South Coast Region Research Articles

Does Size of Landholding Contributing Highest Share to Consumption Expenditure Inequalities among Agricultural Households?

This study aims to identify factors that contribute to consumption expenditure inequality and employed the regression based inequality decomposition (RBID) method. Used primary data on agricultural households’ consumption expenditure for the agricultural year 2018-19 in the south coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. The results compared across the landholding size wise category and concluded that monthly income, dependency ratio, non-farm income-earning members and size of household contributed highest percentage share to total inequality for food, non-food and total consumption expenditure. At the aggregate (overall farmers) level highest percentage of inequality share contributed by monthly income and followed by the size of landholding. There is a need to focus on control the size of households by narrowing the dependency ratio and enhance the monthly income of agricultural households by providing employment opportunities in both farm and non-farm income-earning activities.

Techno-Economic Analysis and Planning for the Development of Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm in India

Despite India's great potential for offshore wind energy development, no offshore wind farm exists in the country. This study aims to plan a large scale offshore wind farm in the south coastal region of India. Seven potential sites were selected for the wind resource assessment study to choose the most suitable site for offshore wind farm development. An optimally matched wind turbine was also selected for each site using the respective power curves and wind speed characteristics. Weibull shape and scale parameters were estimated using WAsP, openwind, maximum likelihood (MLH), and least square regression (LSR) algorithms. The maximum energy-carrying wind speed and the most frequent wind speed were determined using these algorithmic methods. The correlation coefficient (R2) indicated the efficiency of these methods and showed that all four methods represented wind data at all sites accurately; however, openwind was slightly better than MLH, followed by LSR and WAsP methods. The coastal site, Zone-B with RE power 6.2 M152 wind turbine, was found to be the most suitable site for developing an offshore wind farm. Furthermore, the financial analysis that included preventive maintenance cost and carbon emission analysis was also done. Results show that it is feasible to develop a 430 MW wind farm in the region, zone B, by installing seventy RE power 6.2 M152 offshore wind turbines. The proposed wind farm would provide a unit price of Rs. 6.84 per kWh with a payback period of 5.9 years and, therefore, would be substantially profitable.

Morphometric Characteristics and Reproductive Performance of Pasundan Cattle in the North Prianganese and Southern South Coast Region

This study aims to determine the morphometric characteristics and reproductive performance of Pasundan cows which are extensively reared on smallholder farms in the coastal areas of the south (Garut, Cianjur, and Sukabumi) and North Priangan (Bogor, Purwakarta, and Sumedang). This research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Production characterization was carried out using a simple method, namely by measuring the body surface including shoulder height, chest circumference, body length, and bodyweight of Pasundan cattle. Meanwhile, the reproductive characteristics discuss puberty, service per conception (S / C), conception rate (CR), calving rate, postpartum estrus, postpartum mating, days open (DO), calving interval (CI), calving birth weight, and calving rate. calves weight growth. Data were collected by survey, the location was determined by purposive sampling in the area of the seed source with the largest population and the random sampling of livestock was determined purposively as many as 30 Pasundan cows from each region. Data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the morphometric characteristics of Pasundan cattle included mean shoulder height of 123.0 0 ± 3.06a cm VS 121.34 ± 2.82a in males and 110.34 ± 2.78 vs 108.00 ± 2.14a in females. Body length 115.74 ± 3.30 cm VS 115.34 ± 2.97acm in males and 112.67 ± 2.97cm VS 109.67 ± 1.82 cm in females. Chest circumference 145.67 ± 2.97cm VS 142.67 ± 2.67cm bulls and 136.00 ± 2.95cm VS 131.00 ± 2.92cm in females, Bodyweight 268.0 ± 17.00 kg VS 246.00 ± 7.00a for males and 215.0 ± 15.00 kg VS 194.00 ± 54.00kg in females. As for reproductive characteristics, it shows puberty of 20-24 months., S / C 1.4 - 1.6, Conception rate 65-70%, calving rate 62.5-65%, Postpartum Estrus 50-60 days, postpartum mating 72-104 days, day -open 94-126 days and a calving interval of 12-14 months. Calves' birth weight was 18.0 - 18.5 kg and daily body weight gain ranged from 0.48 to 0.50 kg. It was concluded that the morphometric characteristics and reproductive performance of Pasundan cattle in the Pesisir Selatan area were better than North Priangan.

