Southern Dialects Research Articles

The sociolinguistic meanings of syllable contraction in Chinese

Abstract Syllable contraction has been observed in many modern Chinese varieties, including Mandarin. Public opinion of syllable contraction, especially some stereotyped contracted words, tends to associate it with a southern (especially Taiwanese) accent. Gendered social meanings are often attached to it as well. This paper investigates Mandarin syllable contraction using Prestonian perceptual mapping techniques, graphical aggregation, and quantitative comparisons. The results of the mapping tasks suggest that participants’ beliefs about the location and gender of contraction users are generally in line with the public opinions observed in qualitative analyses of media discourses. However, an analysis of map responses in terms of respondents’ region of origin and gender uncovers nuanced contrasts along gendered and regional lines. Northern respondents (judges) had a negative attitude toward southern contraction but a positive opinion toward northern contraction, while southern judges viewed syllable contraction positively regardless of region. Female judges viewed female contraction users positively and male users negatively, but male judges had a strongly negative opinion of only the male users. Region and gender intertwine with each other and constitute the sociolinguistic meanings of Chinese syllable contraction that involve both the user and perceiver. In this way, the study uncovers new perceptual perspectives on the sociolinguistic meaning of a less commonly studied variable in a less commonly studied language.

From First-Person to Third-person Narrative, and then to Hakka Ballad: From “Tang Xuan shouji” (Tang Xuan’s Manuscript Notes) To “Tang Xuan” To “Tang Xian ji” (The Story of Tang Xian)

From First-Person to Third-person Narrative, and then to Hakka Ballad: From “Tang Xuan shouji” (Tang Xuan’s Manuscript Notes) To “Tang Xuan” To “Tang Xian ji” (The Story of Tang Xian) Wilt L. Idema (bio) Wilt L. Idema Harvard University Wilt L. Idema Wilt L. Idema (b. 1944) obtained his Ph.D. from Leiden University in 1974. He taught at Leiden University (1970–1999) and Harvard University (2000–2013). His research has mostly focused on traditional Chinese vernacular literature. He has published widely on early Chinese drama (with Stephen H. West) and on Chinese women’s literature (with Beata Grant). In recent years he also has completed several volumes of translations of traditional Chinese song narrative and prosimetric literature. His most recent publications include The Resurrected Skeleton: From Zhuangzi to Lu Xun (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015); Passion, Poverty, and Travel: Traditional Hakka Songs and Ballads (Hackensack: World Century, 2015); The Metamorphosis of Tianxian pei: Local Opera under the Revolution (1949–1956) (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2015); The Immortal Maiden Equal to Heaven and Other Precious Scrolls from Western Gansu (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2015); and Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language (with Stephen H. West; Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2016). Correspondence to: Wilt L. Idema, Harvard University, Leiden, The Netherlands. Email: idema@fas.harvard.edu. Footnotes 1. Li Fang 李昉 comp., Taiping guangji 太 平廣 記 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1961), juan 332, pp. 2635–38. 2. See Li Jianguo 李劍國, Tang Wudai zhiguai chuanqi xulu 唐五代志怪傳奇敘錄 (Notes on anomaly tales and chuanqi stories of the Tang and Five dynasties; Tianjin: Nankai daxue, 1993), pp. 156–57 (on “Tang Xuan” and its circulation) and 489–93 (on Tongyou ji), and idem, “Tangdai chuanqi jiaodu zhaji (er)” 唐代傳奇校讀札記 (二) (Notes on the collation of Tang dynasty chuanqi tales [number 2]), Wenxue yichan 文學遺產 (Literary heritage) 2015.5: 41 (on “Tang Xuan”). Although Li actually uses “Tang Xuan shouji” as the name of his entry on “Tang Xuan” in his book, he admits “the original title was not that, it is already not possible to know” (fei yuanti rushi, ti yi bu ke zhi 非原題如是, 題已不可知). 3. A detailed English-language summary of the tale is provided by Daniel Hsieh in his Love and Women in Early Chinese Fiction (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2008), pp. 189–91. Hsieh treats the story as an example of conjugal love surviving even after death. 4. These particular daowang shi 悼 亡 詩 (poems lamenting the departed) have been treated in discussions of this genre during the Tang. See Hu Xu 胡旭, Daowang shi shi 悼亡詩史 (Shanghai: Dongfang chuban she, 2010), pp. 95–97; Shu Hongxia 舒紅霞 and Gao Haiyang 高海洋, “‘Duchou taoli jie, bu gong yequan kai’: Tangdai daowangshi de shikong miaoxie” 獨愁桃李節, 不共夜泉開: 唐代悼亡詩的時空描寫 (Saddened on my own that in the season of peach and plum,/ I am unable to bloom with you in the other world [this couplet actually comes from the first of Tang Xuan’s two poems to his dead wife]: The description of time and space in poetic laments for the departed), Bianjiang jingji yu wenhua 邊疆經濟與文化 (The economy and literature of the borders) 2012.11: 50–51. 5. Chen Ruoshui 陳弱水, “Cong “Tang Xuan” kan Tangdai shizu shenghuo yu xintai de jige fangxiang” 從唐晅看唐代士族生活與心態的幾個方向 (Looking at several tendencies in Tang dynasty gentry life and mentality from “Tang Xuan”), Xin shixue 新史學 (New historiography) 10.2 (June 1996): 1–27. 6. This translation was first published as Anonymous, “Tale of Tang Xian,” Wilt L. Idema, tr., Taiwan Literature: English Translation Series 31/32 (2013): 225–44. A slightly revised version was included in Wilt L. Idema, Passion, Poverty, and Travel: Traditional Hakka Songs and Ballads (Hackensack, NJ: World Century, 2015), pp. 109–26. 7. “Xian” and “Xuan” are easily interchanged in Southern dialects. For instance, the male protagonists in versions of the legend of the White Snake is known both as Xu Xuan 許宣 and Xu Xian 許仙. 8. Anonymous, “Tale of Tang Xian,” p. 242. 9. Qiu Chunmei, Taiwan Kejia shuochang wenxue “zhuanzai” yanjiu, p. 276. Copyright © 2018 The Permanent Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature, Inc.

