distribution data about stygobiont crustaceans. Unfortunately, the first task could not be achieved. In contrast to Speleo Nederland, the 1996 sampling program took place in the dry season when the ground-water level was low and many minor streams and rivers had become partly or completely dry. This, combined with the fact that many bogidiellids seem to have extremely limited distribution ranges with low population sizes, may explain why the 1987 sampling sites appeared to be without bogidiellids in 1996. However, the 1996 trip led to the discovery of a new mesopsammic species, B gidiella (Medigidiella) arista, as well as a new record of B. calicali G. Karaman, previously reported only from Rio di Quirra, Sardinia (Karaman, 1988b). Taxonomy within the genus Bogidiella appears far from being resolved. Various criteria for a division into several subgenera are applied by different authors, so that in some cases it remains unclear as to which species can be grouped together, for example, membership in the subgenus Medigidiella Stock, 1981. An unstable taxonomy, however, is not especially restricted to the genus Bogidiella, but is rather a common problem among amphipods. The reasons for taxonomic problems in the amphipod genus Niphargus, given by Hovenkamp et al. (1984), characterize the situation of stygobiont amphipods in general. The overall interspecific similarity of their phenotypic appearance is relatively high, which, in combination with (often unknown) geographical and/or seasonal variability, complicates the classification of new species. The accuracy and completeness of species descriptions vary considerably. Many species descriptions are based on very few specimens, often with body parts missing or of one sex only. Hertzog (1933) erected the genus Bogidiella with the discovery of his new species B. albertimagni from the subterranean fresh waters of the Rhine valley, Germany (see Karaman, 1979a). The discovery of new bogidiellids, however, has been increasing constantly over the last two decades, but their phylogeny is more or less unrevealed so far.

The ecogeography and collection of grain, forage and pasture legumes in south-west Turkey

A collecting mission took place in June and July 1996 to collect legume species from south-west Turkey and western Anatolia. Sites were chosen to maximise the diversity of legumes collected and detailed passport data were recorded at each site. A total of 96 sites were visited, and 1307 accessions collected. In total 23 genera were collected, of which the most frequently seen were Trifolium, Medicago and Vicia. Sites were found to be almost exclusively calcareous with a pH range of 7 to 10, and varied from sea level to 1750m. Many of the Trifolium species are of economic importance for southern Australia and have been shown to display characters such as a high productivity (T. michelianum) and waterlogging tolerance (T. resupinatum and T. tomentosum). The Medicago species were found to prefer well-drained habitats in open areas. Many of these species can tolerate heavy grazing. The two main forage legume genera collected were Lathyrus and Vicia. Both of these occurred on the higher pH soils and were most frequently collected from the lower altitudes. Four species of grain legume were found, Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum and Vicia faba. The material collected during this mission is important in the drive to preserve the legume genetic diversity of Turkey, the species' centre of diversity, for utilisation both within and outside of Turkey.

ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF THE 1 OCTOBER 1995 DİNAR EARTHQUAKE (ML = 5.9)

In 1995, a swarm of earthquakes affected the city of Dinar, Turkey, which is located in Southwest Anatolia and has a population of 35 000. The mainshock having a local magnitude of 5.9 occurred on 1 October 1995. It was preceded by foreshocks in the previous four days, the largest one with a magnitude of 4.7. These foreshocks initiated structural damage in many buildings, which was then severely aggravated by the mainshock and a strong aftershock two hours later, with a magnitude of 5.0. Numerous aftershocks were recorded throughout the following three months. Strong ground motions were recorded within the city. The mainshock produced peak horizontal accelerations of 0.28 g and 0.29 g. The Dinar earthquake caused a death toll of 92 and more than 200 injuries. The economic losses due to structural damage alone are estimated at 250 million USD.