<p><strong><em>Aspidistra thuongiana</em> (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae), a new species from the South Central Coast region of Vietnam</strong></p>

Aspidistra thuongiana is described and illustrated as a new species from the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. The new species has bright yellow flower and a slender pistil with a minute stigma. It is morphologically close to A. longipedunculata, but differs in shorter peduncle, bowl-shaped (vs. campanulate) perigone, shorter ovate (vs. oblong) erect to spreading (vs. recurved) perigone lobes and stamens inserted at the base (vs. middle) of perigone tube. Data on nuclear 5S-NTS region of the new species are provided, aimed to serve as a molecular characterization for comparison with its congeners.

Diversity of marine aquaculture as a strategy to protect the livelihood of small-scale and seagrass conservation on the south coastal region of Lombok Island, Indonesia

Small fishermen are those who have contributed to food security and social stability. The purpose of this research is to describe the development of marine culture as a complementary livelihood of small fishermen and the protection of the marine environment. The research method uses observation techniques, surveys, interviews, questionnaires and in-depth discussions. Data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis and regression. The results of the study showed that marine culture that could be developed was baronang and cuttlefish. Both types of these seeds are available in the surrounding seagrass area. The results of the regression analysis showed that the length of cultivation had the highest R2 compared to the other two independent variables, namely education and the number of family members. Meanwhile, farmers have internal regulations to protect the environment, especially in seagrass areas. The conclusion of this research is that aquaculture can be a solution for fishermen’s livelihoods and has a strategic value from the ecological aspects for the sustainability of marine life. Therefore, marine aquaculture can be a model in a food security strategy at the local level and can contribute to regional food security.

Economic development of south coastal region Purworejo Regency based on superior commodities

The diversity of superior potential that exists in the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency is one of the basic capital in economic development. However, the reality is the diversity of superior commodity potentials from the agricultural sector has not become a basis in the economic development of the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency. Based on this, the research is focused on examining various types of potential commodity as a basis in the economic development of the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency. The data used in this study are secondary data. Secondary data were obtained through institutional studies from local government agencies. Data were analyzed using the LQ, Shift share and SWOT models. The results of the study found that there are various types of superior commodities that will be the basis for the development of the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency.

Spatial Analysis, Interactive Visualisation and GIS-Based Dashboard for Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Changes of Hotspots of Bushfires over 100 Years in New South Wales, Australia

The 2019–2020 bushfire season is estimated to be one of the worst fire seasons on record in Australia, especially in New South Wales (NSW). The devastating fire season ignited a heated public debate on whether prescribed burning is an effective tool for preventing bushfires, and how the extent of bushfires has been changing over time. The objective of this study is to answer these questions, and more specifically to identify how bushfire patterns have changed in the last 100 years in NSW. To do so, we conducted a spatio-temporal analysis on prescribed burns and bushfires using a 100-year dataset of bushfires. More specifically, three research questions were developed, with each one of them addressed differently. First, generalised linear modelling was applied to assess the changes in fire patterns. Second, a correlation analysis was conducted to examine whether prescribed burns are an effective tool for reducing bushfire risk. Third, a spatio-temporal analysis was applied to the bushfire location data to explore spatio-temporal clusters of high and low values for bushfires, known as hotspots and coldspots, respectively. The study found that the frequency of bushfires has increased over time; however, it did not identify a significant trend of change in their size. Based on the results of this study for the relationship between prescribed burns and bushfires, it seems impossible to determine whether prescribed burns effectively reduce bushfire risk. Thus, further analysis with a larger amount of data is required in the future. The results of the spatio-temporal analysis showed that cold spots are propagated around metropolitan areas such as Sydney, while hotspots are concentrated in rural areas such as the North Coast and South Coast regions of NSW. The analysis found four statistical areas that have become new bushfire frequency hotspots in the 2019–2020 bushfire season. These areas combined have about 40,000 residents and at least 13,000 built dwellings. We suggest that further analysis is needed in the field to determine if there is a pattern of movement of bushfire towards metropolitan areas. To make the results of this research accessible to the public, an online interactive GIS-based dashboard was developed. The insight gained from the spatial and temporal analyses in this research is crucial to making smarter decisions on allocating resources and developing preventive or mitigating strategies.