Repetitive prefix in Agul: Morphological copy from a closely related language

Aims and Research Questions:This paper describes the repetitive prefix in Agul (Lezgic, East Caucasian), focusing on the grammaticalization path of this morpheme. The main question to be addressed is the hypothesis that the prefix has been copied from the closely related Lezgian language.Approach, Data and Analysis:Firstly, I provide a detailed description of the morphology and semantics of the repetitive prefix (‘again’, ‘back’) in comparison to the system of locative prefixes in Agul, showing that despite the formal similarity with the ‘post’-localization prefix (meaning ‘behind’), the repetitive prefix is distinct both functionally and paradigmatically. I then compare the repetitive and ‘post’-prefix in Agul with their counterparts in Lezgian and other Lezgic languages.Findings/Conclusions:While the relation of the meaning ‘behind’ to ‘again’ is cross-linguistically common, the development of a special repetitive prefix in Agul is only attested in the two southern dialects, whose speakers have been in long-term contact with Lezgian – a language that possesses a productive repetitive prefix/infix. It is thus natural to assume that the Agul prefix has a contact-induced origin. I also show that this is not the only grammatical phenomenon of southern Agul that has been influenced by Lezgian.Originality and Significance:The morphological properties and functions of the repetitive prefix in Agul have not been described in detail before. The conclusion that this prefix is a morphological copy is remarkable, because Lezgian is one of the two languages most closely genetically related to Agul, and also because the borrowing of the prefix has led to the emergence of affixal ‘etymological doublets’ in Agul.Limitations:It remains to be investigated to what extent ‘post’-prefixes in other Lezgic languages show signs of grammaticalization towards repetitive prefixes, and also whether the two markers can become paradigmatically distinct, as with Agul.