Threats to Burdur Lake ecosystem, Turkey and its waterbirds, particularly the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala

Burdur Lake, a closed-basin saline lake in south-west Anatolia, Turkey, is internationally important for its wintering waterbirds. It is the most important wintering site in the world for the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala, a globally threatened species. It has also held internationally important numbers of 10 other waterbird species. The lake is threatened by the construction of an industrial complex and airport on the northern shore. Falling water levels (from construction of upstream dams), sedimentation (from catchment erosion), organic pollution (from food processing and sewage) and inorganic effluent (from a sulphur mine) represent long-term threats to the lake system. Illegal hunting from the shore has a serious impact upon white-headed ducks, which concentrate close inshore and show little escape response in the presence of hunters. White-headed duck numbers have fluctuated considerably since 1967 with a peak (incomplete) count of 10,927 in February 1991. By January 1995, numbers had declined to 2805. Numbers of black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis, white-fronted goose Anser albifrons and tufted duck Aythya fuligula have declined. Numbers of large gulls of the Larus argentatus group which prey upon white-headed duck have increased, possibly due to pollution. For 10 of 16 waterbird species regularly observed at the site, highest numbers were recorded before 1974. Recommendations for the conservation of the lake are presented.

Landscape pattern and population conservation : S. Harrison & L. Fahrig, in: Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes, ed L. Hanson & others, (Chapman & Hall; IALE Studies in Landscape Ecology, 2), 1995, pp 293–308

Burdur Lake, a closed-basin saline lake in south-west Anatolia, Turkey, is internationally important for its wintering waterbirds. It is the most important wintering site in the world for the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala, a globally threatened species. It has also held internationally important numbers of 10 other waterbird species. The lake is threatened by the construction of an industrial complex and airport on the northern shore. Falling water levels (from construction of upstream dams), sedimentation (from catchment erosion), organic pollution (from food processing and sewage) and inorganic effluent (from a sulphur mine) represent long-term threats to the lake system. Illegal hunting from the shore has a serious impact upon white-headed ducks, which concentrate close inshore and show little escape response in the presence of hunters. White-headed duck numbers have fluctuated considerably since 1967 with a peak (incomplete) count of 10,927 in February 1991. By January 1995, numbers had declined to 2805. Numbers of black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis, white-fronted goose Anser albifrons and tufted duck Aythya fuligula have declined. Numbers of large gulls of the Larus argentatus group which prey upon white-headed duck have increased, possibly due to pollution. For 10 of 16 waterbird species regularly observed at the site, highest numbers were recorded before 1974. Recommendations for the conservation of the lake are presented.

Rift formation in the Gökova region, southwest Anatolia: implications for the opening of the Aegean Sea

AbstractThe time of the onset and the nature of the extension in the Aegean area have been problematic owing to the confusion of neotectonic replacement structures with neotectonic revolutionary structures. This paper concerns two rift systems of different ages and orientations in the Gökova region of southwestern Anatolia. The first system has a northwest—southeast trend with a Middle to Upper Miocene infill, whereas the second system is orientated in an east—west direction and filled with Plio-Quaternary rocks. Structural and palaeomagnetic data indicate that the first system originally had a north—south trend, and then bodily rotated anticlockwise to its present orientation before the end of the Miocene. Both the orientations and the structural patterns of these cross-cutting rift systems suggest that they resulted from two different and successive tectonic régimes. Regional geology suggests that the generative régime of the older system was characterized by north—south compression and related to the palaeotectonic evolution of southwestern Anatolia, whereas that of the younger system is characterized by north-south extension and relates to the neotectonic evolution of this region. This inference contradicts, at least in southwestern Anatolia, some recent claims that the extensional tectonics and the related rift formation in the Aegean region began in the early Miocene, with the alleged demise of the compressional palaeotectonics during the late Oligocene, but is consistent with older views that placed the onset of north—south extension into the later middle Miocene. The formation of the Aegean Sea seems to be the result of these two complicated and contrasting, succesive tectonic regimes that have affected this region since middle Miocene times.

The Dynastic Tombs of Xanthos—Who was Buried Where?

Probably the best-known, and certainly the most individual, of the monuments of the Classical period from Lycia (in south-west Anatolia) are the pillar tombs. At least 33 are known, and perhaps as many as 43, ranging in date from the mid-sixth century B.C. to the mid-fourth. It seems likely that these were the tombs of local ruling dynasts, who are known chiefly from the numismatic record, a supposition supported by the small number of pillars in comparison with all other types of tomb in Lycia, the ornate sculpture on the finest specimens, their rough chronological coincidence with the coin-issuing of dynasts in the country, and finally, the fact that the one example that can be almost positively attributed belongs to one of these dynasts (this will be discussed later). Each tomb was probably erected during the owner's lifetime, since inscriptional evidence from tombs of lesser figures certainly indicates that these were prepared during the owner's lifetime. At most of the cities in Lycia knowledge of the local dynasts is not sufficient to allow an attempt at any sort of attribution of these tombs to individuals, at least not without a great deal of work on the monuments and coinage, but at Xanthos, chief city of Lycia, knowledge of the dynasty is perhaps enough to allow some speculation.