Relationship between agro-ecological resources of vineyards and the anthocyanins complex in berries

This article is aimed at identifying the relationship between the territories agro-ecological conditions and the anthocyanins complex formation of grapes, which determines the quality and biological value of red wines. Using HPLC, the anthocyanins complex of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' cultivar from 6 industrial vineyards, located in three natural regions of Crimea, was studied. The agro-climatic resources of vineyards were assessed using the methods of geoinformation and mathematical modeling. It was detected that according to parameters of heat and moisture supply vineyards discriminated with Wilks L. = 0.007; α<0.00001. The direct correlation (r = 0.88-0.95) was identified between growing degree days above 10 °C, growing degree days above 20 °C, Winkler index, average growing season temperature and the rate of monoglucosides of malvidin and its derivatives in anthocyanins complex of berries; the inverse correlation – between the same agroecological indexes and the rate of cyanidin, petunidin and their derivatives. The similarity (Ed = 2.79-2.98) of anthocyanins complex of grapes from Villino v., Uglovoe v. and Yalta t. located in the western foothill-coastal and south coast regions was discovered. The highest content of anthocyanins was found in grapes from Privetnoe v. (5487 ± 384 mg kg-1), the smallest - from Solnechnaya Dolina v. (2154 ± 129 mg kg-1) located in the same natural region. The results obtained indicate the need for a "point" assessment of the agro-ecological resources for creation of industrial vineyards.

A Study on Distribution of Water Quality Parameters in Potable/Ground Waters of Visakhapatnam Coastal Region with Multivariate Factor Analysis

Chemical components of the earth crust influence the ground water quality. In addition, anthropogenic activities also contribute in deteriorating the quality of ground waters and contaminate the water sources. In present study, 22 water samples were collected from the potable/ground water sources in south coastal region of Visakhapatnam district, India during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and characterized for physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The distribution of parameters was explained by Box-Whisker plot. Further Piper diagrams were drawn to identify the geochemical expressions between the parameters. Multivariate factor analysis was used to assess the degree of factor loadings and to identify the group of parameters influencing the variance of different water quality parameters. The analytical data indicated that majority of water samples in the study area have higher concentration of TDS, TH, TA, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, HCO3 − and F−.

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Central Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in a South Coastal Region, Iran, the PERSIAN Bandare Kong Cohort Study: A Brief Report

Background: There has been no recent estimate of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in south of Iran. Our data are based on the results of the population-based Bandare Kong Cohort Study, as part of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). Methods: In this cohort, 4063 people aged 35-70 years were recruited from Hormozgan province, South of Iran. Results: We found that the age-standardized prevalence (ASP) of metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), obesity, and central obesity in this population were 34.5%, 17.4%, 20.6%, 24.6%, and 44.4%, respectively. Conclusion: These results give a new insight into the prevalence of the NCDs in a sample population from south of Iran and provide the authorities with the necessary information to design guidelines for the control and prevention of these diseases.

Evaluation of a facility-based inspection tool to assess lymphedema management services in Vietnam.