Dynamic trajectories of tense vs. lax vowels in the American South

Regional variation in American English speech is often described in terms of vowel shifts, in which one or more sounds “move” within the X,Y plane of height and backness captured by vowels’ first and second formant values. Such shifts indicate which sounds are converging or diverging, providing predictions for language change and variation. Static characterizations of shifting, with a single pair of F1/F2 values taken near the vowels’ midpoint or intensity peak, provide an approximation of vowels’ relations, but fail to capture acoustic information during the rest of the vowels’ time course. In Southern dialects, where front tense and lax vowels may “swap places,” static measures show strong overlap between these pairs and thus predict mergers between, e.g., beet-bit, bait-bet; instead, these mergers’ clear lack of occurrence indicates the inadequacy of static methods. Using data from 64 semi-spontaneous linguistic interviews in the Digital Archive of Southern Speech, we model the shape and movement of vowels’ dynamic trajectories. Formant values taken at five locations show that tense and lax vowels have distinct beginning and endpoints, though they pass through shared acoustic space near their temporal midpoints. Sociolinguistic factors affecting trajectories’ length and shape are investigated using Generalized Additive Mixed Models.

Acoustically quantifying /ai/ monophthongization in four southern dialect regions

The Atlas of North American English describes four southern U.S. dialect areas: Inland South (IS; interior Appalachia), Texas South (TS; around Dallas), Florida (FL), and South (S; remainder of Southern US). These areas are distinguished by degree of /ai/ monophthongization, the Southern Vowel Shift’s (SVS) triggering feature (Labov et al., 2006). IS is argued to be most advanced in the SVS, and /ai/ weakens in all phonetic environments. While not as advanced generally, TS also features all-environment weakening. In S, /ai/ weakens only in syllable-final and pre-voiced conditions, and in FL it remains diphthongal. This study uses the Digital Archive of Southern Speech (DASS) to acoustically measure /ai/ weakening in each region. Speech was force-aligned and F1 and F2 values collected at five time points. Related work on F2 formant angle in DASS speech has suggested /ai/ weakens most in IS (Renwick and Stanley, 2017). Here, trajectory length (TL) measurement (Fox and Jacewicz, 2009) corroborates evidence f...

High levels of gene flow among song dialect populations of the Puget Sound white‐crowned sparrow

AbstractPopulations within a species can show geographic variation in behavioral traits that affect mating decisions or limit dispersal. This may lead to restricted gene flow, resulting in a correlation between behavioral variation and genetic differentiation. Populations of a songbird that differ in a learned behavioral trait, their song dialects, may also differ genetically. If song dialects function as mating barriers, evolutionary processes such as genetic drift should lead to divergence in allele frequencies among dialect populations. The Puget Sound white‐crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis) is an excellent study system with a well‐defined series of song dialects along the Pacific Northwest coast. A previous study found low genetic differentiation based on four microsatellite loci; however, available loci and analyses techniques have since dramatically improved and allow us to reassess gene flow in this species. We also add extra samples to fill in gaps and add a new level of analysis of geographic variation. Based on acoustic similarities, we group six song dialects into two geographically larger “northern” and “southern” song themes. One southern dialect is acoustically more similar to dialects in the north, which makes the genetic profile of birds singing this dialect particularly interesting. Traditional F‐statistics, analysis of molecular variance as well as Bayesian techniques confirmed the earlier result that geographic variation in song does not correlate with the neutral genetic structure of the sampled dialect populations. The song themes also did not differ genetically, and the origin of the extralimital northern‐theme dialect cannot be determined. We compare this result to findings in several other species and discuss how the timing of learning and dispersal allow vocalizations to vary independently of patterns of genetic divergence.