A new Barbarea from southwest Anatolia

Barbarea hedgeana Kit Tan & Gemici (Cruciferae) is illustrated and described from southwest Anatolia. It is a small perennial marked by a distinct overall fruiting facies.

A Mausoleum at Ariassos, Pisidia

The funerary architecture of the Imperial period in south-west Anatolia has long been recognized as deserving of attention due to its variety, complexity, and the sheer number of extant tombs. Recently, a preliminary survey at the Pisidian site of Ariassos has revealed the presence of an extensive necropolis containing a large number of well-preserved tombs. One of the best-preserved and most interesting of these tombs is a large funerary monument, a mausoleum, on a tall podium. An analysis of the mausoleum's type, and its probable antecedents, enables us to reconstruct the architectural climate of this provincial city during the Roman Imperial period.The site of Ariassos, in Pisidia, is located approximately 3 km. south-west of the village of Bademaǧacı, 50 km. north of Antalya, and is today clearly signposted off the main road. The identification of the site has been known since the late nineteenth century, when Ariassos was visited in around 1885 by an Austrian team, under the guidance of K. Lanckoronski; however, the ruins were identified as those of the city of Cretopolis. Using inscriptional evidence, a French epigraphic expedition to Asia Minor correctly identified the site in a publication of 1892.

Mongol raids into Palestine (A.D. 1260 and 1300)

The year 1260 marks the beginning of a sixty year conflict between the Mongols of Persia and the Mamlūks of Egypt and Syria. Over this period several large-scale battles were fought in north and central Syria in the course of Mongol invasions of that country. In addition, throughout most of this period, a more or less continuous border war raged on both sides of the Euphrates River, in north Syria and south-west Anatolia. Twice the Mongols were successful in occupying most of Syria: in 658/1260 and 699/1299–1300. In both cases the Mongol conquest lasted for only a few months, but in each instance this was more than enough time to launch raids into what was then south-west Syria, also variously known as the Holy Land, Palestine and the Land of Israel. In the absence of any other central authority over the ma jority of this territory, it can be said that in a sense Palestine twice also enjoyed the “benefits,” again temporary, of Mongol occupation.

Recovery following the Gediz earthquake: a study of four villages of western Turkey

This paper is the result of a social and economic survey of four villages in the Gediz region of South West Anatolia, Turkey, which was undertaken in two phases, October/November 1982 and March/April 1984. The specific aims of this survey were to define what was perceived as recovery in the local social, cultural and economic context and to measure recovery in communities which had suffered different degrees of distress and loss following the earthquake and, consequently, had received different amounts and kinds of assistance from the government. Essentially, therefore, the survey sought to answer the question - how far did the government programme of assistance promote recovery and over what period of time? The implications of such an inquiry concern what constitutes appropriate assistance following earthquake in rural communities. It is hoped that studies of this kind can help to guide decision making of both national governments and international humanitarian organizations on the role of material aid in the process of recovery. This is particularly urgent in view of the fact that preliminary investigations of other small rural and under-developed communities struck by earthquake suggest that material aid may actually preclude recovery in the longer term.

Political Unity in Lycia during the "Dynastic" Period

Previous articleNext article No AccessPolitical Unity in Lycia during the "Dynastic" PeriodT. R. BryceT. R. Bryce Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 42, Number 1Jan., 1983 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/372984 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1983 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Erkan Dündar and Dinçer Savaş Lenger A Ptolemaic Hoard from Patara, American Journal of Archaeology 126, no.22 (Mar 2022): 201–217.https://doi.org/10.1086/718334Dries DAEMS Reassessing the Origin of Polis in Lycia and Southwest Anatolia, ADALYA , no.2323 (Nov 2020): 111–131.https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.837543Fatih ONUR, Ş. Recai TEKOĞLU The Ancient Routes and New Lycian Inscriptions around Fethiye, Gephyra 19 (May 2020): 1–32.https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.647750

Zur Moosvegetation der Liquidambar-Wälder Südwest-Anatoliens

Zur Moosvegetation der Liquidambar-Wälder Südwest-Anatoliens