Assuring availability of services for patients with lymphedema is required for countries to be validated as having achieved elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). A direct inspection protocol (DIP) tool, designed to measure the readiness to provide quality lymphedema management services, has recently been developed. The DIP tool includes 14 indicators across six quality themes: trained staff, case management and education materials, water infrastructure, medicines and commodities, patient tracking system, and staff knowledge. We evaluated the use of the tool in Vietnam, where data were needed to inform validation efforts. To apply the tool in Vietnam, we compiled a list of 219 commune health stations (CHS) with known lymphedema patients and conducted a cross-sectional survey in 32 CHS; including 24 in Red River Delta region, 2 in the North Central region, and 6 in the South Central Coast region. The mean facility score, calculated by assigning 1 point per indicator, was 8.8 of 14 points (63%, range 4[29%]-13[93%]). Percentage of surveyed facilities with staff trained in last two years was 0%; availability of lymphedema management guidelines (56%); availability of information, education, and communication materials (16%); reliable improved water infrastructure (94%); availability of antiseptics (81%), antifungals (44%), analgesics or anti-inflammatories (97%), antibiotics (94%); supplies for lymphedema and acute attack management (100%); lymphedema patients recorded in last 12 months (9%); staff knowledge about lymphedema signs/symptoms (63%), lymphedema management strategies (72%), signs/symptoms of acute attacks (81%), and acute attack management strategies (75%). The tool allowed standardized assessment of readiness to provide quality services. Lack of trained health staff, limited patient tracking, and depletion of education materials were identified as challenges and addressed by the national program. Survey data were included in the validation dossier, providing evidence necessary for WHO to validate Vietnam as having eliminated lymphatic filariasis in 2018.

Chemical composition of Phasey Bean (Macroptilium Lathyroides (L.) Urb.)

The objective of the study was to determine the chimical composition of phasey bean throughout the productive cycle. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Capão do Leão – RS, physiographic south coast region of Rio Grande do Sul. At 45 days after the emergence of the plants, the first cut of the forage evaluation was performed and, at intervals of 15 days, another nine cuts were made, all 5 cm from the soil. The treatments corresponded to different evaluation dates of Macroptilium in free growth in an experiment with ten treatments and three replicates in a completely randomized design. The variables studied were neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (PB), total lipids (TL), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and polynomial regression. All variables presented significance (P≤0.05) for cubic regressions, with mean values of: NDF = 58.15; FDA = 38.94; ADL = 9.15; PB = 11.59; TL = 1.18% e; P = 2.29; K = 10.19; Ca = 26.48 and Mg = 4.53 g / kg DM; similar to other hot-legged forage legumes. The bromatological quality of the Macroptilium lathyroides varied during the productive cycle, being directly influenced by the habit of indeterminate growth of the species. From the bromatological quality, the forage of the first growth of the Macroptilium lathyroides should be harvested up to 75 days after emergence, when the lower fiber and lignin contents associated with higher levels of crude protein, lipids, magnesium, and calcium.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA-ISLAND TOURISM IN SOUTH CENTRAL COAST OF VIETNAM

<p>Located in the middle position of the country, all provinces/cities in the South Central Coast border the sea. With a total coastline length of 1,430 km, accounting for 43.8% of the whole country's coastline (3,260 km), the sea and island tourism in the South Central Coast is now considered a spearhead economic sector, which plays an important role in socio-economic development of this area. In this article, the authors have deeply analyzed the situation and the issues in developing the sea and island tourism in the South Central Coast region from 2010 up to now. Thence, findings lead to important practical suggestions to promote the sustainable development of the sea and island tourism in the South Central Coast in the coming time.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0616/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and the impacts on air quality

Abstract. Marine traffic has been identified as a relevant source of pollutants, which cause known negative effects on air quality. The Iberian Peninsula is a central point in the connection of shipping traffic between the Americas, Africa, and the rest of Europe. To estimate the effects of shipping emissions inland and around the Iberian Peninsula, the EMEP/MSC-W model was run considering and not considering shipping emissions (obtained with STEAM3). Total estimated emissions of CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, and particulate matter (subdivided into elementary carbon – EC, organic carbon – OC, sulfate, and ash) for the study domain in 2015 were respectively 49, 30 000, 360, 710, 4.5, 11, 32, and 3.3 kt yr−1. Shipping emissions increased SO2 and NO2 concentrations, especially near port areas, and also increased the O3, sulfate, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations over the entire Iberian Peninsula coastline (especially in the south coastal region). Shipping emissions were responsible for exceedances of WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5 in areas far from the coastline, which confirms that shipping emissions can contribute negatively to air quality, both in coastal and inland areas.