Playing with Words and Identity

In this paper I reexamine three expressions in Amos’ visions: לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ (Am 7:4), אֲנָךְ (Am 7:7-8), and קֵץ/קַיץִ (Am 8:1-2). I suggest to understand לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ in Am 7:4 ‘to inundate with fire’ postulating the root ריבii(parallel to רבב) ‘to bring much water’, etymologically and literarily connecting this expression to the Meribah account. For אֲנךְָ in Am 7:7-8 I substantiate the word-play that incorporates an allusion to 1cs personal pronoun, investigating the involved dialectal Northern Hebrew phenomena in their wider North-West Semitic context: the final vowel reduction in *ˀanākuand the phonetic shiftsō>ū>ī, á>o, andś>š. For the word-play קֵץ/קַיִץ in Am 8:1-2 I elaborate on its phonetic properties, concentrating on the word-final gemination and the short vowel quality in the lexeme *qiṣṣ. The latter case allows postulating the typological path of the corresponding phonetic development: the diphthong contraction →í>ēin an originally open syllable →í//éallophonism in a double closed syllable → final gemination simplification. As a result, several isoglosses that explicitly separate between Northern and Southern dialects of Hebrew are firmly established: the shorter form of 1cs pronounˀanōkvsˀanōkīand the “Phoenician shift”. The conclusion is that the Northern dialect is close to the Canaanite innovative center, while the Southern dialect represents the conservative periphery.

Отрицательные бытийные предикаты nʲetu-‘отсутствовать’ и nʲetu ‘нету’ в центральных и южных диалектах селькупского языка

Отрицательные бытийные предикаты nʲetu-‘отсутствовать’ и nʲetu ‘нету’ в центральных и южных диалектах селькупского языка

Analysis of morphophonemic patterns of <i>Gujii</i> dialect: an insight from optimality theory, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics in the determination of peculiarities of the dialect

The Gujii dialect which is one of southern dialects of Afaan Oromoo is highly characterized by assimilation patterns. This assimilation is dictated by some linguistic and non-linguistic factors and it has impact on the communication held between Gujii dialect speakers and school text version speakers. Therefore, this paper presents the analysis of Gujii morphophonemic patterns in comparison to school version of Afaan Oromoo using some insights from Optimality Theory, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. Besides, it explores psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic constraints that possibly caused peculiar morphophonemic assimilations in Gujii dialect. From the analysis, it is found out that assimilation pattern in Gujii dialect is highly observed in inflection morphemes of verbs as well as of some nouns and adverbs. Similarly, patterns such as using ‘hudhaa’/ stop velar sound / at the end of plural compound nouns, negative markers/ using [hin-] as a prefix together with [–u]as a suffix/, and some greeting phrases are other peculiar patterns observed in Gujii dialect. The peculiarity of these morphophonemic patterns is determined by psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic factors. Moreover, this peculiarity is linguistically justifiable by Optimality Theory and they are made primarily for ease of communication. Because of these peculiarities, the Gujii dialect speakers face several problems when they are required to speak or read the school version of Afaan Oromoo. Key Words: Gujii, morphophonemic patterns, dialect, assimilation, Afaan Oromoo

Language contact and accent changes in Japanese

This talk discusses how word accent patterns of regional Japanese dialects have changed over the years as they were heavily exposed to standard Tokyo Japanese. A particular attention is paid to the accent changes that have taken place in Kagoshima Japanese, a southern dialect whose accent system is strikingly different from that the standard variety. Original fieldwork studies show that this regional dialect has been heavily influenced by the standard variety with respect to the presence or absence of a pitch fall, while the position of the fall is still determined by its traditional system: e.g., /doo.na.TU/ → /doo.NA.tu/ “donut” (Tokyo form: /DOo.na.tu/). Interestingly, the same mechanism is at work when (Tokyo) Japanese borrow words from English as loanwords: the recipient language copies the presence or absence of a pitch fall from the host language but it follows its own accent rule with respect to the position of the fall, e.g. /ba’.na.na/ “banana,” /wa.shi’n.ton/ “Washington.” These observations indicate that native Japanese speakers are highly sensitive to the presence or absence of a pitch fall when listening to a foreign language and a different variety of their native language, but are quite insensitive to the position of the pitch change.

Dyslexia Limits the Ability to Categorize Talker Dialect.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the underlying phonological impairment in dyslexia is associated with a deficit in categorizing regional dialects. Twenty adults with dyslexia, 20 school-age children with dyslexia, and 40 corresponding control listeners with average reading ability listened to sentences produced by multiple talkers (both sexes) representing two dialects: Midland dialect in Ohio (same as listeners' dialect) and Southern dialect in Western North Carolina. Participants' responses were analyzed using signal detection theory. Listeners with dyslexia were less sensitive to talker dialect than listeners with average reading ability. Children were less sensitive to dialect than adults. Under stimulus uncertainty, listeners with average reading ability were biased toward Ohio dialect, whereas listeners with dyslexia were unbiased in their responses. Talker sex interacted with sensitivity and bias differently for listeners with dyslexia than for listeners with average reading ability. The correlations between dialect sensitivity and phonological memory scores were strongest for adults with dyslexia. The results imply that the phonological deficit in dyslexia arises from impaired access to intact phonological representations rather than from poorly specified representations. It can be presumed that the impeded access to implicit long-term memory representations for indexical (dialect) information is due to less efficient operations in working memory, including deficiencies in utilizing talker normalization processes.

《叻報》字詞初步考察

We study on the overall situation about Characters and words from south Asian first Chinese daily "Lebao(叻报)" with sampling survey on some whole copies and some part of the newspaper. We conclude the none-general characters is 343,which includes 1 southern dialect character, 49 sets variants,8 sets old and new Character Patterns,8 special ones,1 set ancient and modern Chinese character, 287 traditional-simplified-relation characters. We also find 3 recombination characters. Generation modes of Words from “Lebao(叻报)" are inheriting ,borrowing and special using. The relevant data can serve the Chinese monitoring and the diachronic development study with the help of attention to the foreign language life.

An Optimality Theoretic Account of Place and Voice Assimilation in Bushehri Dialects

This paper intends to illustrate an analysis about one of the Common Phonological Processes in some regional varieties of Bushehri: assimilation, in the framework of Optimality Theory (McCarthy 2008). Bushehr Province with an area of 23167 square kilometers is located in south Iran. Speakers in this province can be divided in two general branches: northern and southern branches. Speakers in northern branch speak a dialect like Luri. Speakers in southern branch speak dialects that are like what is common in Fars Province. One of the taxonomy of assimilation is related to the influence of the sound features on the process of assimilation. This type of classification of assimilation can be according to two major parameters, place and voice. In Bushehri dialects there is a place assimilation in acuteness and graveness features. Hyman (1975 :31) argues that both consonants and vowels differ in this acoustic property of graveness/ acuteness. In Bushehri variteis, the back round vowel [u] before [+acute] consonants changes to front unround vowel [i] that has [+acute] feature. Also in Bushehri dialects when voicless palatal [c] placed before a voiced consonant, or when voicless alveolar [s] placed before a voiced consonant, they take voice feature from the voiced consonant and change to their adjacent pair [z] and [Ɉ]. Assimilation between adjacent segments is driven by the family of agreement constraints: AGREE [F]. Ranking AGREE[x] above IDENT[x] guarantees assimilation, in the other word the final ranking is as follow: AGREE [x] >> IDENT [x].