Use of Teleconnections to Predict Western Australian Seasonal Rainfall Using ARIMAX Model

Increased demand for engineering propositions to forecast rainfall events in an area or region has resulted in developing different rainfall prediction models. Interestingly, rainfall is a very complicated natural system that requires consideration of various attributes. However, regardless of the predictability performance, easy to use models have always been welcomed over the complex and ambiguous alternatives. This study presents the development of Auto–Regressive Integrated Moving Average models with exogenous input (ARIMAX) to forecast autumn rainfall in the South West Division (SWD) of Western Australia (WA). Climate drivers such as Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were used as predictors. Eight rainfall stations with 100 years of continuous data from two coastal regions (south coast and north coast) were selected. In the south coast region, Albany (0,1,1) with exogenous input DMIOct–Nino3Nov, and Northampton (0,1,1) with exogenous input DMIJan–Nino3Nov were able to forecast autumn rainfall 4 months and 2 months in advance, respectively. Statistical performance of the ARIMAX model was compared with the multiple linear regression (MLR) model, where for calibration and validation periods, the ARIMAX model showed significantly higher correlations (0.60 and 0.80, respectively), compared to the MLR model (0.44 and 0.49, respectively). It was evident that the ARIMAX model can predict rainfall up to 4 months in advance, while the MLR has shown strict limitation of prediction up to 1 month in advance. For WA, the developed ARIMAX model can help to overcome the difficulty in seasonal rainfall prediction as well as its application can make an invaluable contribution to stakeholders’ economic preparedness plans.

Insights from Super Typhoon Mangkhut (1822) for wind engineering practices

The majority of existing studies on tropical cyclone (TC) in the wind engineering community concerned merely with wind structures in a considerably shallow portion of TC’s depth, while wind characteristics in TC’s middle and upper portions and the structural features of other weather elements (e.g., temperature, pressure and humidity) have been less investigated. As a result, there is a lack of understanding of TCs from a global and comprehensive perspective. This paper presents a comprehensive case study on super typhoon Mangkhut (1822) which is one of the strongest TCs impacted south coastal region of China. A set of valuable database from various devices, i.e., weather satellites, radiosonde balloons, wind profilers and ground-based weather masts, are analyzed and discussed, which covers the entire TC depth. Some interesting phenomena are explored, including concentric eyewalls, secondary circulation, warm core and axial-asymmetry of pressure field. A spatial model is proposed to quantify both the axial-asymmetric and height-varying features of Mangkhut’s pressure field. Low-level-jet (LLJ) features of mean wind profiles and topographic/terrain effects on wind measurements at near-ground level are stressed. This study aims to provide useful information and insights to better understand TCs’ inner structures around landfall and to facilitate TC-risk assessment and anti-TC practices.

Measuring the SCCs of different Chinese regions under future scenarios

The assessment of the social cost of carbon (SCC) is an important basis for formulating regional differentiated climate policies. This paper attempts to assess future SCC for eight Chinese regions by using the regional integrated model of climate and the economy (the RICE model), based on four scenarios, namely baseline (BS), carbon emissions trading (CET), carbon quotas (CQ), and carbon tax (CT) for the period 2005–2050. The results show that under the BS, CET, and CT scenarios, the SCC of China's eight regions increases by $22.26/t C, $20.58/t C, and $19.14/t C, respectively, from 2005 to 2050. The CT scenario performed best in terms of impact on CEs and SCC, but in order to do so they will have to bear certain economic losses. There are differences between the SCC of the eight Chinese regions under different scenarios. Under the BS, CET, and CT scenarios, the areas where SCC is highest are distributed in the Central, North Coast, and Southwest regions, and in the CQ scenario, the high-SCC areas are concentrated in the Southwest, North Coast, and Northeast regions. The low-SCC areas are distributed in the Beijing–Tianjin and South Coast regions under all four scenarios. The central and western regions will become the major energy consuming regions after 2025, so they will face a greater pressure than other regions to reduce emissions.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI DI WILAYAH PANTAI BARAT KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Perubahan garis pantai merupakan proses yang terjadi akibat adanya pengaruh dari kondisi pantai dalam mencapai keseimbangan terhadap dampak yang terjadi dari faktor alami dan kegiatan manusia. Secara geografis, wilayah pesisir pantai Kabupaten Tanah Laut Kalimantan Selatan mencakup dua wilayah yang berada di tepi barat dan tepi selatan. Secara fisik wilayah ini dipengaruhi oleh dinamika oseanografi dari perairan Laut Jawa serta aliran Sungai Barito yang bervariasi secara musiman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan garis pantai di wilayah pesisir Pantai Barat Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan. Data yang digunakan adalah citra Landsat 8 tahun 2016 untuk menggambarkan kondisi terkini dan citra Landsat 7 tahun 2003 sebagai kondisi awal. Citra tersebut dianalisis untuk dipetakan perubahan garis pantai yang mengalami akresi atau abrasi. Hasil penelitan menunjukkan bahwa garis pantai wilayah studi mengalami perubahan, dimana sebagian telah mengalami abrasi dan sebagian garis pantai telah mengalami akresi. Secara keseluruhan garis pantai wilayah Pantai Barat Kabupaten Tanah Laut dominan mengalami akresi dibandingkan abrasi karena adanya proses sedimentasi tinggi dari sungai Barito. Tetapi, di segmen garis pantai sel 3 dan 4 telah mengalami abrasi, meskipun area ini dekat dengan estuari Sungai Barito.

Languages, Castes and Hierarchy: Basel Mission in Nineteenth-Century Coastal Karnataka

In the former South Kanara or south coastal Karnataka region, the presence of overlapping languages, mainly Tulu and Kannada, posed prolonged dilemmas in the nineteenth century for the Basel Mission. The choice of language was important for their evangelical work, supported by important language-related activities such as dictionary making, grammar writing and translations. Since language use was intertwined with caste hierarchy, this raised issues over the position of lower castes, mainly Billavas, for the native elites and upper castes. This article argues that the prioritisation of Kannada, and relegation of Tulu to a secondary position, was an outcome not only of missionary perceptions of the larger Kannada context, but also more importantly can be traced back to elite representations regarding the subaltern Tulu culture and lifeworld. As missionary intervention in education and native language use challenged the status quo of social hierarchy among local communities, this sparked efforts by the native elites to reclaim and restore the earlier hierarchy. In the process, the native elite representations of Tulu language and culture became at the same time an effort at dismissal and appropriation.

Tracing China's inter-regional cost transfer of air pollution through domestic supply chains

Abstract: Provinces that provide emission-intensive products now are facing huge financial pressure to control regional air pollutant emissions. Assessing the actual regional air emission abatement costs of each province from the consumer perspective can help to clarify regional pollution abatement responsibilities and formulate sound monetary compensation policies between consumers and producers in China. In this study, we employ a multiregional input-output model to estimate the total air pollution abatement costs and economic benefits caused by interregional trade for each region in 2012. The results indicate that regions with higher GDP per capita, such as the Beijing-Tianjin, East Coast, and South Coast regions, outsourced total pollution abatement costs (TPAC) for air emissions to undeveloped central and western regions via interregional trade within China. Based on a comparison of the cost-benefit index among regions, wealthy regions left nearly 80% of their consumption-based value added locally but outsourced more than 50% of their consumption-based TPAC to other regions, especially to northwestern and central regions with lower GDP per capita. Such a mismatch necessitates in-depth cross-boundary collaboration for control of air pollutant emissions in regions suffering terrible haze problems, such as the North China Plain.