Improving English Pronunciation Teaching and Learning via Speech Corpora of Learners with Dialectal Backgrounds

Speech corpora play an important role in phonetic research and have been applied in daily life. Their application can be found in pronunciation teaching and learning. This article takes Jianghuai mandarin, a transitional dialect between northern and southern dialects in China, as an example to illustrate the necessity and procedures about the construction of an English speech corpus of learners with dialectal backgrounds. It shows that such corpus can be applied to help improve English pronunciation teaching and learning with its technical power in saving large audio data and its annotation with voice editing and analyzing software. It assists, when working together with Praat, to visually demonstrate spectrogram of similarities and differences between English and native language. It also functions to raise pronunciation awareness and help improve learners’ pronunciation. It is expected to be useful in stimulating teachers and learners to study pronunciation based on data analysis of physical features of recorded audio sound.

Bruce G. Harvey.World’s Fairs in a Southern Accent: Atlanta, Nashville, and Charleston, 1895–1902.

Bruce G. Harvey.<i>World’s Fairs in a Southern Accent: Atlanta, Nashville, and Charleston, 1895–1902</i>.

"The Necessity of a Show Like This": Southern Accent in Conversation

“The Necessity of a Show Like This”Southern Accent in Conversation Trevor Schoonmaker (bio), Stacy Lynn Waddell (bio), and Jeff Whetstone (bio) Ed. Note: Southern Accent: Seeking the American South in Contemporary Art was co- curated by Trevor Schoonmaker (Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina) and Miranda Lash (Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky). Before the show opened in September, we sat down with Schoonmaker and artists Stacy Lynn Waddell and Jeff Whetstone, both featured in the exhibition.1 Click for larger view View full resolution Amy Sherald, High Yella Masterpiece: We Ain’t No Cotton Pickin’ Negroes, 2011. Oil on canvas; 59 × 69 inches (149.86 × 175.26 cm). All images courtesy of the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University [End Page 63] “we have no idea what it truLy means to be southern” Stacy Lynn Waddell: I am very interested in the necessity of a show like this and what brought all this to bear for you and Miranda [Lash]. Trevor Schoonmaker: Miranda and I started talking about it about five years ago, and I started thinking about it, in earnest, when I moved from New York back to North Carolina. So, ten years ago, but not in any serious way, just moving from the center of the U.S. art world—contemporary art world—to Durham, North Carolina, and [asking] what does that mean, how can you be an active participant in Durham? But also thinking, “What does it mean to be southern?” I think at the show’s heart there’s an attempt to complicate the notion of what it means to be “southern.” As you guys know, as well or better than I do, [it’s] generally perpetuated as this monolithic, sort of, singular voice as if there’s only one southern culture when it’s this very multi- faceted place. That’s the crux of why we wanted to first tackle it. But why do it in a contemporary art exhibition when it’s been done so well [in] documentary studies, literature, music, film, so on? [W]e’re three southerners sitting here who participate in the larger national/international discussion, but how hard has it been for us to get a foothold, how hard is it to get recognition in Durham, North Carolina, in the national dialogue? How hard is it for the South to be accepted, mentioned, or recognized? I think trying to unpack the canon a little bit to allow some more room, to create a little bit more room and open it up—I think those are the two major reasons. Jeff Whetstone: I think as artists, too—and Stacy can attest to that because we’ve talked about this a lot—there’s been very little press about art in our region. As professional artists we read the journals, we want to read about somebody’s show—what did this critic say about this show? [But] it’s very hard to find a consistent voice about art happenings in the South. We kind of had it in [the IndyWeek] in Durham—there was always a visual arts column—but compared to New York, you know, there’s forty different press outlets about art that come out monthly, so I think that . . . those press outlets help the conversation along, and I think that . . . seems to be missing historically in a way, right? SLW: I think so. I’m interested in that and also this idea of having to be a journeyman as an artist, especially if you are from here. There are vestiges of that journey sort of narrative in the exhibition. I’m wondering if you thought about that relative to the artist “situation” that chooses to be here—the southern artist that is southern, but also is located and creates a practice here? TS: [I]f you look at film and literature and music, there [are] all these stories about the southern traveler—people leaving and coming home. It’s part of my [End Page 64] story. It’s not everyone’s narrative, but I think it’s a big part—that sense of going out, exploring the world, [and] bringing something back. I...

A Semantic Study of the Classifiers 只Zhī, 个Gè and 条Tiáo in Mandarin and Three Southern Chinese Dialects

As we know, in spoken language, 个gè is a commonly accepted general classifier 3 in Modern Chinese. However, this is not the case for other dialects. In the Southern dialects, the specific classifier 只zhī in Mandarin is adopted (Wang, 2008 (c): 279-281). Additionally, in certain Southern dialects, 条tiáo has a wide range of uses. Thus, it can be said that all these individual classifiers share one common feature: all are often used with several kinds of common nouns, i.e. for persons, animals, body parts, objects of daily use, etc. Consequently, in this paper, I will explore the three Chinese classifiers 只zhī, 个gè and 条tiáo in Mandarin, comparing them with the three other Southern dialects, namely Hakka, Chaozhou, and Cantonese, employing the prototype theory (Rosch, 1978) and interview technique, in order to reveal how Northern and Southern people view the world through these classifiers.

Dad 3

Dad 3 Gerard Malanga (bio) Stories my dad told me, but I could never figure outwhich ones. All mixed up for a kid like me, wide-eyed, sleepy head.Some Southern dialect from Puglia mostly;a rugged countrysidedotted with confino ghosts,scarred memories,reporting each morning il posto di polizia,and then the day was yours basking in the sunof your morning cappuccino. The surrounding laughter,faceless and unknown. Il giornale mattina.They didn’t tell you much.Mornings languishing into sun-dappled afternoonswhere all was quiet. Even the bluebirds remained unsung.Tutto questo tempo.This is what you would’ve done.You were one of the more lucky ones.You were not in Italy, beyond your years.You were in the Bronxtelling me more stories yet to come, as if to comeby way or mornings; the borough waking upwith the forgetfulness of dreams,with the far away and near at heart. [End Page 168] Gerard Malanga Gerard Malanga’s most recent publications are his translations of César Vallejo’s selected poems, Malanga Chasing Vallejo (Three Rooms Press) and the chapbook Tomboy and Other Tales (Bottle of Smoke Press). He is currently completing his memoirs, “In Remembrance of Things Past.” Copyright © 2015 University of Nebraska Press

The Primary Slavic Complex of Liturgical Books of the Byzantine Rite (“Clement’s corpus”) and the Formation of the Macedonian Redaction of Church Slavonic

The article elaborates on the basic linguistic features of the Macedonian redaction manuscripts. A survey of the characteristics is presented on different levels: orthographical, phonological, morphological, lexical, and the level of word formation. Linguistic features of these texts can contribute to their more precise localization, indicating that the manuscripts analyzed here are related to the wide zone of southern and western Macedonian dialects, a wider area in which the activities of the Ohrid Literary School took place. The lexicon of the manuscripts, especially the Greek loanwords present, leads to the conclusion that the place of their formation is a Slavic-Greek contact zone. Part of this paper is dedicated to the comparison of rare lexicon and productive word formation models present in a group of Church Slavonic manuscripts of Russian redaction. The comparative analysis of the lexicon and word formation models can help in establishing the corpus of books of the Byzantine rite that were created in the period of activity of Cyrillo-Methodian disciples, under the leadership of Clement of Ohrid. It is obvious that part of that corpus was the main liturgical book, the Gospel, and some previous works have verified that the Menaion was also translated in this literary center. Based on the analysis made in this work, it can be noted that the same rare lexicon and word formation models, in many cases verified in the hymnographic works of Clement of Ohrid, characterize the Apostle, Psalter with commentary, Triodion, Euchologium, and Prophetologion, leading to the conclusion that all these books were part of Clement’s corpus.

The Northern and the Southern Dialect Expressions of Vietnamese and Teaching Them to Foreign Learners

The Northern and the Southern Dialect Expressions of Vietnamese and Teaching Them to Foreign Learners